文档内容
专题 04 词句猜测题-上下取证知其意
熟知题型特点与设问方式
题型特点 设问方式
①What do the underlined words“...”mean in
词句猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关
Paragraph ...？
系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的
②What does “...” underlined in
能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查：
Paragraph ...refer to？
(1)要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常
③Which of the following words can take the
识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境
place of the word “...” in Paragraph ...？
中的含义以及一些句子的意思；
④What does the underlined sentence in
(2)代词指代题也是词句猜测的常考类型。
Paragraph ... suggest？
用活4大猜测词义技法
为做好词义猜测题，学生应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇，在日常学习、训练中
还要注重积累生僻词汇和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对各种前缀、后缀的变化形式了然于胸；还应学
会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
在高考阅读理解中，学生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；
二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻挡，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读速度以及对文章的理解。
其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是学生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过
构词法、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识和上下文等线索确定词义。
词义猜测题不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词义猜测题时，
应注意画线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的意义。另外，
还要注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。
下面介绍4种行之有效的猜词技法，希望对学生提高阅读理解中词义猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。
技法(一) 利用上下文线索猜测词义
类型1 定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及
与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有 i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、
mean、 refer to、 known as等。
解析 根据选段中的 And my favorite: Safe.
【典例】 (2021·全国甲卷阅读C)
Safe meant cool.可知，作者将 Safe 定义为
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is
the center of British skateboarding, where the
cool，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，
continuous crashing of skateboards left your 在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后，同伴们
head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with 都大喊Safe! Safe! Safe！来表示祝贺或鼓励
the local skaters.We spoke our own 作者，夸作者“做得好”。language.And my favorite: Safe.Safe meant
cool.It meant hello.It meant don't worry about
it.Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam
(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve
in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me
up: Safe, man.Safe.A few minutes later, when I
landed the trick, my friends beat their boards
自主解答 __B__
loud, shouting: “Safe!_Safe!_ Safe ！ ” And
that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a
good skater.
29.What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe!
Safe！” probably mean？
A．Be careful！ B．Well done！
C.No way! D．Don't worry！
类型2 举例
有时，画线词后会跟一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的
信号词汇有such as、 such ... as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially
等。
【典例】 (2020·北京高考阅读D)
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming
ubiquitous. For example, algorithms ( 算 法 )
carry out huge volumes of trading on our
financial markets, self-driving cars are
appearing on city streets, and our smartphones 解析 根据画线词后的For example可知，下
are translating from one language into another. 文是对画线词所在句的举例：算法帮助人们
These systems are sometimes faster and more 在金融市场进行大量的交易，自动驾驶汽车
perceptive than we humans are. But so far that 出现在城市的街道，智能手机实现不同语言
is only true for the specific tasks for which the 间的转换等。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛
systems have been designed. That is something 应用到生活中不同领域的体现，由此可以推
that some AI developers are now eager to 测出，画线词用于形容人工智能的普遍现
change. 象。
42.What does the underlined word 自主解答 __D__
“ubiquitous”in Paragraph 1 probably mean？
A．Enormous in quantity.
B．Changeable daily.
C.Stable in quality.
D．Present everywhere.类型3 重述
作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对
其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句
子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有 or、 namely、 that is、 in other
words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put in another way等。
【典例】 (2021·全国乙卷阅读B)
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline
phone at home and only just over a quarter
解析 画线词所在的句子中有破折号，而画
(29%) rely only on their smartphones, according
线词又位于破折号之前，因此，须特别注意
to a survey (调查)．Of those Australians who
破折号后面的内容，破折号后的内容一般是
still have a landline, a third concede that it's not
对上文的进一步解释说明。根据画线词所在
really necessary and they're keeping it as a
句的下文可知，很多人保留座机是为了预防
security blanket — 19 percent say they never
紧急情况，并有一部分人根本不用座机。画
use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case
线词所在句是说，有三分之一的人承认座机
of emergencies.I think my home falls into that
不是必须要有的东西，他们将其作为一种心
category.
