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专题 02 阅读理解题主旨题+词义猜测题
主旨题
高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确
获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信
息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括
能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：
(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?
(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea of the passage?
(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpose of this passage is.
(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly focuses on.
从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心
思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。
怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
词义猜测题
历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过 3%的传记、故事、
记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往
会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现
的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year onMay 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举
行的地方，可推断 course 在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如
shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3．“灵活”的常用词增多，
这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4．“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些
词有些带有一定的文化背景5．超纲生词。
有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读
理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中
才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多
义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的
练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是
高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜
测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。
该类题常见的考查形式有：
1. The phrase “…”in the sentence could be replaced by ____.
2. The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ____.
3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?
4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”?
5. The word “…” most nearly means ____.
主旨题
【2022年全国甲卷B篇】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition
abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool
use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The
clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys”
to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be anotheryear before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
27.【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to
Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦
鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别
形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适
合作为本文标题。故选D。
——主题句定位法
文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思
想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小
段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要
表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效
的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，
尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主
题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。
因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，
一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：
1. 中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见
的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，
是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
2. 主题句出现在文尾
在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，
即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。
词义猜测题
【2020年山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷），D】
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our
eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid
eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to
avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95
undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie
viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the
researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore
a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more
food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she
took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more
candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the
influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his
eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with
heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭
菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断
出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people
正好相反。故选D。
【2022年新高考2卷B篇】
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t
even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.
I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he
reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the
page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the
boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He
thought my storybook was like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your
grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produceaudio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.
There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera,
since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal
story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I
will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
4【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第一段“We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia
tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. ”以及画线词后文“as I was
sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. ”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个
讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。
而这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清
楚”。故选B。
对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。
下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。
1．构词法猜词
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：
unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，
预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。
2．利用同义近义词猜词
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生
词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或
or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它
的大致词义。
3．利用反义词猜词
对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系
可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
4．利用上下文语境猜词
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上
下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年
来高考考查的热点。
5．利用定义和解释猜词
有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。
释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并
加以解释说明的方式。
6．根据语义转折猜词
有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though,
although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than,
for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。
（2023届安徽省宿州市高一模）A man paralyzed from the neck down has gained the ability to type words with
his brain about as fast as the average smartphone user, a new study says.
This “mindwriting” was done through a science-fiction sounding brain-computer interface (BCI) (接口) that
picked up neural signals and fed them into an algorithm (算法) which translated them into letters. The secret to the
success, and why this particular BCI was able to produce words at such a faster rate than other BCIs in the past,
was that it tracked the brain signals of the patient, known as T5, as he imagined writing them down with a pen—a
skill which remains in our motor skill system for years after paralysis.
“With this BCI, our study participant achieved typing speeds of 90 characters per minute,” wrote the study
group, whose paper can be read in Nature. “To our knowledge, these typing speeds exceed (超过) those reported
for any other BCI, and are comparable to typical smartphone typing speeds of individuals in the age group of our
participant.” The study had conducted other trials with different BCIs before, in which they used eye-monitoring
equipment, but found it required tremendous attention and focus from the user.
The new BCI isn’t yet developed enough to be called a prototype, meaning it will likely be years before more
paralysis victims can regain their ability to communicate. However, this also means the room for improvement ismuch higher, explained one scientist, speaking with CNN.
1．How does mindwriting work?
A．It improves motor skill system. B．It tracks people’s hand signals.
C．It writes signals down with pens. D．It translates neural signals into words.
2．How do the study group support their findings?
A．By giving examples. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making reference. D．By making comparisons.
3．What does the underlined word “prototype” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Thought. B．Model. C．Reminder. D．Barrier.
4．What’s the most suitable title for the text?
A．A New BCI Picks up Neural Signals
B．Mindwriting Helps Paralyzed Patients Write Fast
C．Paralyzed Patients Write as Fast as Smartphone Users
D．Paralysis Victims Regain Social Skills through Mindwriting
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家通过心灵书写的方式帮助瘫痪病人打字更快的事情。
1．【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“This “mindwriting” was done through a science-fiction sounding brain-
computer interface (BCI) (接口) that picked up neural signals and fed them into an algorithm (算法) which
translated them into letters.”（这种“心灵书写”是通过一个听起来像科幻小说的脑机接口，该接口接收神经
信号并将其输入算法，然后将其转换成字母。）可知，心灵书写的工作方式是把神经信号翻译成词汇。故
选D项。
2．【答案】 D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段““To our knowledge, these typing speeds exceed (超过) those reported for
any other BCI, and are comparable to typical smartphone typing speeds of individuals in the age group of our
participant.””（“据我们所知，这种打字速度超过了任何其他BCI报告的打字速度，与我们的参与这个年
龄组的人的典型智能手机打字速度相当。”）可知，研究小组是通过把BCI的打字速度和同龄人智能手机
的打字速度做对比的方式支撑他们的结果。故选D项。
3．【答案】 B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据最后一段“However, this also means the room for improvement is much higher,
explained one scientist, speaking with CNN.”（然而，一位科学家在接受CNN采访时解释说，这也意味着改
善的空间更大。）可知，新的BCI仍有改善的空间说明它现在不能作为样本被使用，选项B“样本”，符合句意。故选B项。
4．【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“A man paralyzed from the neck down has gained the ability to type words
with his brain about as fast as the average smartphone user, a new study says.”（一项新的研究显示，一个脖子以
下瘫痪的人获得了用脑子打字的能力，大约和普通智能手机用户打字的速度差不多。）可知，本文的主题
是介绍心灵书写帮助瘫痪病人打字更快。故选B项。
Passage 1
（2023·福建厦门·厦门一中校考二模）I have lived in rural America for nine years, first in Michigan, where
I got my PhD; then in central Illinois and now in Indiana, where I am a professor. In a place where most people
have lived the whole of their lives, I feel like a stranger. There are few things I enjoy more than complaining about
my geographic isolation. I’m a vegetarian, so there’s nowhere to go for a nice dinner that isn’t 50 miles away. I’m
black, so there’s nowhere to get my hair done that doesn’t involve another 50-mile drive. And the closest major
airport is two hours away.
