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第 4 讲 题型突破——词句猜测题
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断
单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新
意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会
遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
设问方式
1．The word “...” in paragraph...means .
2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “...” in paragraph...?
3．What do the underlined words “...” probably mean?
4．What does the underlined word/phrase “...”in paragraph...refer to?
5．The underlined expression “...” in paragraph...most probably means “ ”．
技法一 词义猜测题
——巧用线索猜词义
词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所
指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在
文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解题得分
的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、
构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。
一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands
were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these
precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately ， it took the explorers and the settlers whofollowed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl(水
禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious
sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
populations，greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地)．
29．What does the underlined word “decimate”mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。依据画线词所在句中的Unfortunately可判断，画线词所在句与上文形
成转折，上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大
陆生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这
些资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年就将大部分资源破坏。故
选C。
二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测
(2022·全国乙·C片段)
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel
safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on
maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’
efforts.
29．What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Personnel safety.
B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair.
D．Construction of infrastructure.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。根据后文的举例用语“...including sending maintenance staff，often atnight，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知，maintenance 指的是后文中的
“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，故选C。
三、3种构词法助力词义猜测
例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.
分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。
因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
四、上下文语境助力词义猜测
有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行
合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)
The elderly residents(居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop
them feeling lonely.
...
Wendy Wilson，extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street，one of the first to embark on the
project，said：“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are
looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30．What do the underlined words “embark on”mean in paragraph 7?
A．Improve. B．Oppose.
C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。根据上下文语境，即画线处前的“one of the first”以及后文“We are
looking...bring to people here.”可知，Wendy Wilson是这个项目的发起人之一，所以画线词
的含义与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
技法二 代词指代题——“就近原则”判指代
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断
人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
设问方式
1．What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which...” refer to?
2．The underlined part “it/that/they/which...”in paragraph...refers to “ ”．
解此类试题常用“就近原则”巧判断。解题流程如下：
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)
In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven
months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the
country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the
Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from
Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of
the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his
way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in
California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
答案 D
解析 代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句，由此可知，此处that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。
技法三 句意猜测题
——意义吻合推句意
高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解
前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。
设问方式
1．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph...mean?
2．Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in paragraph...?
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。其解题流程
如下：
(2019·浙江·B片段)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in
Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that
read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
答案 C
解析 句意猜测题。根据下文的内容并结合木板上写的“Give What You Can，Take What
You Need.”可知，钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C项。
A
(外刊阅读·原创题) 选自：USA Today
Robot vacuums are incredibly popular，and these helpful household gadgets are convenientlydesigned to pick up dust，hair and all manner of grime so you don’t have to do it yourself.Of all
of the models available，the iRobot Roomba i7＋ is the best robot vacuum we’ve ever tested，
and right now，you can get it on sale for $300 off its usual price.
Thanks to this deal at Bed Bath & Beyond，you can get this robot vacuum on sale for $699.99
—its lowest price of all time.We’ve only ever seen it at this low twice before，back in December
2019 and April 2020.While it’s true that even at its discounted price， the Roomba i7 ＋ is still
extremely expensive ， this handy little guy is in a class all its own when it comes to robot vacuums .
For starters，it can empty itself out via a secondary suction feature located in its charging
base.This unique functionality is a big part of why it costs so much and why our testers and online
reviewers alike really love it(you can also get it without this feature right now with your purchase
of the regular i7，on sale for $499.99—$200 off its $699.99 list price)．Perfect for seniors，or
anyone who struggles to vacuum hard-to-reach areas，this robotic machine makes it so you never
have to bend down on your hands and knees to get rid of dirt or debris from the vacuum.
Furthermore，what surprised our testers was that the Roomba i7＋ should pick up 10 grams
of debris.It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing，which is almost unheard of.It’s also a
smart device，so you can connect it to Wi-Fi to control it via Alexa and Google Home.Even
better，you can watch as it creates a map of your home，allowing you to track its progress or keep
it out of specific rooms.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了一款最新的机器人真空吸尘器，这款吸尘器
价格非常昂贵，即使搞活动打折也比同类产品贵，但是易操作，实用性强，尤其是适用于老
人。
1．What does the underlined word “grime” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Object. B．Food.
C．Dirt. D．Water.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。由画线单词前面的and可知，grime应该与dust和hair为同义词，意思
也应该是垃圾或灰尘。故选C。
2．How much is this robot vacuum if it doesn’t discount?
A．$300. B．$699.99.