理安慰。因此concede意为“承认”。
25.What does the underlined word “concede” in
自主解答 __A__
paragraph 3 mean？
A．Admit. B．Argue.
C.Remember. D．Remark.
类型4 同义词或近义词
有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了该词或短语
的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常
见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。
【典例】 (2022·全国乙卷阅读C)
That includes huge savings in_maintenance
解析 根据文章选段第一句的句意“那包括
costs and better protection of railway personnel
大幅节省maintenance的费用和更好地保护铁
safety.It is calculated that European railways
路人员安全”可知，A项不符合该处语境，
alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
故排除；选段第二句两次出现了maintenance
year on maintenance, including sending
一词，下文提到了inspect and repair，由此可
maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and
以推出，maintenance的含义就是inspect and
repair the rail infrastructure.That can be
repair。B 项出现在选段最后一句，与
dangerous work that could be avoided with
maintenance 关系不大，D 项在选段中未出
drones assisting the crews' efforts.
现，故排除B、D两项。
29.What does “maintenance” underlined in
自主解答 __C__
paragraph 3 refer to？
A．Personnel safety.B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair.
D.Construction of infrastructure.
类型5 反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义
词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有(whether ...) or、 unlike、 but、
yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on
the contrary、 on the other hand等。
【典例】 (2020·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)
According to a recent study in the Journal of
解析 根据画线词所在句的前半句 And
Consumer Research, both the size and
contrary to existing research that says you
consumption habits of our eating companions
should avoid eating with heavier people who
can influence our food intake.And contrary to
order large portions可知，现有的研究认为：
existing research that says you should avoid
你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一
eating with heavier people who order large
起吃饭；后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是
portions ( 份 ), it's the beanpoles with big
the beanpoles with big appetites。由 contrary
appetites you really need to avoid.
to可推断出，画线词和heavier people意义相
13.What does the underlined word “beanpoles”
反。
in paragraph 1 refer to？
自主解答 __D__
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
技法(二) 根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，
以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
类型1 转折关系
【典例】 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C)
When the explorers first set foot upon the
解析 根据选段前两句可知，探险家们第一
continent of North America, the skies and lands
次踏上北美大陆之前，北美土著人把这里多
were alive with an astonishing variety of
种多样的野生动物照顾(take care of)得很好。
wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of
由画线词所在句可知，此处讲述的是不幸的
these precious natural resources
事情，Unfortunately表示转折关系，再结合
wisely.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and
下文的描述可猜出此处表达的是，这些探险
the settlers who followed only a few decades to
者和定居者只用了几十年的时间就破坏了这
decimate a large part of these resources.Millions
些资源的大部分。由此可推断，decimate与
of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of
take care of的含义相反。
market hunters and a handful of overly
自主解答 __C__
ambitious sportsmen.Millions of acres of
wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing
waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
29.What does the underlined word “decimate”
mean in the first paragraph？
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C.Destroy. D．Distribute.
类型2 对比关系
有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，
学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
【典例】 (2020·5月天津高考阅读D)
History grounds us in our roots. History is an
important and interesting field of study, and
learning the history of our home country can
give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse (一
解析 根据画线部分前的learning the history
瞥) into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to
of our home country can give us a deeper, more
where_we_are_today．Many people feel like
meaningful glimpse (一瞥) into our ancestral
they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is
pasts可知，学习祖国的历史可以让我们更深
something that studying your roots and being
入、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去，下文
open-minded to the evolution of your culture
与其形成对比关系，即学习历史也可以帮助
can provide.
我们了解我们国家的现在。
51.The underlined part “where we are today” in
自主解答 __B__
Para.2 probably means ________.