I recite these gripes to my friends. We all have grand ideas about what life would be like if only we did that, or
lived there. And there’s this; I really don’t intend to change most of the things I complain about. Griping is
seductive on those days when happiness requires too much energy. But it also makes me lose sight of the fact that I
was born and grew up in Nebraska and have lived most of my life in one of the plains states. When I go to the
coasts, I am struck by how unappealing big-city living can be.
While I may not love where I live, there are plenty of people who are proud to call this place home. At a party
with colleagues, I was going on about everything I couldn’t stand in our town when I noticed that they were silent
and shifting uncomfortably. That moment forced a change in me. Complaining may offer relief, but so does
acceptance. There is no perfect life. By focusing on gripes, I risk missing out on precious moments of appreciation.
When I get home, I stand on my balcony, look into the night sky and see the stars. I know that I have absolutely
nothing to complain about.
1．What causes the author’s loneliness?
A．Dietary habits. B．Racial prejudice.C．Educational differences. D．Identity confusion.
2．What does the underlined word “seductive” mean in paragraph 3?
A．Attractive. B．Temporary. C．Violent. D．Flexible.
3．How might the author feel about himself when the atmosphere changed at a party?
A．Humbled. B．Angry. C．Touched. D．Calm.
4．What does the author realize in the end?
A．Every day is beautiful. B．When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
C．Human must value lives themselves. D．Don’t be penny wise and pound foolish.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文中主要讲述了作者来到陌生的地方工作，遇到了各种不适应，开始抱怨，结
果最终认识到没有完美的人生。专注于抱怨，自己可能会错过感激的珍贵时刻。
1．【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“I have lived in rural America for nine years, first in Michigan, where I got
my PhD; then in central Illinois and now in Indiana, where I am a professor. In a place where most people have
lived the whole of their lives, I feel like a stranger. There are few things I enjoy more than complaining about my
geographic isolation. I’m a vegetarian, so there’s nowhere to go for a nice dinner that isn’t 50 miles away. I’m
black, so there’s nowhere to get my hair done that doesn’t involve another 50-mile drive. (我在美国农村生活了9
年，先是在密歇根州，我在那里拿到了博士学位；然后在伊利诺伊州中部，现在在印第安纳州，我是那里
的教授。在一个大多数人一生都在生活的地方，我觉得自己像个陌生人。没有什么比抱怨地理上的孤立更
让我享受的了。我是个素食主义者，所以不到50英里的地方就找不到好吃的了。我是黑人，所以要做头发
就得再开50英里的车)”可知，作者在美国的几个地方生活过，且是黑人。由此可知，身份混乱导致了作者
的孤独。故选D。
2．【答案】 A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“on those days when happiness requires too much energy”可知，在那
些快乐需要太多精力的日子里，抱怨是有吸引力的，因为不需要太多精力。故画线词意思是“有吸引力
的”。故选A。
3．【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“At a party with colleagues, I was going on about everything I couldn’t
stand in our town when I noticed that they were silent and shifting uncomfortably. That moment forced a change in
me. Complaining may offer relief, but so does acceptance. There is no perfect life. By focusing on gripes, I risk
missing out on precious moments of appreciation. When I get home, I stand on my balcony, look into the night skyand see the stars. I know that I have absolutely nothing to complain about.(在一次与同事的聚会上，我正滔滔不
绝地谈论着镇上所有我无法忍受的事情，这时我注意到他们都沉默不语，不安地移动着身子。那一刻迫使
我改变了。抱怨可能会让你放松，但接受也一样。没有完美的人生。专注于抱怨，我可能会错过感激的珍
贵时刻。当我回到家，我站在阳台上，仰望夜空，看星星。我知道我完全没有什么可抱怨的)”可知，当聚
会的气氛发生变化时，作者冷静了，开始思考自己的行为会带来的不良后果。故选D。
4．【答案】 D
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Complaining may offer relief, but so does acceptance. There is no perfect
life. By focusing on gripes, I risk missing out on precious moments of appreciation. When I get home, I stand on
my balcony, look into the night sky and see the stars. I know that I have absolutely nothing to complain about.(抱怨
可能会让你放松，但接受也一样。没有完美的人生。专注于抱怨，我可能会错过感激的珍贵时刻。当我回
到家，我站在阳台上，仰望夜空，看星星。我知道我完全没有什么可抱怨的)”推知，作者最后意识到不要
因小失大。故选D。
Passage 2
（2023·浙江·校联考模拟预测）It is easy to be doubtful about announcements of drugs that claim to slow the
progress of Alzheimers, the most common form of dementia (痴呆). A new drug called Lecanemab, however, may
be the real deal. Results of a clinical trial, conducted by its makers, Eisai, of Tokyo, and Biogen, of Cambridge
Massachusetts, have just been announced in the New England Journal of Medicine(November; 2022). After18
months, it had slowed the progress of symptoms by a quarter.
The trial involved 1795 participants who were in the early stages of the illness. Half received the drug. The
others, a placebo(安慰剂). It showed two things. One was the modest but measurable slowing of progression. The
other was that an explanation of Alzheimers called the Amyloid Hypothesis(淀粉样蛋白假说) seems correct.
Amyloid is a protein which accumulates in parts of the brains of those with Alzheimers, which is an
established sign of the illness. Lecanemab, containing a special antibody, is found to be able to attach itself to
amyloid and then attracts immune-system cells to clear the protein away (and measurably did so in those receiving
the drug).That suggests amyloid does indeed directly create problems associated with dementia and that Lecanemab
can slow down the development of the disease.
This is a small first step. Some experts question whether the test used to show an improvement in symptoms is
clinically meaningful because amyloid can be detected only with the help of a piece of expensive equipment, which
is not something that can easily be turned into a routine program. Moreover, Lecanemab also caused swelling and
bleeding of the brain in a number of participants. Now that the new drug has been shown to work, it can befollowed up with further tests. Hope for more good news soon.
5．What can be learned from the first two paragraphs?
A．The public shows confidence in new drugs for Alzheimers.
