文档内容
第 7 讲 体裁微解——说明文
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描
述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人
观点。主要具有以下特点：
实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物
选材
的生存状况等。
用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项
内容
研究。
总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说
明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章
形式
各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异
同)。
主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复
语言
杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在
命题
长难句上做文章。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。
因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的
学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是
抓首尾段
主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措
梳理文章结构
施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·B)
Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was tomake a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then
friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the
arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six
salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry，“food waste goes against the
moral grain，” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.It’s jaw-dropping how
much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected
by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water，fuel，and other resources used to grow
it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact，Royte writes，“if food waste were a
country，it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand，let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my
refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him，it’s more like 12 boxes
of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in
Washington，D.C.，which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered
more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished( 有 瑕 疵
的)produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries ？Volunteers will
wash，cut，and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious，yet so often we just don’t think.“Everyone can play a part in
reducing waste，whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or
by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat，” Curtin says.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及
Washington，D.C.中央厨房的首席执行官Curtin为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
24．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A．We pay little attention to food waste.
B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat.
D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时
会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
25．What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?
A．Moral decline.
B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage.D．Worldwide starvation.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，浪费食物的一个后果就是会造成环境问题。故选B。
26．What does Curtin’s company do?
A．It produces kitchen equipment.
B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington，
D.C.，which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.”可知，Curtin的公司可以将不需要
的食物重新做成健康膳食，故选D。
27．What does Curtin suggest people do?
A．Buy only what is needed.
B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week.
D．Eat in restaurants less often.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段Curtin所说的话可知，Curtin建议人们不要买过多的食物，
购买自己所需要的量就好，故选A。
A
Food made from atmospheric carbon could feed the world while helping to fight climate
change，according to Solar Foods，a Finnish company founded in 2017.“We can collect CO
2
anywhere，” said its CEO Pasi Vainika，whose company has developed a protein powder made
using CO .“That’s a strategic shift where raw materials are in the air.” The protein powder，
2
called Solein，can be turned into meat and dairy substitutes or added to foods and shakes.
Solar Foods uses special units to pull CO from the atmosphere.To turn it into protein，
2
microbes(微生物)，similar to those in the production of wine and yogurt，will be fed on it to
grow and reproduce.During the process，water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.Along with a
growth medium containing necessary minerals ，the three gases are pumped in to feed the
microbes.Harvested and dried，that remaining mixture becomes Solein—a yellow powder made
up of single-cell protein，with a nutrient composition similar to wheat flour.
Solar Foods claims that Solein removes most of the emissions associated with modern
agriculture，which is responsible for almost one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions.“Onekilogram of Solein sends out 0.2 kilogram of CO e(二氧化碳当量)．In comparison，beef herds
2
produce around 100 kilograms and chicken 10 kilograms，”said Vainikka.“We can remove the
climate impact of modern food systems on the planet，which today account for about 30 per cent
of global greenhouse gas emissions.”He further stressed that while the company’s factories also
require some land used for industrial farming ，only about one-tenth of the land is needed
compared to photosynthesis(光合作用)．“We could free up agricultural land to grow back
forests，” he added，“and those remove carbon permanently from the atmosphere.”
Probably optimists are now contenting themselves with the pleasant scene of masses of trees
absorbing CO on the planet.However，while that may sound great，Vainikka puts it right，“It
2
can happen only if we produce enough Solein from CO to replace meat and dairy at a large
2
scale.”And that still remains a long way to go.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一家芬兰公司利用吸碳技术，将空气中的二氧化
碳转化为可食用蛋白质，这项做法减少了碳排放并解放了耕地，还可以进一步缓解温室效
应。
1．What can we say about Solein?
A．It is in the air.
B．It can be changed into meat.
C．It can take in CO .
2
D．It is good for the environment.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，Solein 是利用收集的二氧化碳研制的一种蛋白质粉，
能够被加工成肉、奶等的替代品，这有助于应对气候变化，从而实现保护环境的目的。所以
该公司开发的产品对环境有利。故选D。
2．What are needed to produce Solein according to paragraph 2?
A．Wine and water.
B．Water and minerals.
C．Microbes and yogurt.
D．Wine and microbes.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三、四句可知，微生物(用于发酵)、水(分解成氢气和
氧气)和含有矿物质的生长培养基都是必备物质。故选B。
3．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about Solein?
A．Its present situation.
B．Its possible benefits.