A．the turning point in our history
B.the present state of our nation
C.the location of our homeland
D.the total area of our country
类型3 类比关系
作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比
较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号
词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。
【典例】 (2019·天津高考阅读D) 解析 在本句中，people与蒸汽机形成隐性
...And the story poses an interesting question： 类比，两者的一个共同特征就是“动力，活
why do some people discover new vitality and 力”，而run out of表示“用完，用尽”。由
creativity to the end of their days, while others 此可推知，画线短语的意思是“失去动
go to seed long before？ 力”。再联系选段最后一句中的 I'm talking
We've all known people who run_out_of_steam about people who have stopped learning on
before they reach life's halfway mark.I'm not growing可知，作者谈论的是那些不再学习talking about those who fail to get to the top.We
can't all get there.I'm talking about people who
have stopped learning on growing because they
have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions
that all too often come with passing years. 成长的人。因此，画线短语 run out of steam
52.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 指失去学习的动力。
probably mean？ 自主解答 __D__
A．End one's struggle for liberty.
B．Waste one's energy taking risks.
C.Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D．Lose the interest to continue learning.
技法(三) 根据构词法猜测词义
很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所
构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。
【典例】 (2020·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B)
I decided to think up a method of dealing with
forbidden fruit.
...
解析 根据构词法知识可知，“-er”为后
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like
缀，当其与动词组合时，表示“做某事的人
magic that spring, and later.Sometimes students
或物”；offend 为动词，意为“违反；冒
would ask me to describe all the things I had in
犯”。所以offender有“犯规者；违反者”
it.Then I would try to remember the different
之意。结合上文中出现的forbidden fruit以及
possessions I supposedly had taken away —
下文提到的 return the belonging 可推断，画
since I seldom actually kept them.Usually
线词所在句表示，通常the offender会在放学
the_offender would appear at the end of the day,
的时候过来，作者就会把东西归还给他/她。
and I would return the belonging.
因此，the offender就是携带“违禁物品”的
25.What do the underlined words “the offender”
人。
in paragraph 8 refer to？
自主解答 __D__
A．The student's parent.
B.The maker of the Grandma's Box.
C.The author's grandchild.
D.The owner of the forbidden fruit.
技法(四) 根据常识或上下文语境猜测词义
【典例】 (2022·全国甲卷阅读C) 解析 根据画线词所在段内容可
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep 知，主人公 Ginni 从小就对旅行
love for travel.Throughout her career ( 职 业 ) as a 情有独钟，她去过英国，但总是
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always 渴望去探索更远的地方，当她从longed to explore further.When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to
take_the_plunge．
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related
Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting
work teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in
Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals 舞蹈行业退休并且她的儿子最终
on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del 自立门户后，她决定是时候
Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American 去……。再结合下文所阐述的她
mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go，” she says.“I had 拿到学位后去周游世界和去南极
no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous. I just 洲的经历可推断，take the plunge
wanted to do it.And I wanted to do it alone as I always 的含义类似于“尝试冒险”。
prefer it that way.” 自主解答 __A__
28.Which of the following best explains “take the plunge”
underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Try challenging things.
B．Take a degree.
C.Bring back lost memories.
D．Stick to a promise.
A
Near Mount Everest's peak, the climbers faced a choice: head for the summit, like others had done, or stop to
save the injured man.
Daniel Mazur had spent seven hours climbing up the mountain through ice and snow, and now he sensed that
success was near. He and his companions were less than three hours away from the spectacular 29，035-foot
summit.
As the men looked out on the snow-covered peaks below, Mazur suddenly saw a flash of bright yellow to his
left. On the edge of a cliff was a man sitting cross-legged. Without an oxygen mask, sleeping bag, food or water,
there was no reason for him to be alive at 28，000 feet, and he seemed to know it. He looked up at Mazur.
Almost any experienced climber who's been to Mount Everest knows somebody who didn't make it back.
“There are times when you literally have to step over somebody's body to get to the top，” says Mazur.