B．All participants didn’t receive the new drug.
C．The new drug had an obvious effect on the participants.
D．It took 18 months to make the new drug.
6．The author explains the effectiveness of the new drug by _______.
A．illustrating how the drug interacts with amyloid in body
B．describing how immune-system works in detail
C．making comparisons between two groups of participants
D．quoting the comments of other scientists
7．Which of the following is a drawback of the new drug?
A．It can’t be accessed easily in daily treatment.
B．It can cause some side-effects.
C．It costs too much for ordinary families.
D．It needs to be further tested before its launch.
8．What does the author think of Lecanemab?
A．Reliable. B．Groundbreaking
C．Promising D．Risky.
【答案】5．B 6．A 7．B 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人们很容易对那些宣称可以减缓阿尔茨海默氏症(老年痴呆症中最常
见的一种)病情发展的药物表示怀疑。然而，一种名为Lecanemab的新药可能是真正的药物。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The trial involved 1795 participants who were in the early stages of the illness.
Half received the drug The others, a placebo. It showed two things. One was the modest but measurable slowing of
progression. The other was that an explanation of Alzheimers called the Amyloid Hypothesis seems correct.”（该
试验涉及1795名处于疾病早期阶段的参与者。一半人服用药物，另一半人服用安慰剂。这说明了两件事。
其中之一是缓慢但可测量的进展。另一个是对阿尔茨海默症的一种解释叫做淀粉样蛋白假说似乎是正确
的。）可知，我们可以从前两段中了解到并非所有参与者都服用了这种新药。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Amyloid is a protein which accumulates in parts of the brains of those with
Alzheimers, which is an established sign of the illness. Lecanemab, containing a special antibody, is found to be
able to attach itself to amyloid and then attracts immune-system cells to clear the protein away (and measurably didso in those receiving the drug). That suggests amyloid does indeed directly create problems associated with
dementia and that Lecanemab can slow down the development of the disease.”（淀粉样蛋白是阿尔茨海默氏症
患者大脑中积聚的一种蛋白质，这是该疾病的一个明确迹象。Lecanemab含有一种特殊的抗体，被发现能
够附着在淀粉样蛋白上，然后吸引免疫系统细胞将蛋白质清除掉(在接受该药物的患者中确实如此)。这表
明淀粉样蛋白确实会直接导致与痴呆症相关的问题，而Lecanemab可以减缓疾病的发展。）可知，作者通
过说明药物与体内淀粉样蛋白的相互作用来说明新药的有效性。故选A项。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Moreover, Lecanemab also caused swelling and bleeding of the brain in a
number of participants.”（此外，Lecanemab还导致一些参与者大脑肿胀和出血。）可知，它会引起一些副
作用是新药的缺点。故选B项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now that the new drug has been shown to work, it can be followed up with
further tests. Hope for more good news soon.”（既然这种新药已被证明有效，就可以进行进一步的试验了。
希望很快会有更多的好消息。）可推知，作者认为Lecanemab是有希望的。故选C项。
Passage 3
（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）Last April, Elon Musk, the world’s richest man, attempted a takeover of
Twitter, for $ 44 billion, which quickly turned into public controversy and court battles. But the most interesting
part of the story is the more fundamental question: Why would Musk want to buy Twitter in the first place?
If you look at the size of Twitter, its appeal isn’t obvious. The company makes a relatively small profit each
year, and in terms of the number of users, Twitter has around 436 million users every month, which is still a long
way behind the likes of Facebook (near three billion), Instagram (two billion), and TikTok (one billion). So why
does Musk want to spend a considerable amount of money on Twitter?
The answer might be what makes Twitter so interesting: it carries enormous cultural power and has an
unmatched ability to shift the course of news and culture. Twitter’s cultural power is easy to see. Click on any
random news article, and there’s a good chance that somewhere in the text, it’s quoting what someone said on
Twitter.
What makes the platform important is essentially its clients. Twitter is the place where the most powerful and
influential people like to hang out. Because Twitter is mostly based on short, text-based posts, it is perfect for
conveying information, an argument, or a joke, at enormous speed, making it extremely useful for the likes of
politicians, journalists, executives and celebrities.
What Twitter is really good at is acting as a global watercooler-a persistent backchannel for gossip (流言蜚语),
jokes and informal connections. It’s a place where new ideas emerge, or arguments happen, and because thepeople doing the gossiping are important, influential types, what happens on Twitter can actually affect the rest of
the world. I think this explains why Elon Musk might want to pay big money for it. If you own Twitter, you
suddenly have a say in the world’s most important watercooler conversation.
9．What can we know about Twitter?
A．Elon Musk’s purchase of it went smoothly.
B．It has significant power to shape culture.
C．What people say on Twitter comes from random articles.
D．Its influence can’t compare with those of its competitors.
10．What makes Twitter valuable for its users?
A．The volume of information. B．The potential clients it attracts.
C．The profit it generates. D．The efficiency of spreading ideas.
11．According to the author, why might Elon Musk want to buy Twitter?
A．To promote new ideas. B．To improve its products.
C．To have a greater voice. D．To control powerful people.
12．What is the best title for the text?
A．Why Is Twitter so Valuable?
B．Who Are Twitter’s Target Users?
C．What Did Elon Musk Do to Twitter?
D．How Does Twitter Dominate the World?