C．Its production process.D．Its potential drawbacks.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。第三段第一句为主题句，研究人员再通过对比说明，相同重量的蛋白质，
Solein比牛肉和鸡肉产生更少的二氧化碳，因此会解放更多的耕地，用于退耕还林。故选
B。
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Air Protein Produced，CO Reduced
2
B．Collecting Air，Removing CO
2
C．Climate Changing，Danger Coming
D．Protect Earth，Save Ourselves
答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。第一段概括介绍 Solar Foods 公司利用空气中的二氧化碳生产蛋白质粉
Solein 的基本信息；第二段介绍这一生产过程及所需物质；第三段阐述该技术的优势及长
远意义；第四段主要介绍该技术的前景。综上，A项概括了文章大意——从空气中获取二
氧化碳生产蛋白质Solein，减少二氧化碳。故选A。
B
(2022·广东广州三模)
Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success，according to a new
study.
A French supermarket chain made international headlines when it began marketing misshapen
produce as “ugly” in 2014.Since then，food stores around the world have launched campaigns
to sell “imperfect produce”．Some have been successful，while others haven’t—but until
now，researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce，or
what marketing approach was most likely to whet their appetites.
The researchers conducted seven studies that tested the effects of “ugly” labeling by having
participants purchase produce at a farmer’s market and online，and by examining people’s
impressions about misshapen foods.Interestingly ， they found that consumers expected the
imperfect produce to be less tasty and even less nutritious than more traditionally attractive foods.
But it’s not all bad news for unattractive foods.The researchers also found that when the
produce is labeled “ugly”， consumer hesitancy disappears—and it’s not because of humor
or originality.Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items
is appearance，which makes them aware of their bias(偏见) and significantly increases their
willingness to buy the less attractive produce.
“We’re pointing to the source of the rejection，” explains John Meredith，the lead
researcher.“It makes people aware of the limited nature of their objection to the unattractive
produce and makes it clear to consumers that there are no other problems in the produce other thanattractiveness.”
The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly”
instead of “imperfect”．And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount，
it turned out to be more profitable for sellers，as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was
lower.However，if the price reduction was too sharp，participants expected the “ugly” foods to
be of low quality.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，将丑陋的蔬菜和水果标上“丑陋”标签可以增
加消费者的购买意愿。
5．What is the new study mainly about?
A．Food quality.
B．Consumer demand.
C．Marketing approach.
D．Bias against appearance.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容及下文可知，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一种成功的营销
方法，这项新的研究主要是关于营销方法的研究。故选C项。
6．What does the underlined phrase “whet their appetites” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Satisfy their need to eat better.
B．Stimulate their desire of buying.
C．Encourage them to risk trying out.
D．Raise their concerns about nutrition.
答案 B
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线短语上句“researchers hadn’t adequately explained why
consumers rejected imperfect produce”可知，画线短语所在句指的是研究者想知道什么样的
营销方式能激发消费者购买不完美产品的欲望，“Stimulate their desire of buying”能够表达
画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选B项。
7．Why are people willing to buy ugly-labeled produce without hesitation?
A．They are happy to spend less and have more.
B．They are curious about the special shapes of produce.
C．They are attracted by the funny and creative idea of labeling.
D．They are led to believe ugly produce has no quality problems.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，人们会毫不犹豫地购买带有丑陋标签的产品
是因为他们被引导相信丑陋的产品没有质量问题。故选D项。8．Which way helps food sellers make more profit according to the study?
A．Call the ugly produce “ugly”．
B．Label the ugly produce “imperfect”．
C．Group the produce by its attractiveness.
D．Price the ugly produce at a sharp discount.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The research also found consumers spent more on the
misshapen produce labeled ‘ugly’ instead of ‘imperfect’．And even though the ugly
produce was sold at a 25 percent discount，it turned out to be more profitable for sellers，as the
cost of acquiring the ugly produce was lower.”可知，把丑陋的产品称为“丑陋”可以帮助食
品销售商获得更多利润。故选A项。
强化练(十一) 说明文
A
(2022·广东茂名一模)
A paper published on November 15 in Current Biology suggests that a patch(小块) of cells
developed for identifying human faces，the fusiform face area(FFA)，is up and running in
infants(婴儿) as young as two months old.
Rebecca Saxe，a professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology，and her colleagues scanned 42 infants ranging in age from two to nine months using
a special functional magnetic resonance(磁共振) imaging(fMRI) helmet designed specifically for
babies.Data from 16 of the infants had to be thrown out because it is extremely difficult to keep
them happy，still and awake for long.For the 26 remaining infants，the scientists compared
activity in visual areas of the brain while they watched 2.7-second video clips that described
faces，body parts，landscapes，and other objects.Results showed more activity in the areas of the
brain’s visual system that are specialized for recognizing faces，bodies and scenes than areas for
other observed objects.
