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第 4 讲 题型突破——词句猜测题
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断
单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新
意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会
遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
设问方式
1．The word “...” in paragraph...means .
2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “...” in paragraph...?
3．What do the underlined words “...” probably mean?
4．What does the underlined word/phrase “...”in paragraph...refer to?
5．The underlined expression“...”in paragraph...most probably means “ ”．
技法一 词义猜测题
——巧用线索猜词义
词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所
指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在
文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解题得分
的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、
构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。
一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands
were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these
precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately ， it took the explorers and the settlers whofollowed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl(水
禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious
sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
populations，greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地)．
29．What does the underlined word “decimate”mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测
(2022·全国乙·C片段)
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel
safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on
maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’
efforts.
29．What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Personnel safety.
B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair.
D．Construction of infrastructure.
三、3种构词法助力词义猜测例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.
分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。
因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
四、上下文语境助力词义猜测
有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行
合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)
The elderly residents(居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop
them feeling lonely.
...
Wendy Wilson，extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street，one of the first to embark on the
project，said：“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are
looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30．What do the underlined words “embark on”mean in paragraph 7?
A．Improve. B．Oppose.
C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
技法二 代词指代题
——“就近原则”判指代
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断
人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
设问方式
1．What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which...” refer to?
2．The underlined part “it/that/they/which...”in paragraph...refers to “ ”．
解此类试题常用“就近原则”巧判断。解题流程如下：(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)
In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven
months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the
country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the
Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from
Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of
the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his
way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in
California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
技法三 句意猜测题
——意义吻合推句意
高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解
前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。
设问方式
1．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph...mean?
2．Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in paragraph...?
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。其解题流程
如下：(2019·浙江·B片段)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in
Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that
read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
A
(外刊阅读·原创题) 选自：USA Today
Robot vacuums are incredibly popular，and these helpful household gadgets are conveniently
designed to pick up dust，hair and all manner of grime so you don’t have to do it yourself.Of all
of the models available，the iRobot Roomba i7＋ is the best robot vacuum we’ve ever tested，
and right now，you can get it on sale for $300 off its usual price.
Thanks to this deal at Bed Bath & Beyond，you can get this robot vacuum on sale for $699.99
—its lowest price of all time.We’ve only ever seen it at this low twice before，back in December
2019 and April 2020.While it’s true that even at its discounted price， the Roomba i7 ＋ is still
extremely expensive ， this handy little guy is in a class all its own when it comes to robot vacuums .
For starters，it can empty itself out via a secondary suction feature located in its charging
base.This unique functionality is a big part of why it costs so much and why our testers and online
reviewers alike really love it(you can also get it without this feature right now with your purchase
of the regular i7，on sale for $499.99—$200 off its $699.99 list price)．Perfect for seniors，or
anyone who struggles to vacuum hard-to-reach areas，this robotic machine makes it so you never
have to bend down on your hands and knees to get rid of dirt or debris from the vacuum.
Furthermore，what surprised our testers was that the Roomba i7＋ should pick up 10 gramsof debris.It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing，which is almost unheard of.It’s also a
smart device，so you can connect it to Wi-Fi to control it via Alexa and Google Home.Even
better，you can watch as it creates a map of your home，allowing you to track its progress or keep
it out of specific rooms.
1．What does the underlined word “grime” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Object. B．Food.
C．Dirt. D．Water.
2．How much is this robot vacuum if it doesn’t discount?
A．$300. B．$699.99.
C．$499.99. D．$999.99.
3．What does the underlined sentence in the second paragraph mean?
A．The price of the Roomba i7＋ is totally different from all the other vacuums of the same kind.
B．The Roomba i7＋ is like a little guy in a class.
C．When we refer to robot vacuums，the Roomba i7＋ belongs to the guy of his own.
D．The Roomba i7＋ is too expensive for the customers to buy.
4．What does the underlined word “which” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．The Roomba i7＋.
B．Our lab.
C．It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing.
D．The lab testing.
B
(2022·湖南岳阳二模)
In February of 1942，Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido thought he heard thunder coming from
his cornfield.However，the sound wasn’t coming from the sky.The source was a large smoking
break sending out gas and pushing out rocks.This opening would come to be known as the volcano
Paricutin，and over the next 9 years，its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km.But where
did this new volcano come from，and what caused its unpredictable eruption?
One of the most common causes of an eruption is an increase in magmastatic
pressure.Magma(岩浆) contains various elements and compounds.At high enough concentrations，
compounds like water or sulfur(硫) form high-pressure gas bubbles.When these balls of gas reach
the surface，they can burst with the force of a gunshot.And when millions of bubbles explode，
the energy can send ash into the air.But before they pop or burst，they act like bubbles of CO in a
2
shaken soda.
Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressure—sometimes the weight of the rock
above can become dangerously low.Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a
magma chamber or room，dropping the pressure and instantly touching off an eruption.This
process is known as “unloading”and it’s been responsible for numerous eruptions，includingthe sudden explosion of Mount St.Helens in 1980.But unloading can also happen over longer
periods of time due heating ice or melting glaciers.In fact，many geologists are worried that glacial
melt caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
Unfortunately，knowing what causes eruptions doesn’t make them easy to predict.While
scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight of the Earth’s crust(地壳)，the depth
and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes in magmastatic pressure very difficult.But
volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology to overcome this rocky field.Advances in
thermal imaging(热成像) have allowed scientists to detect underground hotspots.Spectrometers can
analyze gases escaping magma.Hopefully，these tools will help us better understand these gas
breaks and their explosive eruptions.
5．Why does the author mention the story of a farmer in the first paragraph?
A．To show the power of volcano eruption.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To introduce the volcano Paricutin.
D．To explain the reason.
6．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The bubbles of CO .
2
B．The ash of the volcano.
C．Gas bubbles of compounds.
D．The elements of a soda.
7．Which of the following is true about the eruption of Mount St.Helens?
A．Landslides should be responsible for its eruption.
B．It began to explode over a long period of time.
C．The process of “unloading” occurred after its explosion.
D．The weight of the rock above it increased as to cause its eruption.
8．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Scientists can determine the eruption of volcano in advance.
B．It is quite difficult to measure the weight of the Earth’s crust.
C．Spectrometers can help scientists to detect underground hotspots.
D．Scientists are positive about further study of volcano eruption.