【答案】9．B 10．D 11．C 12．A
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍马斯克当初为什么要重金收购推特（Twitter）。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“it carries enormous cultural power and has an unmatched ability to shift the
course of news and culture. (它承载着巨大的文化力量，具有无与伦比的改变新闻和文化进程的能力。)”可知，
推特有塑造文化的巨大能力。故选B项。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段“Because Twitter is mostly based on short, text-based posts, it is perfect for
conveying information, an argument, or a joke, at enormous speed, making it extremely useful for the likes of
politicians, journalists, executives and celebrities. (由于Twitter主要基于简短的文本帖子，因此它非常适合以
极快的速度传递信息、争论或笑话，因此对政治家、记者、高管和名人等非常有用。)”可知，推特快速传
播信息的能力对它的用户来说很有用。故选D项。
11．细节理解题。在最后一段“I think this explains why Elon Musk might want to pay big money for it. If youown Twitter, you suddenly have a say in the world’s most important watercooler conversation. (我认为这解释了为
什么埃隆·马斯克可能会为此付出重金。如果你拥有Twitter，你会突然在世界上重要的茶水间谈话中有了发
言权。)”可知，作者认为埃隆·马斯克出重金购买Twitter是为了有更大的发言权。故选C项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Last April, Elon Musk, the world’s richest man, attempted a takeover of Twitter,
for $ 44 billion, which quickly turned into public controversy and court battles. But the most interesting part of the
story is the more fundamental question: Why would Musk want to buy Twitter in the first place? (去年4月，世界
首富埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）试图以440亿美元的价格收购推特（Twitter），此举很快引发了公众争议
和法庭诉讼。但故事中有趣的部分是一个更根本的问题：马斯克当初为什么要收购推特？)”可知，这篇文
章开头说明了埃隆·马斯克斥巨资收购推特的情况，然后引出核心问题：“为什么他愿意为推特花大价
钱？”。因此A项“为什么推特如此值钱”可以作为文章的最佳标题，吸引读者。故选A项。
Passage 4
（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）Several years ago, a cousin I had lost touch with since I was a teenager
dropped by my house. At the living room entrance, he stopped in dead silence, his eyes fixed on the bookshelves
covering the entire back wall. “Have you read them all?” he asked me, almost frightened. “Yes,” I said, “just
about.” He shook his head in silence, as if this was a feat (技艺) that had demanded some effort. As for him, he had
had to leave school at fourteen, working wherever he could. His family did not have books. I only ever recalled
seeing the comic book Tarzan lying around on the table.
I often recall this scene with my cousin with unease. It hides another violent one. I was between fifteen and
eighteen years old. I must have blamed my father for “not being interested in anything”, for reading only Paris-
Normandie, the local newspaper. Usually so calm and tolerant regarding the rudeness of his only daughter, he
replied seriously, “Books are good for you. But as for me, I don’t need them to live.”
These words stretch across time, fixed inside me, like a pain and an unbearable reality. I understood very well
what my father meant. Reading Alexander Dumas, Flaubert, Camus would not have served any practical purpose in
his work as a cafe owner. On the other hand, in the future he hoped for me, he vaguely knew that books held
weight, and that they formed part of a defining package — “cultural baggage” — that included the theatre, the
opera and winter sports — a superior social world. I understood all that and it was unacceptable. I refused to think
that the world of books would stay forever closed to the human being who was dearest to me.
As I think about reasons for reading, my father’s words come back to me insistently, like a personal and
unsolvable contradiction. No, to read is not to live but I have always lived with books.
13．What does Paragraph 1 tell us about the writer?A．Her having read many books amazed her cousin.
B．Her cousin quit school early and had no books at all.
C．She completely finished reading the books on the shelves.
D．Her cousin was frightened to death upon seeing the books.
14．What does “one” refer to in Paragraph 2?
A．An idea. B．An emotion.
C．A scene. D．A relative.
15．What can’t the writer accept?
A．The bitter memory of a violent childhood.
B．The strict tone in which her father spoke.
C．The fear of falling short of her father’s expectations.
D．Her father’s ignorance of the importance of reading.
16．What is the passage going to talk about next?
A．Why the writer enjoys reading books.
B．What separates the writer from others.
C．What the writer’s father really meant.
D．How other conflicts erupted.
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．D 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者喜爱阅读并且读了很多书，在文章中作者回忆了几年前她的堂/表兄弟知
道她差不多读完整面墙的书后非常吃惊的场景，以及作者与父亲在阅读这一问题上的分歧。
13．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Several years ago, a cousin I had lost touch with since I was a teenager dropped
by my house. At the living room entrance, he stopped in dead silence, his eyes fixed on the bookshelves covering
the entire back wall. ‘Have you read them all?’ he asked me, almost frightened. ‘Yes,’ I said, ‘just about’. He shook
his head in silence, as if this was a feat (技艺) that had demanded some effort.As for him, he had had to leave
school at fourteen, working wherever he could. His family did not have books. I only ever recalled seeing the comic
book Tarzan lying around on the table.(几年前，一位从我十几岁起就失去联系的堂/表兄弟来我家拜访。在客
厅门口，他沉默地停了下来，眼睛盯着覆盖整个后墙上的书架。‘你都读过了吗？’他问我，几乎吓坏了。
‘是的，’我说，‘差不多。’他默默地摇了摇头，仿佛这是一项需要付出一些努力的壮举。至于他，他
不得不在十四岁时离开学校，在任何他能工作的地方工作。他家没有书。我只记得在桌子上看到过漫画书
Tarzan。)”可知，第一段主要阐述的是作者的堂/表兄弟在知道作者差不多读完了整墙的书后感到非常吃惊，故选A。
14．词义猜测题。one作代词时，表示泛指，既可指人，可指物，常用来代替上文出现过的单数名词，以
避免重复。根据第二段中“one”所在句的上一句“I often recall this scene with my cousin with unease. (我经常
不安地回忆起和表哥的这一场景。)”以及下文“I was between fifteen and eighteen years old. I must have
blamed my father for ‘not being interested in anything’, for reading only Paris-Normandie, the local newspaper.