C．$499.99. D．$999.99.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。由第一段最后一句中的“right now，you can get it on sale for $300 off its
usual price”可知，现在搞活动期间购买可以在原价的基础上减去$300；再由第二段第一句
“Thanks to this deal at Bed Bath & Beyond，you can get this robot vacuum on sale for $699.99—
its lowest price of all time.”可知，目前活动价是$699.99，因此加上优惠的$300，原价应该是$999.99，故选D。
3．What does the underlined sentence in the second paragraph mean?
A．The price of the Roomba i7＋ is totally different from all the other vacuums of the same kind.
B．The Roomba i7＋ is like a little guy in a class.
C．When we refer to robot vacuums，the Roomba i7＋ belongs to the guy of his own.
D．The Roomba i7＋ is too expensive for the customers to buy.
答案 A
解析 句意理解题。通过阅读画线句，分析其结构，理解句意，再通过照应上下文可知，
the Roomba i7＋的价格在同类产品中是独一无二的，完全与众不同，故选A。
4．What does the underlined word “which” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．The Roomba i7＋.
B．Our lab.
C．It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing.
D．The lab testing.
答案 C
解析 代词指代题。此处的which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整个句子，所以
此处的which是指“It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing”。故选C。
B
(2022·湖南岳阳二模)
In February of 1942，Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido thought he heard thunder coming from
his cornfield.However，the sound wasn’t coming from the sky.The source was a large smoking
break sending out gas and pushing out rocks.This opening would come to be known as the volcano
Paricutin，and over the next 9 years，its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km.But where
did this new volcano come from，and what caused its unpredictable eruption?
One of the most common causes of an eruption is an increase in magmastatic
pressure.Magma(岩浆) contains various elements and compounds.At high enough concentrations，
compounds like water or sulfur(硫) form high-pressure gas bubbles.When these balls of gas reach
the surface，they can burst with the force of a gunshot.And when millions of bubbles explode，
the energy can send ash into the air.But before they pop or burst，they act like bubbles of CO in a
2
shaken soda.
Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressure—sometimes the weight of the rock
above can become dangerously low.Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a
magma chamber or room，dropping the pressure and instantly touching off an eruption.This
process is known as “unloading”and it’s been responsible for numerous eruptions，including
the sudden explosion of Mount St.Helens in 1980.But unloading can also happen over longer
periods of time due heating ice or melting glaciers.In fact，many geologists are worried that glacialmelt caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
Unfortunately，knowing what causes eruptions doesn’t make them easy to predict.While
scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight of the Earth’s crust(地壳)，the depth
and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes in magmastatic pressure very difficult.But
volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology to overcome this rocky field.Advances in
thermal imaging(热成像) have allowed scientists to detect underground hotspots.Spectrometers can
analyze gases escaping magma.Hopefully，these tools will help us better understand these gas
breaks and their explosive eruptions.
5．Why does the author mention the story of a farmer in the first paragraph?
A．To show the power of volcano eruption.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To introduce the volcano Paricutin.
D．To explain the reason.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，第一段开头提到一个农民的故事是为了引出
火山喷发的原因这个主题，故选B。
6．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The bubbles of CO .
2
B．The ash of the volcano.
C．Gas bubbles of compounds.
D．The elements of a soda.
答案 C
解析 代词指代题。根据第二段第三、四句可知，they指的是水或硫这样的化合物形成的高
压气泡，即Gas bubbles of compounds，故选C。
7．Which of the following is true about the eruption of Mount St.Helens?
A．Landslides should be responsible for its eruption.
B．It began to explode over a long period of time.
C．The process of “unloading” occurred after its explosion.
D．The weight of the rock above it increased as to cause its eruption.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句可知，山体滑坡应该对圣海伦斯火山的爆发负责。
故选A。
8．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Scientists can determine the eruption of volcano in advance.
B．It is quite difficult to measure the weight of the Earth’s crust.C．Spectrometers can help scientists to detect underground hotspots.
D．Scientists are positive about further study of volcano eruption.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可推断出，科学家们对火山爆发的进一步研究持
乐观态度。故选D。
强化练(八) 词句猜测题
A
(2022·山东临沂一模)
A letter written to a 12-year-old girl in Lithuania was delivered in December，almost 51 years
after it was sent by a pen pal in Poland.“I thought that someone was pranking me，”said
Genovefa Klonovska after being handed the letter，which included a handmade colored rose and
two paper dolls.
The letter，together with 17 others，fell out of a ventilation hole(通风口) this summer，dirty
and wrinkled，as a wall was taken down in a former post office on the suburb of Vilnius.Jurgis
Vilnius，owner of the building immediately called the post office.“I’m so happy they got
interested，” he said.
