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专题 14 阅读理解：主旨大意题
备考 2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--讲练
命题解读
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，
对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该
类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有
明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。
考点分类
主旨大意题易错点特征
1.主旨大意题干扰选项特征
无中生有 可能高度具有总结性，但与文章内容互不相干或相悖。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。若不留神，极易选错答
偷梁换柱
案。
过于笼统 虽覆盖文章意思，但过于笼统。
选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设
以偏概全
置内容，或文章的一个细枝末节。
2.正确项特征
涵盖性强 覆盖全文或全段。
范围恰当 涵盖文章内容既不太大，也不太小。
精确性强 不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
一 文章大意题
常见设问方式
What's the main idea/point of the passage?
The passage is mainly about ________.
The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
The subject discussed in this text is ________.
The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
解题技能
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍三种快速找出主题句的方法。
一 根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句
1. 记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容来概括文章大意，如果文章末段出现说理性的句
子，则这个句子为主题句。
2. 新闻报道和说明文则是报道一则新闻或说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。
3. 议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一
段或最后一段。
二 根据文章关键词定位主题句
1. 在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词，如but，however，in fact，actually，instead等时，其后的内容往
往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
2. 在文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
3. 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
三 高频词复现
全文中无明显主题句时，可以利用文章中的高频词来提炼主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因
此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易
抓住文章的中心。
典例剖析
（2022年全国甲卷）
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅)
longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would
never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. ......
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home
to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【导语】 文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子
们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段
“These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. (这
些温柔可爱的接待员们迎接了Ginni并开启了她终身难忘的一次旅行。)”和倒数第二段Ginni Balinton对南极之
旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，An unforgettable
experience. (一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
二 段落大意题
常见设问方式
What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
解题技能
解答段落大意题跟文章大意题一样，要先找出主题句，对于没有明确主题句的段落，要结合全段的意思归纳大
意。以下两种方法有助于确定段落大意。
一 段落组织结构找主题句1. 总—分 主题句在段首
2. 分—总 主题句在段尾
3. 分—总—分 主题句在段中
4. 总—分—总 首句和末句，内容几乎完全一致
5. 平铺型 无明确主题句
二 根据文章关键词定位主题句
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语 (如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句引出的很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
典例剖析
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal
of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and
wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month,
can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5
gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
【导语】 文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子
们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【答案】B
【解析】段落大意题。该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：制造商：
Terrafugia Inc.；首飞成功：completed its first flight；上市时间：within the next year；飞车名字：the Transition
；飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings；飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the
air；耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon等以上信息可以看出这一段主要描述了
一些基本数据。三 标题归纳题
常见设问方式
The best title of the passage is ________.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
What would be the best title for the passage?
The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
解题技能
一 标题的3大特点
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——激发读者的阅读欲望。
二 巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．概括度：所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容，可以是对文章关键词语的概括，也可以是对论点或各段意的
综合概括。
2．新颖度：观察选项是否严谨、新颖。标题是文章的眼睛，既要严谨，也要新颖。
典例剖析
（2022年北京卷）
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how
quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with
two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep thefield honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have
invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones.
...Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m
certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust
Johnson.
14．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里
斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have
many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps
to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型
科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈
癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could
PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not
going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样
“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我
信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，
计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计
算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
四 真题练一练
1. ( 2022年全国乙卷)
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help
railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky”
technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safefor trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to
inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and
switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated
that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending
maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be
avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t
need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be
moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors
and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal
any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
31．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助
铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of
railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of
applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and
infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同
时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百
万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应
用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到
了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁
路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故
选D。
2.（2021年全国甲卷）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go
beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or
creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
......
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of
genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race,
and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with
“intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天
才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最
后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple
geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅
力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比
较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。3.（2021年全国乙卷）
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems
every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know
that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to
single-use plastic products.
......
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s
worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers
collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒）
from a truck all at once.
.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
.
B Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，
让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在 2018的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”
说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保
意识。
【答案】D
【解析】标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing
viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区
别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫
使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to
illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work,
titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which
were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·
王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每 60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”
的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们
重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑
料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。
4.（2020年新高考全国卷)
10．According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of
our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid
eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
What is the recent study mainly about?
A．Food safety.
B．Movie viewership.
C．Consumer demand.
D．Eating behavior.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯会影响人们的食物摄入量。
【答案】D
【详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size
and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.（根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的
一项研究，我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。）”可知，最近的研究主要是关于
饮食行为的。故选D项。
5.（2020年新高考全国卷)
8．Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a
nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and
became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor’s degree.
What can we learn from Jennifer’s story?
A．Time is money.
B．Love breaks down barriers.
C．Hard work pays off.
D．Education is the key to success.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了詹妮弗通过自己的不懈努力最终获得学士学位的故事。
【答案】C
【详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of
Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor’s degree.（当珍妮佛毕业于威斯康星大学的欧克莱尔分校，并成为她的大家庭中第一个获得学士学位的人时，她的意志力产生了结果。）”可知，
詹妮弗通过自己的不懈努力最终获得学士学位，从她的故事中我们可以学到辛勤工作是有回报的。故选C项。
6. （2021年北京卷）
Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked
him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．
Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively
tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
.
31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
【导语】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【答案】31. B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because
the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，
因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第
一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