Usually so calm and tolerant regarding the rudeness of his only daughter, he replied seriously, ‘Books are good for
you. But as for me, I don’t need them to live.’(我当时在十五到十八岁之间。我一定责怪父亲‘对什么都不感
兴趣’，只看当地的Paris-Normandie报纸。对于他唯一的女儿的无礼，他通常是那么冷静和宽容，他严肃
地回答说：‘书对你有好处。但对我来说，我不需要他们活着。’)”可知“It hides another violent one.”中
“another violent one”指的是作者和父亲就读书产生意见分歧的场景，这个“one”指“一个场景（a
scene）”；故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Usually so calm and tolerant regarding the rudeness of his only
daughter, he replied seriously, ‘Books are good for you. But as for me, I don’t need them to live.’(对于他唯一的女
儿的无礼，他通常是那么冷静和宽容，他严肃地回答说：‘书对你有好处。但对我来说，我不需要他们活
着。’)”以及第三段“These words stretch across time, fixed inside me, like a pain and an unbearable reality. I
understood very well what my father meant. Reading Alexander Dumas, Flaubert, Camus would not have served
any practical purpose in his work as a cafe owner. On the other hand, in the future he hoped for me, he vaguely
knew that books held weight, and that they formed part of a defining package — ‘cultural baggage’ — that included
the theatre, the opera and winter sports — a superior social world. I understood all that and it was unacceptable. I
refused to think that the world of books would stay forever closed to the human being who was dearest to me.( 这
些话跨越时间，固定在我心里，就像一种痛苦和无法忍受的现实。我非常理解父亲的意思。读大仲马、福
楼拜、加缪的书对他开咖啡馆的工作没有任何实际意义。另一方面，在他对我的未来所寄予的期望中，他
隐约知道书籍是有分量的，它们构成了一个决定性的包裹——‘文化包袱’——包括剧院、歌剧和冬季运
动——一个优越的社会世界。我明白这一切，这是不可接受的。我不认为书的世界会永远对我最亲爱的人
关闭。)”可知，作者不能接受父亲不知道阅读的重要性，不去阅读。故选D。
16．推理判断题。文章最后一段“As I think about reasons for reading, my father’s words come back to me
insistently, like a personal and unsolvable contradiction. No, to read is not to live but I have always lived with
books.(当我思考阅读的理由时，父亲的话不断地浮现在我的脑海中，就像一个无法解决的个人矛盾。不，
读书不是为了活着，但我一直与书生活在一起。)”可推断，作者接下来会讲述自己的阅读经历以及喜爱阅读的理由。故选A。
Passage 5
（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）Are you among the one in three Americans who gulps down a multivitamin
every morning, probably with a sip of water? The truth about this popular habit may be hard to swallow. “Most
people would be better off just drinking a full glass of water and skipping the vitamin,” says Dr. Pieter Cohen, an
associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. In addition to saving money, you’ll have the
satisfaction of not succumbing to misleading marketing strategies.
That’s because for the average American adult, a daily multivitamin doesn’t provide any meaningful health
benefit, as noted recently by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Their review, which analyzed 84
studies involving nearly 700,000 people, found little or no evidence that taking vitamin and mineral supplements
(营养片)helps prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease that can lead to heart attacks, nor do they help prevent an
early death.
However, this is not always the case. Highly restrictive diets, or certain weight-loss surgeries that cause poor
nutrient absorption are examples of reasons why a multivitamin or individual vitamins might be recommended. A
daily vitamin D supplement may be necessary when a person gets insufficient sun exposure. Your doctor may
recommend an iron supplement if you have anemia, a low red blood cell count.
Then why do people place too much reliance on vitamins? “They are very inexpensive to make, so the
companies can sink lots of money into advertising,” says Dr. Cohen. But because the FDA regulates dietary
supplements as food and not as prescription (处方药) or over-the- counter drugs, the agency only closely monitors
claims regarding the treatment of disease. For example, supplement makers cannot say that their product “lowers
heart disease risk”. But their labels are allowed to include phrases such as “promotes a healthy heart” or “supports
immunity”, as well as vague promises about improving fatigue and low motivation.
“Supplement manufacturers are allowed to market their products as if they have benefits when no benefit
actually exists,” says Dr. Cohen. He considers it wise to note the legally required disclaimer on each product:
“These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to
diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.” Although multivitamins aren’t helpful, at least they’re not harmful.
But the money people spend on them could be better spent on purchasing healthy foods.
17．What does the underlined expression “succumbing to” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A．Giving in to. B．Looking forward to.
C．Objecting to. D．Sticking to.18．Why does the author mention anemia in Paragraph 3?
A．To illustrate the risks of a restricted diet.
B．To prove the benefits of adequate sun exposure.
C．To demonstrate the existence of exceptions.
D．To stress the importance of nutrient absorption.
19．We can infer from Paragraph 4 that _______.
A．drug companies lose much money promoting vitamins
B．the FDA has stricter regulations for prescribed medicine
C．supplement makers care little about designing their labels
D．it is illegal to market a product without actual health benefits
20．What does Dr. Cohen think of the disclaimer?
A．Helpful. B．Unnecessary.
C．Confusing. D．Interesting
【答案】17．A 18．C 19．B 20．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在美国，有1/3的人每天早上都会吞下复合维生素，可能还会喝一小口水，但
研究表明，对大多数人来说，只喝一杯水而不摄入维生素会更好。
17．词义猜测题。根据第一段的“ “Most people would be better off just drinking a full glass of water and
skipping the vitamin,” says Dr. Pieter Cohen, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. In
addition to saving money, you’ll have the satisfaction of not succumbing to misleading marketing strategies.(哈佛
医学院的医学副教授Pieter Cohen博士说:“大多数人只喝一杯水，不摄入维生素会更好。”除了省钱，你还
会因为不succumbing to误导的营销策略的影响而感到满足。)”可知，Pieter Cohen指出其实大多数人只需要
喝一杯水就好，不用摄入维生素。由此可知，只有那些不屈服于误导性的营销策略的人，才能从只喝水中
获得满足。由此可知，划线词意为“屈服于”，与give in同义。故选A项。
18．推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“However, this is not always the case. Highly restrictive diets, or certain
weight-loss surgeries that cause poor nutrient absorption t are examples of reasons why a multivitamin or individual
vitamins might be recommended. Your doctor may recommend an iron supplement if you have anemia, a low red
blood cell count.(然而，情况并非总是如此。严格限制饮食，或某些导致营养吸收不良的减肥手术，都是建
议服用复合维生素或单一维生素的原因。如果你贫血，红细胞计数低，医生可能会建议你补充铁)”推知，
该段列举贫血是为了证明有例外的情况存在，即补充维生素是有用的。故选C项。
19．推理判断题。根据文章第四段第三句“But because the FDA regulates dietary supplements as food and notas prescription (处方药)or over-the- counter drugs, the agency only closely monitors claims regarding the treatment
of disease.(但由于FDA将膳食补充剂作为食品而不是处方药或非处方药进行监管，该机构只密切监控与疾
病治疗有关的声明。)”可知，FDA对处方药的管理规范更严格。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二句“He considers it wise to note the legally required disclaimer on
each product(他认为在每件产品上注明法律要求的免责声明是明智的)”可知，Dr. Cohen认为关注免责声明
是一种明智的行为，即这样做是有帮助的。故选A项。
Passage 6
（2023·黑龙江大庆·统考二模）For the past 11 years, 83-year-old Al Merritt has been a reliable and cheery
presence in his neighborhood.