Street names and their numbering have changed in Vilnius，and post office workers spent
months looking for the right houses and talking to current renters and neighbors，tracking down
where the recipients moved to.Only five were found.In several cases children of late recipients
were handed a lost letter.
“We felt a moral duty to do this，”said Deimante Zebrauskaite，head of the customer
experience department at Lithuania Post.
One lady compared the experience to receiving a message from a bottle thrown into
sea.People were emotional.“Some felt they saw a part of daily life of their deceased parents，”
Zebrauskaite said.
In the letter to Klonovska，sent from Koezary in Poland and stamped in 1970，a girl named
Ewa complains buses no longer reach her village，so she has to walk in minus 23 degree Celsius
cold，and asks for pictures of actors.
Now in her 60s，Klonovska has no memory of Ewa.She probably wrote Ewa after finding her
address advertising for pen pals in a newspaper，and the relationship ceased after the letter got
undelivered.
“So good that the letter didn’t matter much.The loss was not life-changing，”said
Klonovska.“What if they delivered a lost letter from a suitor(求婚者) to his love，and their
wedding never happened？”语篇解读 本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是今年夏天，维尔纽斯郊区的一家前邮局的一堵
墙被拆掉时发现了18封很久以前发出的信，邮局工作人员很负责任地花了数月时间寻找合
适的收信人。
1．What does the underlined word “pranking” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Brightening. B．Embarrassing.
C．Tricking. D．Pleasing.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词前一句可知，立陶宛的Klonovska收到了51年前波兰的笔
友寄给她的信，由此推知当她收到信时，她难以相信，甚至可能觉得有人捉弄她，结合选项
可推知，画线词pranking的意思是“欺骗”，即Tricking，故选C。
2．What happened to the letters in paragraph 2?
A．They were accidentally found.
B．They remained well-preserved.
C．They were delivered by the former post office.
D．They were hidden by the owner of the building.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，那些信是偶然发现的，故选A。
3．Which of the following best describes the present post office in Vilnius?
A．Generous. B．Dutiful.
C．Honest. D．Cautious.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和第四段中的“We felt a moral duty to do this”可推
知，邮局不辞辛劳地寻找收信人，说明邮局是尽职的，即Dutiful，故选B。
4．What can we learn from what Klonovska said?
A．Klonovska refused a suitor.
B．Klonovska stopped the wedding.
C．The undelivered letter ruined the relationship.
D．The undelivered letter made little difference to her.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段 Klonovska 的话“So good that the letter didn’t matter
much.The loss was not life-changing”可知，那封未送达的信对Klonovska没有什么太大的影
响。故选D。
B
(2022·河北保定七校一模联考)In 2010，Barack Obama was to pay a visit to Mumbai’s Gandhi Museum，where palm(棕
榈)trees full of me dotted the grounds.The president knew me well—coconuts(椰子) are a part of
life in Indonesia，where he spent his boyhood.Before his visit，Indian authorities，however，
removed every last sign of me around the museum.They were afraid the president of the United
States would be taken out by one of me falling on his head.
Let’s get this out of the way：My reputation as the “killer fruit”of countless innocents
was then and still is a misbelief.A repeatedly misinterpreted 1984 study overstated the number of
deaths I caused by hitting people on the head，and the word spread.Today，the only things about
me “to die for” are the sometimes too-delicious foods you humans make with me，such as
cookies and pies.A decade ago，health experts briefly gave me a halo because some of my fats
may raise beneficial cholesterol(胆固醇)．But ask a heart doctor today and they’ll tell you that
coconut oil will raise your bad cholesterol as much.Death by coconut，indeed!
People have other wrong ideas about me.But allow me to leave you with a sweet presidential
tale.A World War Ⅱ boat commanded by one John F．Kennedy was destroyed in 1943 by a
Japanese warship.Kennedy and his surviving crew were stuck on an island.They were suffering
from hunger，thirst and injuries when they met two friendly native coast-watchers.Kennedy
scratched a message into a coconut shell：“NAURO ISL...COMMANDER...11 ALIVE...NEED
SMALL BOAT...KENNEDY.”
The coast-watchers delivered this successfully and all the crew were saved.Years later，the
coconut shell was given to the newly elected president.It sat on his office desk throughout his
presidency and now is a center-piece of the John F．Kennedy Library in Boston—as the proof that
we coconuts don’t take lives，we save them.
5．Why did Indian officials get rid of “me”？
A．To reduce Obama’s fear.