Near the peak on that clear May morning — a mountaineer's dream, Mazur describes — he and his team
members quietly realized they had a choice to make: Should they phone in the man's situation to his group and
continue on? Or stay with him, until help arrived?
In the end, Mazur knew, there was only one possible decision to be made. “Luckily，” he says, “everyone
made the_right_one．”
They got the man away from the cliff's edge and helped him back into his snowsuit. With the injured climbersecured, Mazur radioed down to high base camp. It was almost noon when a dozen Sherpas finally arrived to help
take the man down the mountain.
The man's name is Lincoln Hall. Hall knows he's a lucky man, that he could very well have become the 12th
person to die on Everest this year — the deadliest season since the 1996 tragedy. Although his rescue is incredible,
it has sparked a debate about climbers who leave behind the sick and injured in pursuit of Everest's grand prize.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。即将登上珠穆朗玛峰的 Daniel Mazur一行遇到一名奄奄一息的登山者，
他们会做出怎样的选择呢？
1．How long would it take Daniel Mazur to reach Everest's peak?
A．Three hours. B．Seven hours.
C．Ten hours. D．Thirteen hours.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Daniel Mazur一行已经攀登了7个小时，还差3个小时就能
登上珠穆朗玛峰。
2．Daniel Mazur found the man ________．
A．at the very halfway point
B．on the top of the mountain
C．when he was climbing down
D．when he nearly reached the top
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第五段可知，当Daniel Mazur一行发现那名奄奄一息的登山者时，已经
离山顶不远了。
3．What does the underlined part “the right one” in Paragraph 6 refer to?
A．To make a phone call.
B．To help save the man.
C．To realize their dream.
D．To continue the journey.
解析：B 词义猜测题。根据上文可知，Daniel Mazur一行只面临两种选择：继续前行或留下来救助那
名登山者；根据下文可知，他们选择了后者。因此画线词指的是帮助救助那名登山者。
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．12 people died on Everest in 1996.
B．11 people died on Everest this year.
C．The public doubt Lincoln Hall's story.
D．Rescue stories are common on Everest.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，如果Lincoln Hall没有被救，那么他将成为今年死在珠峰
上的第12名登山者。
B
Blue sky thinking, most often used in product design and marketing, is a request to eliminate all constraints,
and to work on a project free of any restrictions. The problem is that the benefits of working on a blue-sky project
are often, but not always, more romance than reality. Constraints are very useful in finding new ideas. The requestto “think blue sky” can often lead people into the trap of ignoring seemingly smaller, or simpler ideas, that, if
explored, could lead to the best solutions.
It can certainly be fun to think about solving bigger or more open problems. Imagining what you'd do with a
500% larger budget or an extra month of project schedule might yield an insight that transfers back to the actual
constraints. But the desire to work “blue sky” reflects a misunderstanding of how constraints often help, rather than
hinder,_the creative process.
A constraint, which can initially seem frustrating, is an important kind of information. It gives you something
to start with, and work against in generating and testing ideas. For example, it's much easier to write a poem that
rhymes, than to write one in free verse. The structure of a rhyme provides information to work with and a structure,
or shape, to try putting ideas into. Dr. Seuss famously wrote The Cat in The Hat based on a constraint from the
publisher to use less than 250 different words.
There are many different kinds of constraints, and the way the constraint is defined can change how useful or
not it is in solving a problem. Often it's defining the problem thoughtfully, and working to examine and study the
differences of its constraints, that is where the real big insights are found.
Of course having too many constraints, or ones that conflict with each other, can make a problem unsolvable.
Sometimes people are asked to do the first rate work on the third rate budget and it'd be unfair to tell them that if
they were creative enough they could succeed.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在完成一项任务时，我们都讨厌各种限制。本文告诉我们，限制其实
也有其有利的一面。
5．What's the problem with blue sky thinking?
A．Being too specific.
B．Being too realistic.
C．Losing sight of details.