Since 2010, Merritt has been trying to achieve the mission to cycle the circumference (周长) of the Earth —
24,901 miles — without ever leaving his own neighborhood. As a result, Merritt got to know many of his
neighbors. Up until October 24, (2021), he never realized that his daily bicycle trips were as important to them as
they were to him.
At 3 p.m., nearly 200 people gathered near his home to surprise and congratulate Merritt on the ending of his
“round-the-world” adventure, and a large trophy (奖杯) was placed in his arms. “It’s just unbelievable. I couldn’t
have imagined anything like this,” he said.
11 years ago, when his son Kevin brought a bike, Al started cycling around. At first, his rides were about five
miles long, then 10 to 12 miles, and gradually the length of his outings grew. As time went by, he began to think
big-the circumference of the Earth. By the end of 2020, he had covered 21,565 miles in total and knew he could
complete his goal by the end of 2021.
There was no celebration of the goal planned until Natalie London and Taylor Plecity came along. They were
visiting London’s mom when Merritt flew by on his bike. Attracted by his story, they walked over to introduce
themselves. When they discovered Merritt was just weeks away from completing his goal, they asked if they could
film a short documentary.
“We wanted to tell the story of this guy. What Merritt represents is how an individual’s small acts can change
an entire community,” said London. To celebrate the completion of Merritt’s cy-cling goal, they secretly printed up
flyers and placed them on doorsteps for several blocks. But even they were surprised at the huge crowd that
gathered.
Although Merritt has now achieved his goal, he has no plans to change the routine that has be-come the
highlight of his daily life.21．What can we know about Al Merritt?
A．He bicycles with lots of neighbors. B．He began his task during his seventies.
C．He was awarded a trophy by his club. D．He visited various places around the world.
22．How did Merritt get the idea of “round-the-world” adventure?
A．He was persuaded by neighbors. B．His son made a practical suggestion.
C．His physical capability improved gradually. D．He watched an inspiring documentary.
23．What’s the purpose of filming this short documentary?
A．To share unforgettable experiences. B．To promote a healthy outdoor sport.
C．To stimulate positive life attitudes. D．To show a harmonious community.
24．What is the text mainly about?
A．A senior bike racer. B．An unexpected harvest.
C．A successful big adventure. D．A neighborhood inspiration.
【答案】21．B 22．C 23．C 24．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了83岁的阿尔·梅里特在他的社区里一直是一个可靠而愉快的存
在。在不离开自己的社区的情况下，他完成了“环球”骑行——24901英里。这一壮举鼓舞了社区所有的
人。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“For the past 11 years, 83-year-old Al Merritt has been a reliable and cheery
presence in his neighborhood.(在过去的11年里，83岁的阿尔·梅里特(Al Merritt)在他的社区里一直是一个可
靠而愉快的存在。)”可知，83岁的阿尔·梅里特在11年前，也就是他70多岁时就开始进行这项任务。。故
选B项。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“At first, his rides were about five miles long, then 10 to 12 miles, and
gradually the length of his outings grew. As time went by, he began to think big—the circumference of the Earth.
(一开始，他骑的车大约5英里长，然后是10到12英里，慢慢地，他骑的车越来越长。随着时间的流逝，
他开始考虑更大的目标——地球的周长。)”可知，是他的体能逐渐提高，使他产生“环球”冒险的想法的。
故选C项。
23．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“We wanted to tell the story of this guy. What Merritt represents is how
an individual’s small acts can change an entire community(我们想讲述这个人的故事。梅里特所代表的是一个
人的小行为如何改变整个社会)”可推知，拍摄这部纪录片短片的目的是激发积极的生活态度。故选C项。
24．主旨大意题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了83岁的阿尔·梅里特在他的社区里一直是一个可靠
而愉快的存在。在不离开自己的社区的情况下，他完成了“环球”骑行——24901英里。这一壮举鼓舞了社区所有的人。由此推知，D选项“一个社区的鼓舞人心的人物”能概括全文内容。故选D项。
Passage 7
（2023·甘肃张掖·统考一模）Elephants are often seen comforting upset individual elephants with a gentle
touch of their trunks reportedly. It’s one thing to witness something that looks like comforting behavior, but another
thing to prove that this is what elephants are doing. Now, scientists have shown that Asian elephants do indeed get
upset when they see others in trouble, and they reach out to comfort them. Elephants, thus, join the list of other
animals, including dogs, wolves and some birds, which have been shown to do so.
Elephants’ responses to stress are difficult to explore because one has to wait for opportunities for these arising
naturally in the wild. However, Joshua Plotnik, a scientist at Mahidol University in Thailand got around this
problem. He compared Asian elephants’ behaviors during times of stress to those during periods when little upsets
them. For 1 to 2 weeks every month for nearly a year, Plotnik spent 30 to 180 minutes daily watching and recording
the behavior of 26 Asian elephants living in Elephant Natural Park in northern Thailand.
Other researchers have previously shown that when upset, an elephant moves its ears and raises its tail; it may
also make a low sound to show its stress. “When elephants in the park see an elephant behaving in this manner,
they typically respond by feeling the same emotion,” Plotnik said, “just as we do when watching a scary movie
together. If an actor is frightened, our hearts race and we reach for each other’s hands — a reaction known as
‘emotional contagion’ .”