“There’s every reason to think that babies are born expecting and looking for their most
important social partners，”Saxe says.“Something in their brain makes them interested in faces
actually before they’ve had any experience with faces at all.Babies look toward face-like images
from hours after birth.”
Other researchers are not convinced by Saxe’s conclusions.“I don’t believe that there are
face patches present at birth，” Livingstone says.He views that experience and learning are
essential for the development of the FFA.
To Kalanit Grill-Spector，a psychology professor at Stanford University，the most excitingpart of the new paper is not about this question of learned versus inborn development.“I think the
study is kind of attempting to address this question，but it doesn’t really provide a perfect answer
one way or another.What impressed me is the amount of babies that they’ve scanned and with a
lot of new innovations in baby fMRI，” she says.“That’s going to push the field forward.”
1．Why were the data from the 16 infants abandoned?
A．Because the infants didn’t watch the video clips.
B．Because the infants made no response to the objects.
C．Because the infants couldn’t focus on objects for some time.
D．Because the infants were unwilling to wear helmets for long.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第二段第二句(来自16名婴儿的数据不得不被扔掉，因为让他们保持
快乐，静止和长时间清醒是极其困难的)可知，数据被抛弃是因为使婴儿集中注意力太难了。
故选C。
2．How did the researchers get the results?
A．By listing figures.
B．By asking questions.
C．By analyzing reasons.
D．By making comparisons.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。由第二段倒数第二句(对于剩下的26名婴儿，科学家们比较了大脑视觉
区域的活动，同时他们观看了描述面部、身体部位、风景和其他物体的2.7秒视频剪辑)可知，
研究人员通过比较得出结论。故选D。
3．Which statement would Rebecca Saxe probably agree with?
A．Infants can process facial patterns and give them meaning.
B．Specialized areas for recognizing faces are present at birth.
C．Some abilities of the visual system are gradually developed.
D．Experience and learning are essential for the development of the FFA.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。由第三段第二和第三句可知，Saxe认为婴儿识别人脸是天生的。故选
B。
4．Which word best describes Grill-Spector’s attitude to the way of the research?
A．Objective. B．Skeptical.
C．Favorable. D．Disapproving.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。由最后一段中的“What impressed me is...in baby fMRI”(令我印象深刻的是他们扫描的婴儿数量以及婴儿fMRI中的许多新创新)可知，该研究方式使Grill-Spector
印象深刻，即Grill-Spector支持该研究。故选C。
B
(2022·浙江宁波“十校”联考)
Every summer，the calls of thousands of swamp sparrows can be heard across North
America’s wetlands.These little brown birds know only a few songs，but they know them very
well.In fact，their musical set list probably hasn’t changed much for centuries.
Like humans，baby swamp sparrows learn to communicate by copying adults.From a young
age，they learn to copy，or mimic，songs sung by their elders.“Swamp sparrows very rarely
make mistakes when they learn their songs，” says biologist Robert Lachlan.In fact，their
mimicry is so accurate that the music changes little between generations.
Just like children ， the sparrows don’ t remember every song they hear.Lachlan
says，“They don’t just learn songs at random；they pick up commoner songs rather than rarer
songs.”In other words，they learn songs they hear most often.It’s an example of a strategy that
scientists call conformist bias.Until recently，this learning ability was thought to be special only to
humans.
Between 2008 and 2009，Lachlan’s research team recorded the calls of 615 male swamp
sparrows across the northeastern United States.The researchers used computer software to break
each song into a collection of notes，or syllables.They then measured the differences between the
tunes.
The research revealed that only 2 percent of male sparrows sang a different song from the
standard tune.The combination of accurate mimicry and conformist bias allows the birds to create
traditions that last for centuries.“With those two ingredients together，you end up with traditions
that are really stable，” says Lachlan.“The song-types that you hear in the marshes of North
America today may well have been there 1,000 years ago.”Lachlan’s study is also among the
first to measure the longevity of song traditions within a bird species.
The findings are really exciting，says scientist Andrew Farnsworth.He hopes that future
research will evolve from these studies.For example，scientists may be able to identify how other
animals are able to preserve their cultural traditions.“Seeing the potential for it in other organisms
is super cool，” says Farnsworth.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。科学家研究沼泽麻雀时发现它们的音乐曲目可能几个世纪以来
都没怎么变过。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究的意义。
5．What do we know about Lachlan’s research?
A．The calls of 615 female swamp sparrows were recorded.
