文档内容
【高频考点解密】2023年高考英语二轮复习讲义
阅读理解
解密01 主旨要义的复习要点
【构建知识体系】
考点1精确归纳标题
主旨大意题 考点2概括文章大意
考点3总结段落大意
【英语学科素养解读】
命题 素养解读
题型解读
要求
要求考生阅读 4篇短 主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
文，从每题所给的4个选 考查 和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
项中选出最佳选项。题材 主旨大 节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
广泛，包括科普、社会、 意、细节 全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
文化、政治、经济等多方 理解、推 方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
面内容。体裁多样，以记 理判断、 高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
叙文、议论文、说明文为 词义猜
主。 测、篇章
结构等。
【解密新高考真题】——预测高考命题方向阅读理解之主旨要义高考解密
2023年命题解读和近年考点再现
考点1精确归纳标题
1.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】C
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service
campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when
they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still
texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which
had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing,
unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need
to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public
health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like
drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the
Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the
phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.
The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else
that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz,
who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill
becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
11．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
2.B【2022·全国甲卷】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have
similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in
the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment,
cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a
“keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose
from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it
will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes.
This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit
is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to
select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error
was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s
cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
3.C【2022·全国高考乙卷】
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at
the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely
future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of
kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do
precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such
as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be
inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs
would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel
safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year
on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’
efforts.
perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now
working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of
the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI
and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they
could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways4.C【2021·全国新高考II卷】
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher
will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a
classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to
promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort -
whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and
inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past
twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are
inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than
ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields
into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being
downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in
schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and
creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over
will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been
our strength for centuries."
11．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Bring Artists to Schools B．When Historians Meet Artists
C．Arts Education in Britain D．The World's Best Arts Teacher
5.D【2021·英语全国甲卷】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for
genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that
some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European
origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those
victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by
geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were
unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely
than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the
study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for
children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers becomediscouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all
positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will
see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius.
As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅
力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck
6.C【2021·全国新高考I卷】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands
were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these
precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who
followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (
水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.
Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly
reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly
concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and
the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and
over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp
was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that
time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological
Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird
Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National
Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all
generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to
purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has
been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
7.C【2021·全国高考乙卷】
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter
ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic
garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-
foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several
volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping
center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source
（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t
need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled.
Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for
only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60
seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of
Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which
were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic
footprint.
31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
8.B【2021·浙江卷】
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from
home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after
school is pick up a screen-any screen -and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's
children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between
watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming
up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his
children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say
"chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something
needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for
Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to
young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild
Network a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of
really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age
of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of
playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in fora while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much
as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
24. What is the problem with the author's children?
A. They often annoy the neighbours. B. They are tired of doing their homework.
C. They have no friends to play with D. They stay in front of screens for too long.
25. How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.
C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.
26. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2
A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Tire
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children
9.D【2020·全国I】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for
example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees
were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further
changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual
functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re
short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking
about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂
explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some
common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half
hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The
technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-
powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto
plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also
trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is
often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street
lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.316
35．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．Can we grow more glowing plants?
B．How do we live with glowing plants?
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
10. D【2020·全国新课标II】
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was
always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were
like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through
the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job
and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning
in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a
big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read
or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice
and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the
wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of
going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their
local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for
readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own
way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a
significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements
on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.335
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
11. D【2020·全国新课标III】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.
As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in
just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high
altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变)
that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of
adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast
Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the
hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived
on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They
are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who
studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They
made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could
stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually
walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen,
heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of
physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for
natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number
of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World's Best Divers
考点2概括文章大意
1.C【2022·全国甲卷】
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo
penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-
started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her
career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further.
When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to
take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the
world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she
discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off
Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to
go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it.
And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the
journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole
experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says.
“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like someprehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it
was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest
things that hit home to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
2. B【2020·全国新课标II】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers
said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the
University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop
better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after
controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine
said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities
at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better
spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that
assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half
of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have
children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had
better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the
parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than
parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
3.C【2020·全国新课标III】
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more
families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law,
she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a
growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.