“But more studies are needed, preferably in wild populations,” Plotnik said. “What is unclear is whether these
responses primarily benefit the upset animals, or the res-ponders,” Shermin de Silva, a behavioral ecologist, said.
However, the study “provides a very interesting first exploration into the behavior of elephants suffering from
stress,” said Graeme Shannon, a scientist at Colorado State University.
25．What does the underlined phrase “got around” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Overcame. B．Faced. C．Found. D．Raised.
26．Why did Plotnik mention the “watching a scary movie” situation?
A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact.
C．To clarify a concept. D．To support a conclusion.
27．What can be inferred about the study according to the last paragraph?
A．It has some limitations. B．It confirms a prediction.
C．It benefits future studies. D．It is thought worthless.
28．Which can be the best title for the text?A．Elephants copy comforting behavior B．Elephants ask for comfort when in trouble
C．Elephants are easily in low spirits D．Elephants understand their companions ’ feelings
【答案】25．A 26．C 27．A 28．D
【导语】本文是说明文。研究表明，大象能感知同伴的低落情绪，且会对其进行安慰。
25．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Elephants’ responses to stress are difficult to explore because one has to wait
for opportunities for these arising naturally in the wild.(大象对压力的反应是很难探索的，因为人们必须等待在
野外自然产生的机会)”以及画线词上文“However, Joshua Plotnik, a scientist at Mahidol University in
Thailand”中表示转折意义的however可知，大象对压力的反应很难探究，但是Joshua Plotnik 通过观察大象
自然公园里的大象克服了这一困难。故画线词意思是“克服”。故选A。
26．推理判断题。 根据第三段中““When elephants in the park see an elephant behaving in this manner, they
typically respond by feeling the same emotion,” Plotnik said, “just as we do when watching a scary movie together.
If an actor is frightened, our hearts race and we reach for each other’s hands — a reaction known as ‘emotional
contagion’ .”(“当公园里的大象看到一头大象有这种行为时，它们通常会产生同样的情绪反应，”普洛特尼
克说，“就像我们一起看恐怖电影时一样。如果演员受到惊吓，我们的心跳就会加速，我们会伸手去拉对
方的手——这种反应被称为‘情绪传染’。”)” 可推知，Plotnik提到了“看恐怖电影”的情况是为了阐明
一个概念——情绪传染。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““But more studies are needed, preferably in wild populations,” Plotnik
said. “What is unclear is whether these responses primarily benefit the upset animals, or the res-ponders,” Shermin
de Silva, a behavioral ecologist, said.(普洛特尼克说：“但还需要更多的研究，最好是在野生种群中进行。”
行为生态学家Shermin de Silva说：“目前尚不清楚的是，这些反应主要是对不安的动物有利，还是对反应
者有利。”)”可知，该研究还是有一定的局限性的。故选A。
28．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Now, scientists have shown that Asian elephants do indeed get upset when
they see others in trouble, and they reach out to comfort them. Elephants, thus, join the list of other animals,
including dogs, wolves and some birds, which have been shown to do so.(现在，科学家们已经证明，亚洲象在
看到同类陷入困境时确实会感到不安，它们会伸出手来安慰它们。因此，大象加入了其他动物的行列，包
括狗、狼和一些鸟类，它们都被证明会这样做)”和下文的研究发现可知，本文主要讲述的是大象能感知同
伴的情绪并给予安慰。D选项“大象能理解同伴的感受”最符合文章标题。故选 D。
Passage 8
（2023·山西临汾·统考一模）After a day’s labor, Andreas Fichtner and his colleagues have spliced (绞接)together three segments of fibers, creating a 12.5-kilometer-long fiber-optic (光学的)cable. It will stay buried in the
snow to spy on the activity of Grfmsvotn, a dangerous, glacier-covered volcano.
Fichtner, a geophysicist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich, is one of the researchers using
fiber optics to take the pulse of our planet. Much of their work is done in remote places, from the tops of volcanoes
to the bottoms of seas, where traditional monitoring is too costly or difficult.
The technique used by Fichtner’s team is called distributed acoustic sensing, or DAS. “It’s almost like radar in
the fiber,” says the physicist Giuseppe Marra of the United Kingdom’s National Physical Laboratory, in
Teddington. While radar uses reflected radio waves to locate objects, DAS uses reflected light to detect events as
varied as earthquake activity and moving traffic, and to determine where they occurred. Inside the cables are optical
fibers. DAS involves shooting quick pulses of laser light down the fiber and detecting bits of light that scatter back
to the laser source due to disturbances in the environment. When the earth’s surface vibrates and shifts, it pulls the
cables, so a detector can identify these small changes.
The New York Times points out that although wireless and satellite technology are booming, good old-
fashioned cables are still the most efficient way to send information across oceans. Repurposing cables could give
scientists the ability to monitor high-risk zones that were previously hard to reach. They could help detect
earthquakes and tsunamis a few seconds earlier than traditional warning systems.
In addition, fiber-optic cables could also help solve some of the biggest challenges for humans. In the recent
years, scientists have started to use them to measure ocean waves and access fault (断层) information. It is believed
that fiber-optic cables will serve to benefit us greatly in the future.
29．What is the purpose of the work of Fichtner’s team?
A．To track volcanic activities. B．To strike oil under the sea.
C．To lengthen fiber-optic cables. D．To keep fibers covered in the snow.
30．What can we learn about the technique of DAS?
A．It determines when and where disasters occurs.
B．It uses radio waves to locate moving objects.
C．It improves the efficiency of transmitting light.
D．It detects tiny variation of the earth’s surface.
31．What does the underlined expression “Repurposing cables” probably mean?
A．Recycling cables in new fields. B．Adapting cables for a new function.
C．Installing cables beneath volcanoes. D．Promoting cables into massive production.32．What is the best title for the text?