B．Accurate mimicry allows the birds to create the centuries-long traditions.
C．It aimed to study swamp sparrows’ learning ability.D．Computer technology helped a lot during the research.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，计算机技术在研究期间帮了很多忙。故选D。
6．Which of the following is an example of conformist bias?
A．A new slang word becomes popular with a group of teenagers.
B．A dog learns to do a trick because its owner rewards it regularly.
C．A student memorizes historical events for a history exam.
D．A student loves singing and joins the school chorus.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后三句可知，A项“一个新的俚语在一群青少年中流行起
来”是墨守成规的偏见的例子。故选A。
7．What is Andrew Farnsworth’s attitude towards the findings?
A．Indifferent. B．Negative.
C．Positive. D．Conservative.
答案 C
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段可推知，Andrew Farnsworth对研究结果持积极态度。故
选C。
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．The Amazing Lifespan of Swamp Sparrows
B．The Traditional Musical Set List of Swamp Sparrows
C．The Evolution of Swamp Sparrows in North America
D．The Great Learning Ability of Swamp Sparrows
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。根据第一段并结合文章主要介绍了科学家研究沼泽麻雀时发现它们的音
乐曲目可能几个世纪以来都没怎么变过可知，B项“沼泽麻雀的传统音乐集”最符合文章标
题。故选B。
C
In order to get rid of goldenrod from the city，the government of Wuhan is encouraging
residents to report any findings of the plant，which is classified as a harmful alien(外来的)
species.
Goldenrod is one of the most successful and widespread alien plant species.It is often referred
to as “the flower of the devil”， as it spreads extremely fast and causes other plants to die.
Besides Hubei Province，the plant has also been found expanding in other provinces such as
Jiangxi and Zhejiang.Although local authorities have tried to get rid of the plant，it is proving to
be a difficult task.Goldenrod represents just one of the alien species that are aggressive towards the
country’s native species.Statistics show that by 2020，nearly 800 kinds of alien species hadinvaded the country，among which 638 species have invaded the country’s agricultural and
forestry ecosystems，causing direct economic losses of about 200 billion yuan ($31.36 billion)．
At the United Nations Biodiversity Conference held in Kunming，Yunnan Province，the
invasion of alien species was the subject of discussions，as it was regarded as one of the two most
important factors leading to the loss of biodiversity，the other being human-caused ecological
damage.
China passed its Biosecurity Law on April 15，2021，which provides the legal basis for
preventing the invasion of alien species and protecting biodiversity in the country.The relevant
departments also strictly carry out port inspections and quarantines so as to keep harmful organisms
out of the country，and they strengthen early warning and monitoring systems so as to address the
invasion as early as possible.
However，while government departments are making every effort to prevent and control the
situation，the participation of the people should not be ignored.It is also necessary，as Wuhan is
doing，to encourage people to pay attention to invasive species and actively play a role in keeping
them at bay.Preventing any invasion by an alien species and protecting biodiversity should not just
be the government departments fighting alone，but also a people’s war.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了秋麒麟草被列为有害外来物种，它扩散速度极
快，会导致其他植物死亡以及中国政府对于阻止外来物种入侵所做的努力。
9．What can we learn about goldenrod from the text?
A．It originates in Wuhan.
B．It does harm to people’s health.
C．It is a great threat to the surrounding plants.
D．It causes an economic loss of about $31.36 billion.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“It is often referred to as ‘the flower of the
devil’， as it spreads extremely fast and causes other plants to die.”可知，秋麒麟草对周围的
植物是一个巨大的威胁。故选C。
10．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．China’s efforts to stop the invasion of alien species.
B．Relevant departments’ warning of goldenrod.
C．The legal basis to protect biodiversity.
D．The importance of port inspections and quarantines.
答案 A
解析 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要讲的是中国为阻止外来物种入侵所做的
努力。故选A。11．What do the underlined words “keeping them at bay” mean?
A．Keeping the invasive species out of the country.
B．Building some barriers for the species.
C．Preventing the flowers from growing fast.
D．Keeping the alien species safe at the port.
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“encourage people to pay attention to invasive species and
actively play a role in”可知，文章提出要鼓励人们关注入侵物种，并积极发挥作用，把入侵
物种赶出这个国家。故选A。
12．In which section of a newspaper can this text be found?
A．Business. B．Culture.
C．Environment. D．Opinion.
答案 C
解析 文章出处题。根据第一段再结合文章主要说明了秋麒麟草被列为有害外来物种，它扩
散速度极快，会导致其他植物死亡，可推知，文章出自“环境”版面。故选C。
