文档内容
专题 03 主旨大意题-把握文脉明主题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，
也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取
一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一
定要读完、读通文章后再做判断，建议学生将此类题目放在最后来做。
一、熟知题型特点与设问方式
(一)命题解读
1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对
整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。
2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
(二)题型特点
1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式：
The best title for the passage is ________．
The passage is mainly about ________．
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
What is the text mainly about?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________．
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题；
(2)低频考点：段落大意题。
二、明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或主题的某一个方面
2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨
主题过大
大，也不能太小。 论的内容
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意 断章取义 以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点
的程度及色彩。
4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意 无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖
义的事物。
破解主旨大意题的三大类型
类型(一) 标题归纳题
标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。
注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主
旨。
理解标题的3大特点 巧用3大方法确定文章标题(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础
上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选
项去设想用它们作标题写出来的“文章”将
是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不
符选项；
(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的
中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等，
排除过于具体化、细节化的选项。
【典例】 (2022·全国乙卷阅读C)
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee
第一步 读文章，理清结构
the safety and reliability of railways and, at the
same time, help railway operators save billions
of euros each year? That is the very likely future
of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology
to making sure that the millions of kilometres of
rail tracks and infrastructure ( 基 础 设 施 )
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-
tension electrical lines.They could do precisely
the same thing to inspect railway lines and other 第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the 无人机能检测出哪些
correct position of railway tracks and switching 故障 以偏概
points.The more regularly they can be 本文提到了无人机能 全，
A
inspected, the more railway safety, reliability 检测铁路运营方面的 主次不
and on-time performance will be 故障，但不是全文的 分
improved.Costs would be cut and operations 主题
would be more efficient (高效) across the board. 如何扩大无人机生产
移花接
本文提到扩大无人机
That includes huge savings in_maintenance
木，
B 在铁路运营方面的运
costs and better protection of railway personnel
偷换概
用，但不是扩大无人
safety.It is calculated that European railways
念
机生产
alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
无人机发展将面临怎 无中生
year on maintenance, including sending
样的困难 有，
maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and
C
本文未提及无人机发 生搬硬
repair the rail infrastructure.That can be
展将面临的困难 套
dangerous work that could be avoided with
D
drones assisting the crews' efforts. 无人机将如何改变铁 涵 盖 性By using the latest technologies, drones could
also start providing higher-value services for
railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches,
路的未来
before they can cause any safety problems.To
本文介绍了无人机在
perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need
铁路交通中的应用，
to be flying overhead.Engineers are now
讲述了无人机将如何 强，
working on a new concept: the rail drones of the
改变铁路的未来，包 覆 盖 全
future.They will be moving on the track ahead
括使铁路变得更安 文
of the train, and programmed to run
全、更可靠、更省钱
autonomously ...
等，选项D全面、精
31.Which is the most suitable title for the text？
炼地概括了文章内容
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
第三步 对比选项得出答案
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will
自主解答 __D__
Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of
Railways
类型(二) 文章大意题
文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑
和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。
技巧1 主题句法
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法：
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
段落中出现表示转折的词语，如but、 however、 in fact、 actually等，转折词
转折词
后的句子很可能是主题句
表示总结或结论的词语，如therefore、 thus、 in short、 conclude 等，总结词后
总结词
的内容往往是文章的主题句疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句
技巧2 高频词法
若全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某
个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题
词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心
技巧3 逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章
会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项
【典例】 (2021·全国甲卷阅读C)
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los 第一步 读文章，概括文意
Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray
January morning.Everyone in the family settled
quickly into the city except me.Without my beloved
beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and
out of place.Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the
center of British skateboarding, where the continuous
crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved
it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
our own language.And my favorite: Safe.Safe meant
儿童应当学习
cool.It meant hello.It meant don't worry about 无中生
第二外语。
it.Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横 A 有，
文中没有这种
杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my 生搬硬套
说法
hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe,
体育运动对儿
man.Safe.A few minutes later, when I landed the
童健康是非常
trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting:
必要的。
“Safe!_Safe!_ Safe ！ ” And that's what mattered — 无中生
文中虽提到了
B 有，
landing tricks, being a good skater.