A．DAS Is Feeling the Heartbeat of Volcanoes
B．Satellite Technology Is Booming in Our Times
C．Underground Cables Are Taking the Planet’s Pulse
D．Fiber-optic Cables Are Giving Us Insights into Earthquakes
【答案】29．A 30．D 31．B 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲的是地下电缆正在测量地球的脉搏以及光纤电缆在将来会给我们带来很
大的好处。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段“After a day’s labor, Andreas Fichtner and his colleagues have spliced (绞接)
together three segments of fibers, creating a 12.5-kilometer-long fiber-optic (光学的)cable. It will stay buried in the
snow to spy on the activity of Grfmsvotn, a dangerous, glacier-covered volcano.”（经过一天的劳动，Andreas
Fichtner和他的同事们将三段纤维拼接在一起，形成了一根12.5公里长的光纤电缆。它将被埋在雪中，监
视Grfmsvotn火山的活动，这是一座危险的冰川覆盖的火山。）可知，Fichtner团队工作的目的是追踪火山
活动。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“DAS involves shooting quick pulses of laser light down the fiber and
detecting bits of light that scatter back to the laser source due to disturbances in the environment. When the earth’s
surface vibrates and shifts, it pulls the cables, so a detector can identify these small changes.”（DAS包括沿光纤
发射快速激光脉冲，并检测由于环境干扰而散射回激光源的光位。当地球表面振动和移动时，它会拉动电
缆，所以探测器可以识别这些微小的变化。）可知，我们可以从DAS技术中了解到它能探测到地球表面的
微小变化。故选D项。
31．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“The New York Times points out that although wireless and satellite
technology are booming, good old-fashioned cables are still the most efficient way to send information across
oceans.”（《纽约时报》指出，尽管无线和卫星技术正在蓬勃发展，但老式的电缆仍然是跨越海洋发送信息
的最有效方式。）提出老式的电缆仍然是跨越海洋发送信息的最有效方式，以及划线单词句中的“…could
give scientists the ability to monitor high-risk zones that were previously hard to reach.”（可以使科学家能够监测
以前难以到达的高风险地区。）可猜测，划线单词Repurposing cables为“重新调整电缆用途”，结合选项
B项Adapting cables for a new function“为新功能改造电缆”意思一致。故选B项。
32．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第二段“Fichtner, a geophysicist at the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology, in Zurich, is one of the researchers using fiber optics to take the pulse of our planet. Much of their
work is done in remote places, from the tops of volcanoes to the bottoms of seas, where traditional monitoring istoo costly or difficult.”（Fichtner是苏黎世瑞士联邦理工学院的地球物理学家，他是使用光纤测量地球脉动
的研究人员之一。他们的大部分工作是在偏远的地方完成的，从火山顶部到海底，传统的监测太昂贵或太
困难。）和最后一段“In addition, fiber-optic cables could also help solve some of the biggest challenges for
humans. In the recent years, scientists have started to use them to measure ocean waves and access fault
information. It is believed that fiber-optic cables will serve to benefit us greatly in the future.”（此外，光纤电缆
还可以帮助解决人类面临的一些最大挑战。近年来，科学家们已经开始使用它们来测量海浪和获取故障信
息。人们相信光纤电缆在将来会给我们带来很大的好处。）可知，文章主要讲的是地下电缆正在测量地球
的脉搏以及光纤电缆在将来会给我们带来很大的好处。故文章最好的标题是“地下电缆正在测量地球的脉
搏”。故选C项。
Passage 1
（2022全国甲卷）As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little
Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what
was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hithome to Ginni.
8. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
.
A Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
9. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
10. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
11. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. C 11. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望
探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【8题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the
UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步
探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest (当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最
终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线
词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on
ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从
火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”可知，是折扣的票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of
the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最
深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
【11题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段“These
gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. (这些温
柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”和倒数第二段Ginni Balinton对南
极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，An
unforgettable experience. (一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
Passage 2
（2022全国甲卷）Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city
discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad
parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went
our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not
fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she
said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that
we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.
“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the
Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a
drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.13. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
14. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
15. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The
city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”
以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关
键是港口。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a
living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll
miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and
they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew
Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to
modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方
历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了
一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。
故选A项。【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I
considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有
它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is
right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
Passage 3
（2022年全国乙卷）Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways
and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of
applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and
infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same
thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway
tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-
time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the
board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
10. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the
correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样
的
事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，无人
机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选B。
【9题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间
派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs
and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词
和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the
train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样
在火车前面行驶。 凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时
做出反应。)”可知对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability
of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely
future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks
and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可
靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确
保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力
线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员
安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述
了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合
作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 4
（2022年新高考I卷）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and
“a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A
ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are
now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousandyears. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech
sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer
foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and
why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软
食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势
产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults
were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper
teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古
人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，
我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很
难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【14题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in
the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during
the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年
里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主
要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since
the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我
们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语
音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
Passage 5
（2022全国甲卷）Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have
similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds
have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box
with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five
differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognitionalone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
4. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
5. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
6. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
7. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool
use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就
能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the
correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确
的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year
of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一
岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether thecockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人
员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推
知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,
have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原
产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头
鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文
标题。故选D。
Passage 6
（2022年北京卷）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been
sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as
humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson
who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies
have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum
machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is
the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep.
“What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing
researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the
public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises,
excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have
gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,
Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And
that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about
PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those
concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful”quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.”
He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what
we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just
as I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克
里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may
mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers
can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着
量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的
工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最
后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于
约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀
疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅
度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been
able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time
quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度
上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问
题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做
法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
【33题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,
Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（
但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该
理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的
酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B.
Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many
smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to
turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大
型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们
“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一
段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像
泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投
资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像
它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
Passage 7
（2022年新高考Ⅱ卷）This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the
Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — aperfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he
reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the
page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the
boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He
thought my storybook was like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your
grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce
audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.
,
There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera,
since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal
story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I
will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
5. Why did the kid poke the storybook?
A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself.
6. What does the author think of himself?
A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.
7. What can we learn about the author as a journalist?
A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television.
C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews internet stars.
【答案】4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童
读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。【4题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段“We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools.
Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.”以及画线词后文“as I was sitting
with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故
事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而
这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。
故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a
tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my
storybook was like that.(事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开
心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，那孩子戳故
事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I
edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，
我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，作者认为
自己懂数码技术。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent
little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio.(然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差
距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。