B．To avoid unexpected injuries.
C．To show their welcome tradition.
D．To follow the request from the US.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知，印度官员除去“我”是为了避免给奥巴马总
统造成意外伤害。故选B。
6．Which of the following can replace the underlined words in paragraph 2?
A．Thought little of me.
B．Did great damage to me.
C．Made me well-known.
D．Brought me a good name.
答案 D解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句可知，椰子的名声不好。再结合画线句子可知，十年
前，健康专家曾短暂地给“我”halo，因为“我”的一些脂肪可能会提高有益的胆固醇。由
此猜测，相对于以前的坏名声，十年前健康专家给了“我”一个好名声。give me a halo意
为“给我一个好名声”。故选D。
7．How does the author sound in the passage?
A．Amusing. B．Anxious.
C．Concerned. D．Romantic.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章以第一人称用椰子的口吻讲述自己的故事，让人听
起来很有趣。故选A。
8．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To show a new discovery.
B．To correct people’s misbelief.
C．To tell the history of coconuts.
D．To describe a successful rescue.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第二段第一句和最后一段的“as the proof
that we coconuts don’t take lives，we save them”可推知，本文的目的是为了纠正人们对椰
子的误解。故选B。
C
(2022·浙江绍兴二模)
When kids melt down in the middle of a crowded store or at a holiday dinner with extended
family，it can be extremely frustrating.But parents can help kids learn self-control and teach them
how to respond without just acting on impulse(冲动)．
Teaching self-control is one of the most important things that parents can do for their kids
because these skills are some of the most important for success later in life.By learning self-
control，kids can make appropriate decisions and respond to stressful situations in ways that can
yield positive outcomes.For example，if you say that you’re not serving ice cream until after
dinner，your child may cry，plead，or even scream in the hope that you will give in.But with
self-control，your child can understand that a temper tantrum(发脾气) means you’ll take away
the ice cream for good and that it’s wiser to wait patiently.
Difficult as it may be，resist the urge to yell when you’re disciplining your kids.Instead，be
persistent and matter of fact.During a child’s meltdown，stay calm and explain that yelling，
throwing a tantrum，and slamming doors are unacceptable behaviors that have consequences.Your
actions will show that tantrums won ’ t get kids the upper hand .For example，if your child gets
upset in the grocery store after you’ve explained why you won’t buy candy，don’t give in—thus demonstrating that the tantrum was both unacceptable and ineffective.Also ， consider
speaking to your child’ s teachers about classroom settings and appropriate behavior
expectations.Ask if problem-solving is taught or demonstrated in school.
And model good self-control yourself.If you’re in an annoyed situation in front of your
kids，tell them why you’re frustrated and then discuss potential solutions to the problem.For
example，if you’ve misplaced your keys，instead of getting upset，tell your kids the keys are
missing and then search for them together.If they don’t turn up，take the next constructive
step.Show that good emotional control and problem-solving are the ways to deal with a difficult
situation.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。主要讲了对孩子而言培养自控力的重要性以及身为家长应该怎
么做。
9．What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
A．Impulsive responses lead to frustration.
B．Kids’ melting down is a common phenomenon.
C．Parents should help kids make decisions appropriately.
D．Teaching kids self-control is a must for their future success.
答案 D
解析 段落大意题。根据第二段的主要内容，尤其是第一句可知，本段主要讲述自控力对于
孩子未来的成功很重要，故选D。
10．What is the parents’ best attitude towards a child’s meltdown?
A．Firm and factual.
B．Calm and tolerant.
C．Cautious and objective.
D．Annoyed and disapproving.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句可知，家长需要坚持教育孩子自控的重要性，此
外，家长需要就事论事，从实际角度考虑，故选A。
11．Which of the following best explains the underlined part in paragraph 3?
A．Emotional outburst is unexpected behaviors.
B．Kids shouldn’t be responsible for their behaviors alone.
C．Temper loss won’t give the kids a position of advantage.
D．Tantrums are ineffective in interpersonal communications.
答案 C
解析 句意理解题。根据第三段第三句和第五句可知，我们想要孩子知道的是，发脾气是不
可接受也是无效的。由此猜测，画线句子意为“发脾气对孩子没有好处”。故选C。12．What message is conveyed in the last paragraph?
A．Slow and steady wins the race.
B．Good example is the best sermon.
C．Experience is the mother of wisdom.
D．Success comes from thorough self-control.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，这一段在讲作为家长，我们也需要塑造好自己
的自控力，在孩子面前做好榜样，即好的榜样是最好的说教。故选B。