滑板运动，但
When I was 15, my family moved to
曲解文意
并未涉及滑板
Washington.I tried skateboarding there, but the locals
运动对健康的
were far less welcoming.Within a couple of years, I'd
作用
given it up.
儿童需要归属
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself
感。
wandering down to Southbank, spending hours 文章描述了作 涵盖性
there.I've traveled back several times since, most C 者通过滑板运 强，
recently this past spring.The day was cold but clear; 动 融 入 新 生 覆盖全文
tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the
活、结交当地
skaters.Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed
人的经历，表by on their boards, I found my way to the beam.Then
a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded 达了归属感、
(滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me.He seemed not 集体感对于儿
to notice the man next to him.But soon I caught a few 童的必要性，
of his glances.“I was a local here 20 years ago，” I 因此该选项符
told him.Then, slowly, he began to nod his 合文章主旨
head.“Safe, man.Safe.” 看世界对于儿
“Yeah，” I said.“Safe.” 童来说是件必 无中生
31.What message does the author seem to convey in D 要的事情。 有，
the text？ 文中没有这种 生搬硬套
A．Children should learn a second language. 说法
B.Sport is necessary for children's health. 第三步 对比选项得出答案
C.Children need a sense of belonging. 自主解答 __C__
D.Seeing the world is a must for children.
类型(三) 段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落
大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意 常用的写作架构
每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主
题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以
段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题
时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题
所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为
它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利
用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框
架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更
高。
【典例】 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)
The team showed that this change in bite
第一步 首尾兼顾定段意
was connected with the development of
选段第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石
agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food
器时代农业的发展有关，而选段第二段主要说明了
became easier to chew at this point.The
一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之
jawbone didn't have to do as much work
后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此选
and so didn't grow to be so large.
段第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。选段
Analyses of a language database
第二段第一句中的confirmed (证实)是关键词。
also confirmed that there was a global
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
change in the sound of world languages
A 为研究结果提供证据。 涵盖性强，
after the Neolithic age, with the use of“f” and “v” increasing remarkably during 选段第二段主要列出一
the last few thousand years.These sounds 些可以使研究结果更令 覆盖全段
are still not found in the languages of 人信服的证据
many hunter-gatherer people today. 研究成果的潜在应用。
以偏概全，
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about？ B 原文提及研究成果， 但
曲解文意
A．Supporting evidence for the research 是没有提及潜在应用
results. 进一步说明研究方法。 无中生有，
C
B.Potential application of the research 原文未提及相关内容 生搬硬套
findings. 对研究过程的合理怀
无中生有
C.A further explanation of the research D 疑。
生搬硬套
methods. 原文未提及相关内容
D.A reasonable doubt about the research 第三步 对比选项得出答案
process. 自主解答 __A__
A
Americans are drinking less milk today than they did 40 years ago. In fact, Americans are drinking about 40
percent less than they did in 1975.
This decrease has led the United States dairy industry to explore new ways to get people to drink milk. One
method it is testing: helping to set up coffee bars in US high schools.
Schools prepare coffee drinks in different ways, but milk is always the main ingredient in lattes (拿铁). “Lattes
are really milk with some coffee，” notes Julie Ostrow of the Midwest Dairy Association.
That is why Midwest Dairy is providing financial help for a coffee bar at a fourth high school in the Fort
Zumwalt, Missouri area during the upcoming school year. In exchange, the group will get data on how much milk
is used for the lattes, as well as other information about food products with dairy.