They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts
in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-
law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I
recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the
numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households
with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their
elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is
said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The
total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is
more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in
with their husband’s family when they get married.318
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
考点3总结段落大意
1.D【2022·新高考I卷】
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to
the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common
than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led
to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called
labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer
foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland,
has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned
(对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the
upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce
such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture
in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do
as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound
of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkablyduring the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many
hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when
human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not
necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of
speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological
change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
2.D【2022·全国甲卷】
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city
discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort
of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor
that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I
spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew
shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so
elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and
traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its
rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest
buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds
whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better
at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this
when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack
culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to
Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more
still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young
country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the
1960s.
3.B【2021·全国高考乙卷】
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still
paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t
own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone
can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter
（29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians
who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a
security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of
emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is
naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then,
compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50
years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a
home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be
honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point
where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID
would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps
and morning milk deliveries?
24．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A．Their target users. B．Their wide popularity.
C．Their major functions. D．Their complex design.
4. D【2020·全国I】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for
example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees
were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further
changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual
functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re
short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinkingabout how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂
explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some
common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half
hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The
technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-
powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto
plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also
trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is
often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street
lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.316
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
5. B【2020·全国新课标III】
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of
excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red
paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had
arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create
digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s
performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this
case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals
lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed
entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of
films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the
anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has
activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there
are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as
closely as productions filmed in the Sates.24125. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. The cost of making "Apes."
B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about “Apes."
D. The performance of real apes.
【高考预测】
纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2023年全国高考试题还会
①Ⅰ卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特
色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难
度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.6。
②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说
明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。
【解密考场】——课堂讲解突破关键能力
主旨要义
解密①如何精确归纳标题？
【解题中发现规律】
【山东省百校联盟大联考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月月考】B
Housemates make posters to lighten the mood amid the challenges of the ongoing COVID-19
outbreak. Posters featuring a character that resembles the Disney robot Baymax have been making
rounds on the internet and drawing praise from netizens for lightening the mood amid the
epidemic.
Made by Chen Mengying, 32, and her American housemate Stacey Klinge, 33, the posters
also feature humorous phrases related to lockdown life. The duo (搭档), who live in Tianyuan
housing community, say they came up with the poster after realizing how tense the mood in their
community had become as it faced lockdown challenges. According to Chen and Klinge, their
community, which has been under closed-loop (闭环) management since April 1, has had
problems getting access to daily essentials, and this sparked several disagreements between
residents and the management. Eager to help lighten the mood, the two sought to spread some
cheer using their artistic skills.
Klinge says she was initially confused with her housemate’s suggestion to create a character
based on dabai, a Chinese reference to pandemic workers in white protective suits. Chen says she
was thinking about Baymax from the animated film Big Hero 6. Seeing how Baymax and the
workers both play the role of protectors in their respective worlds, the two decided to use the
character for their posters. Their posters, which contain multilingual updates about the latest
pandemic measures and announcements for residents, have helped people develop a sense of
optimism.
The posters have also drawn the attention of several local media outlets, which haveinterviewed the two. “I was seriously considering a return to the United States. But I’ve changed
my mind after my fantastic experience in the community,” says Klinge. Besides creating the
posters, Chen and Klinge have also been volunteering in the community since April 16 and they
always focus on positive things at this difficult time.
7．What can be the best title for the passage?
A．Design a Sense of Cheer B．Create a New Lifestyle
C．Look on the Bright Side D．Face the Lockdown Challenges
【我的发现】规律方法1： 如何精确归纳标题？
1、利用主题段来概括标题
主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后
一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或
一个短语——文章的标题。
2、利用主题句来概括标题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的
主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：
(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；
(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。
【变式精讲】
【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】D
Food waste is both a problem for the industry and public health. Mori is considered as an
“anti-waste company” and its mission is to make healthy food more accessible by keeping it
fresher and longer. It is pioneering a natural, extremely-thin water-based coating that is applied to
food to slow the exchange of gases that cause the food to go bad. About the thickness of two red
blood cells, the coating is tasteless and unseeable, giving food a longer shelf life. The coating also
enables less or alternative packaging.