D．Making decisions slowly.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，“蓝天思维”的一个问题是，人们往往会忽略一些表面细
小之处。
6．What does the underlined word “hinder” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Prevent. B．Change.
C．Improve. D．Influence.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据第二段可知，画线词所在句中的 rather than后面的词应该与前面的help
意义相反。因此画线词与prevent意思相近。
7．What does the author want to tell us by giving some examples in Paragraph 3?
A．Constraints make people creative.
B．Constraints help artists to succeed.
C．Constraints help us to begin a project.
D．Constraints can be frustrating sometimes.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，约束和限制的一个好处是：它为我们开始一项工作提供了一些已有的信息，后面的举例都是为了说明此意。
8．What does the author think of constraints?
A．Enough is enough.
B．The more, the better.
C．Better to be avoided.
D．A little is better than none.
解析：A 推理判断题。作者前面指出了限制的一些好处，但是结尾又强调限制多了不是好事。由此
判断A项(适可而止)表达了作者的意思。
C
(2022·长春市学业质量调研抽测)There's a childlike joy that comes with ordering something online —
whether it be clothes or kitchen stuff.We sit anxiously refreshing the postal service or express pages to see when
our items will arrive, and we become overly excited, hopeful and anxious.
According to Owen O'Kane, a psychologist and writer, even the smallest positive future events can motivate
us when we're feeling down — especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been filled with unexpected
disappointments.Waiting for a parcel may not just represent an imagined positive future where you can control your
needs for a book or a toaster or a shirt, making life feel more manageable, but can also serve as a temporary
distraction (分心的事物) from the boring life because it gives you something new to wake up to and get excited
about.
However, people went_into_a_frenzy when the postal service announced that its mail delivery would become
permanently slower.And then, many became worried about whether their items would arrive on time, appear in a
broken state, or simply not live up to their expectations.A delayed package may seem insignificant to some.But for
others, getting their hopes up only for them to be thwarted (挫败) can cause anxiety and anger.O'Kane says these
reactions are natural, but they are telling about more deep-rooted internal issues in our lives that go beyond the
delayed package.It's really symbolic of something bigger, psychologically, of the need to control and the need for
everything to be perfect.
It's important to practice self-care and treat yourself with occasional gifts.However, experts caution that
comfort shopping is only a temporary fix, which only helps you escape problems temporarily.“Shopping for and
receiving an item is stimulating on some level, and also the most passive way to live，” O'Kane adds.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。专家认为网购只会带来短暂的慰藉，人们仍需积极地面对生活并采取
行动永久地解决问题。
9．Why do we look forward to receiving packages based on the first two paragraphs?
A． It makes life easy to manage.
B．It gives us something positive to expect.
C．It distracts us from a better life.
D．It helps us avoid unexpected disappointments.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的to see when ...hopeful and anxious和第二段中的because it ...get
excited about可知，人们之所以期待收到包裹是因为有积极的东西可以期待。10．What does the underlined phrase “went into a frenzy” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Canceled their orders.
B．Stood still to call for their parcels.
C．Got into a state of craziness.
D．Ran into a postal service company.
解析：C 词义猜测题。根据第三段中的 many became worried about whether their items ...can cause
anxiety and anger可知，延迟送货会让人抓狂，故C项与画线部分的意思最为接近。
11．What is O'Kane's attitude toward people's reactions to the delayed package?
A．Concerned. B．Indifferent.
C．Optimistic. D．Positive.
解析：A 观点态度题。根据第三段中的O'Kane says these ...the delayed package.可以看出，面对人们
对待延迟送货的反应，O'Kane表示很担心。
12．What exactly does the writer want to say in the last paragraph?
A．Find hope in your comfort shopping.
B．Never order and track something online.
C．Go shopping for and receiving items occasionally.
D．Live actively and take action to solve problems for good.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，购物只能帮人短暂地逃避问题，是最消极的一种生活方
式，据此可以推测，作者呼吁人们积极生活，采取行动永久地解决问题。