Dairy groups have worked with high schools in many states. At a high school in North Dakota, for example, a
$5，000 grant from a dairy group helped pay for a coffee machine. The device makes lattes with about 0.23 liters
of milk each. The drinks used around 2，000 liters of milk this past school year. In Florida, a dairy group said it
paid for coffee carts in 21 high schools this past year.
“While dairy is a good way to get calcium and vitamin D, it is not the only way to get such nutrients，” says
Doctor Natalie Muth. She is a childcare specialist.
As for lattes, Muth said there are ways to persuade students to get the nutrients of milk without promoting
caffeine use.
“If they're going to be having that outside of school, that's one thing. But in schools, the idea is to promote
good health and nutrition，” she said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。为了促进学生们对牛奶的消费，美国奶业大力扶持校园咖啡吧的建设。
1．What does Julie Ostrow think of latte?
A．It contains more milk.
B．It contains more coffee.C．It is less nutritious than milk.
D．It is more nutritious than milk.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，Julie Ostrow认为“拿铁是含有咖啡的牛奶”。
2．Why do the United States dairy industry help set up coffee bars at school?
A．To replace milk with coffee.
B．To promote the sale of milk.
C．To offer students more choices.
D．To change students' drinking habits.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据前四段可知，在牛奶消费整体下滑的背景下，美国奶业支持校园咖啡吧
的建设，其实是为了促进牛奶的销售。
3．What's the fifth paragraph mainly about?
A．Dairy groups donate money to schools.
B．Dairy groups support school coffee bars.
C．Coffee devices use much milk every day.
D．Coffee devices are popular in many schools.
解析：B 段落大意题。第五段主要通过举例来说明美国奶业公司对校园咖啡吧建设的支持。
4．What attitude did Natalie Muth take towards coffee bars at school?
A．Confused. B．Confident.
C．Negative. D．Favourable.
解析：C 观点态度题。根据最后两段可知，Natalie Muth认为没必要通过喝咖啡的方式来获取牛奶，
因此她对校园咖啡吧持否定态度。
B
Older women who walk a little over three kilometers each day might live longer than less active women of the
same age, a new study suggests.
Many Americans hoping to stay healthy set a daily goal of 10，000 steps, or about eight kilometers. They
often have this goal because they are wearing electronic devices which set that target, note researchers in the United
States. Their findings appeared recently in the publication JAMA Internal Medicine.
But it is not clear how much intensity (强度) or speed matter when counting the health benefits of every step,
the researchers write. They add that 10，000 steps per day might not be the right goal for everyone.
For the study, researchers observed 17，000 women, all in their early 70s. They asked the women to wear
accelerometers for at least four days. Accelerometers are small devices that measure the number of steps and the
intensity of movement.
The researchers followed up with the women much later, around 4.3 years later, on average. Since the
beginning of the study, 504 women had died. Compared to women who took no more than 2，718 steps daily, the
women who took at least 4，363 steps per day were 41 percent less likely to die.
“The women who took more steps had lower mortality rates (死亡率) until about 7，500 steps per day,
beyond which no further declines were observed，” I-Min Lee, the lead writer of a report on the study, told theReuters news agency. “The rate of stepping did not matter in these older women; it was the number of steps that
mattered.”
“Still, the results are good news for older adults who may have difficulty walking at faster paces，” said
Keith Diaz, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City.
“Any walking is better than nothing，” Diaz said by email. “With even small amounts of walking, your risk
of death will be sharply reduced.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。美国一项研究表明，每天步行三公里以上的老年妇女会比同龄人寿命
更长。
5．Many Americans have a daily goal of 10，000 steps under the influence of ________．
A．health experts
B．scientific studies
C．technology products
D．their friends and relatives
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，许多美国人的步行目标是每天一万步，这主要是受随身佩
戴的电子产品的影响。
6．What's special about the study?
A．The method it used.
B．The length of time it took.
C．People of all ages took part in it.