Professors Fiorenzo Omenetto and Benedetto Marelli were investigating the power of silk to
stabilize drugs when Marelli had the idea to stabilize something significantly larger: a strawberry.
He coated the fruit with a silk solution and waited. Days later the strawberry still looked fresh—
the coating worked.
When one compares a bunch of uncoated cabbage with those coated by the startup, the
differences are striking. The uncoated cabbage is brown, dry, and uneatable. The coated foods look
fresh and untouched.
What appears to be magic is thanks to the power of silk. Not silk threads like those used in
the textile (纺织) industry, but a water-based solution made with silk molecules (分子). The
startup’s core technology makes silk unseeable, but maintains its key molecular properties. Beinga solution, the patent coating can be applied quickly and easily to any shape or size.
The technology Mori has developed works. But to make any progress in the global food
waste problem, it must be able to come out in a massive way. Thankfully, silk is plentiful. The
startup can use any grade of the natural material, including those rejected by the textile industry.
As Marelli notes, “We could coat every apple in the U. S. today for only a small amount of the silk
used in textile industry.” That’s a lot of apples.
15．What is the suitable title of the text?
A．Coated Vegetables Are More Suitable for Eating
B．Measures Have Been Taken to Handle Food Waste
C．Professors Have Developed New Medicine from Vegetables
D．A Natural Coating Reduces Food and Packaging Waste
解密②如何归纳文章大意
【解题中发现规律】
【安徽省皖北五校2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考】
I was born in Karachị, Pakistan. After completing my bachelor’s degree in MBBS, I got a
scholarship in 2016 from China Scholarship Council to do a master’s in Neurosurgery at Southeast
University Nanjing, China. I couldn’t wait to start my postgraduate study in China. In my first
year. I learned the Chinese language, and passed the HSK level 5. It helped me a lot as a volunteer
during the COVID-19 pandemic(流行病).
In February 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic was on peak, the school chose me as a
volunteer. which was a great honor for me. It was challenging to decide whether I should stay here
or go back home because my family forced me to return home. At that time, I thought I must stand
out in this critical moment so I was handed a lot of responsibilities related to the students’ daily
needs.
Every day, I had to take an order from students for their dinners and brought food for them.
Besides, I had to record their temperatures three times a day, for which the universities had given a
thermometer(温度计) to them all. Sometimes if. a student felt sick, it was my responsibility to
accompany him to the hospital. Also, I had to go to the supermarket to bring groceries for them、
for which I had to ask every individual the daily necessities they needed. I provided psychological
assistance, emotional comfort, and counseling to them. As the pandemic was getting better, I must
stay at the dormitory gate to ensure that the students were wearing masks, having the permission
cards to go out, and request them to come back on time.
It has sharpened my skills in becoming in better fender and developed n sense of pride in
contributing to community.
7．What message does the author convey in the text?
A．Two heads are better than one.
B．It’s easier said than done.C．Roses given, fragrance in hand.
D．God helps those who help themselves.
【我的发现】规律方法：如何概括文章大意?
1、做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，
文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事
实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。
2、在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。
【变式精讲】
【2023届四川省资阳市高中高三上学期第一次诊断性考试】
Language is the bridge that connects people everywhere. On April 20, people around the
world celebrated the United Nations Chinese Language Day. To mark the occasion, the UN Office
at Geneva, Switzerland, organized the first Chinese Language Video Festival (CLVF).
Participants from 27 countries, including the US, the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Japan,
took part in the one-hour special event, sharing their passion for the Chinese language and culture
through short videos. Over 340 video submissions (提交) told touching stories about a civilized,
modern and youthful China through participants’ personal experiences in the country.
Though some people find the language difficult to learn, most find it to be rewarding.
For M. Yousaf from Pakistan, learning Chinese gave him a better perspective (视角) and
insight into the culture. “Learning Chinese is not just learning a language. It’s a language of one of
the biggest populations in the world,” Yousaf said. “If you know this language, you know the
civilization and mind of the people.”
Of course the language itself is unique, particularly considering it’s tonal (音调的)
foundation. “Tones are important because a lot of Chinese syllables (音节) sound similar or even
the same — the tone changes their meaning,” said Mike Fuksman, an American living in Beijing.