D．Participants were from many countries.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四、五段可知，这项研究的主要对象是70岁以上的妇女(人群并不广
泛)，该研究追踪到了4.3年后(时间较长)。
7．What's really important according to I-Min Lee?
A．The speed.
B．The intensity.
C．The distance you cover.
D．The calories you burn off.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第六段可知，I-Min Lee认为，重要的不是走路时的速度和强度，而是步
数。
8．What's the passage mainly about?
A．The health benefits of walking.
B．The advantages of movement.
C．The importance of exercise intensity.
D．The necessity of taking 10，000 steps.
解析：A 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文先指出每天步行三公里有助于老年妇女长寿，接下来又
引用专家的话说明只要每天走路就有好处。
CArctic sea ice has been steadily decreasing since the beginning of satellite records in 1979, but a new study
comes with a chilling (or perhaps, warming) prediction: By the end of this century, Arctic sea ice may disappear
during the summer, which could drive polar bears and other ice-dependent species to extinction.
The “Last Ice Area” is a region containing the oldest, thickest Arctic ice. It spans an area of more than 380，
000 square miles (1 million square kilometers) from the western coast of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to
Greenland's northern coast. When scientists named the 13-foot-thick (4 meters) ice region, they thought it would
last for decades.
But now, under both the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (情形) for warming linked to climate
change, the sea ice will dramatically thin by 2050. The most optimistic scenario, in which carbon emissions are
immediately and dramatically curbed to prevent the worst warming, could result in a limited portion of the ice
surviving in the region. In the most pessimistic scenario, in which emissions continue at their current rate of
increase, the summer ice — and the polar bears and seals that live on it — could disappear by 2100, researchers
reported in a new study.
“Unfortunately, this is a massive experiment we're doing，” study co-author Robert Newton, a senior
research scientist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, said in a statement. “If the year-
round ice goes away, entire ice-dependent ecosystems will collapse, and something new will begin.”
As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increasingly contribute to the warming of the atmosphere, the
past 15 years has brought the lowest 15 sea-ice extents in the satellite record, according to the National Snow and
Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Worse still, the NSIDC reports that the amount of older, thicker Arctic ice that has
survived at least one melt season is at a record low. A more dramatic decrease in ice coverage could have a serious
effect on the lives of the animals that live on, or under, the shifting ice network, including photosynthetic algae, tiny
crustaceans, fish, seals, narwhals, bowhead whales and polar bears.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。由于全球变暖的原因，北极冰层正在逐渐减少，而北极冰层的消失将
最终导致北极熊的灭绝。
9．What will present a great threat to the species in the Arctic according to the study?
A．Lack of necessary food.
B．Pollution of ocean water.
C．The loss of their habitats.
D．The extreme cold weather.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，到二十一世纪末，北极冰层将消失，而依赖冰层生活的北
极熊将随之面临灭绝。
10．What does the underlined word “curbed” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Improved. B．Predicted.
C．Determined. D．Controlled.
解析：D 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文的prevent the worst warming可知，只有碳排放被立刻“控
制”，才能防止严重的全球变暖。
11．What does the author intend to express in the last paragraph?
A．His concern over the Arctic animals' future.B．His surprise at the great amount of Arctic ice.
C．His curiosity about the reasons for low sea-ice extents.
D．His doubt about the dramatic decrease in ice coverage.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者通过阐述目前北极面临的严峻形势(全球变暖导致冰
层减少)表达了对未来北极动物生存的担忧。
12．What would be the best title for the text?
A．“Last Ice Area” Is on the Decrease
B．Polar Bears Could Become Extinct
C．Small Ice Coverage Has Negative Effects
D．Greenhouse Gases Lead to Global Warming
解析：B 标题归纳题。综合全文可知，本文主要告诉我们这样一条逻辑线索：全球变暖导致北极冰
层减少，北极冰层的消失将导致北极熊的灭绝。结合文章首尾段，作者的重点在于说明北极熊濒临灭绝。
故B项为文章最佳标题。