To remember Chinese characters, you can connect them with pictures and make some short
stories. Many people find it is important to use imagination when learning Chinese. For example,
the Chinese character for “tea” has some lines of grass, the roof of a house and people drinking
tea.
Learning any language comes with benefits, particularly for those who are always looking to
learn more. Since some languages have “loanwords (外来词)” from Chinese, it may be easier for
one to pick up Korean or Japanese after studying Chinese. “It helped me so much when I started
learning Japanese,” said Yerdana.
11．What is the text mainly about?
A．The method of learning Chinese.
B．How to write Chinese characters well.
C．The benefits of learning foreign cultures.
D．A new festival and some stories about learning Chinese.解密③如何归纳段落大意
【解题中发现规律】
【山东省百校联盟大联考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月月考】C
A newly developed disposable paper battery promises to make a big impact on single-use
electronics. The battery that has been demonstrated by researchers is biodegradable (可生物降解
的), made from sustainable materials, and cheap to put together. What’s more, it can be produced
in a variety of shapes and sizes as needed.
To give an idea of the power, a two-cell battery was enough to power an LCD alarm clock.
While it won’t be charging up your computer anytime soon, there’s lots of potential for low-
powered sensors. “We present a printed paper battery developed to power single-use disposable
electronics and to reduce their environmental impact to the lowest level,” write the researchers in
their published paper.
The battery is based on a metal-air electrochemical cell. Made from sodium chloride salt-
diffused (氯化钠盐扩散的) paper, it can measure as little as one square centimeter, and is based
on printed inks. All that’s needed, then, is a small amount of water, as little as two drops. This
dissolves the salts within the paper, and then activates the battery as they travel. The battery starts
producing power around 20 seconds after water is added, according to the experiments carried out
by the team.
Although the performance decreases over time as the paper dries out, it can be topped up to
some extent with more water. The researchers say they want to improve the efficiency of the
battery in the future, and get it working for longer.
“With a rising awareness of the e-waste problem and the emergence of single-use electronics
for applications, there is a growing need for low environmental impact batteries,” write the
researchers.
9．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．How the paper battery works. B．What the paper battery consists of.
C．Why the paper battery is popular. D．Where the paper battery can be applied.
【我的发现】规律方法：如何总结段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落
主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或
扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没
有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。
【变式精讲】
【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】B
The Colorado 8-year-old will set out Tuesday to become the youngest person to reach the top
of El Capitan in California’s Yosemite National Park. He will climb the rock face with the help of
the hanging ropes. The journey is expected to take four days “of hanging from your fingers or
hanging from your anchors(锚),” Sam’s dad Joe Baker told CNN’s Fredricka Whitfield onSunday. They’ll camp one night on the top of El Capitan.
Sam and Joe Baker will climb in a four-person team. It is a Class 5 climb, the highest and
most difficult of classifications. The routes are for expert climbers who train regularly and have a
lot of natural ability.
“Sam has been training to take on El Capitan every day for the last at least 18 months,” his
father said. In addition to physical training, planning how much equipment-including 200 pounds
of water-to take for the daylong hike is among the challenges. “You can’t just turn on the water,”
Joe said. “You have to carry it with you.”
While making it to the top of El Capitan would set records, that’s not Sam’s motivation for
attempting the climb. “I’m most excited to climb with Daddy,” Sam told CNN.
Hanging from the rock face thousands of feet in the air, the climbers will dine on lasagna (意
面) they cook from little packets on a gas stove. Sam is also planning a movie night while pausing
from the side of the rock. In addition to his climbing accomplishments, Sam is getting really good
at chess, so a travel chess set will be along for the climb too.
Aside from the lasagna, watching a movie and playing chess, Sam said “getting to the top” is
his favorite part of climbing.
Joe and his wife fell in love while climbing, and Sam did well in a climbing harness (背带)
“before he could walk”. When he was 6, Sam took on Lost Arrow Spire, a three-pitch climb that
starts 2, 500 feet above Yosemite Valley. Only one other 6-year-old-world-class professional
climber Tommy Caldwell, had ever done it.
5．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Sam’s advantages as a climber.
B．Difficulties Sam will encounter.
C．Sam’s hobbies besides climbing.
D．Things Sam will do while climbing.
