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第 8 讲 体裁微解——议论文
议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者
通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。
议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材
料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。主要具有以下特点：
主要选自一些外国期刊，如News Week，Times，Business Week，The
选材
Economist；主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。
内容包罗万象，社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法
内容 论证论点，目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某
种行动。文章中会出现生僻词汇和长难句。
结构 大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。
语言 议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。
议论文难度相对比较大，命题角度呈多样化，如细节理解题、推理判断题、主
命题
旨大意题等。
高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可
能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分
事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：(2021·天津3月·D)
There is something to be said for being a generalist，even if you are a specialist.Knowing a
little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole，well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize，to become experts.This requires commitment to a particular
occupation，branch of study or research.The drawback to being specialists is we often come to
know more and more about less and less.There is a great deal of pressure to master one’s
field.You may pursue training，degrees，or increasing levels of responsibility at work.Then you
discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty.But such
commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom.These specialists could work at the office until ten
each night，then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the
sweetness of their family and friends ，or traveled to exciting places ，meeting interesting
people.Mastering one thing to the exclusion(排除) of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists，on the other hand，know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the
whole with all its connections.They are people of ability，talent，and enthusiasm who can bring
their broad perspective(视角) into specific fields of expertise(专长)．The doctor who is also a poet
and philosopher is a superior doctor，one who can give so much more to his patients than just
good medical skills.
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related
areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but，once you explore their depths，
you discover that they are.My editor Toni，who is also a writer，has edited several history
books.She has decided to study Chinese history.Fascinated by the structural beauty of the
Forbidden City as a painter，she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.“I
don’t know where it will lead，but I’m excited I’m on this pursuit.”
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives.We begin to see the
interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life ，of ourselves and the
universe.Develop broad，general knowledge and experience.The universe is all yours to explore
and enjoy.
51．To become a specialist，one may have to .
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。因此，要成为一
名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小一个人的知识范围。故选A。
52．The specialists mentioned in paragraph 3 tend to .
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their
narrow specialty...These specialists could work at the office until ten each night”，由此可知，这
些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
53．According to the author，a superior doctor is one who .
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀
的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。由此可知，作者认为一名优秀的医
生可以将其他领域的知识运用到工作中。故选D。
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person’s success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第五段前三句可知，事物之间是有联系的，你在一个领域的专长可
以激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，
你就会发现它们是有联系的。接着下文举出Toni的例子，由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni
的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist：Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。第一段第一句提出观点，即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；第二
段第三句说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四
段说明当通才的优点。由此可知，作者认为应该当一个通才。故选A。
A
(2022·广东茂名二模)
If having to make a choice between reading an e-book and a printed book，which would most
people choose？Some would go for an e-book while some still prefer the hard-printed book.
Undoubtedly，e-books do have benefits.Firstly，changes to an electronic publication are
relatively easy to make.They are quicker to obtain.E-books are more easily updated.The printed
books on many subjects can become outdated very quickly.Secondly，e-books can be easily and
quickly kept up to date.You usually get far more than just the e-books.Most e-books are sold with
bonuses and related information that usually do not come with the purchase of a printed
book.Moreover，they take up less space.Instead of a big library，you can fit literally thousands of
books on your computer.It also makes it easier to share this information with families and friends.
For nearly twenty years，additionally，futurists have been predicting the development of
printed books.The conventional view has been that digital e-books are on the verge of replacing
paper books.However，this has not been the case.A printed book has its advantages too.Firstly，it
is an object that can be carried and used alone.It needs no electric outlet(插座)，no batteries，
nothing.Secondly，e-books will always require some forms of support that the printed book does
not need.
I believe that the online publishing has not taken off because people want real books.What is
being published online more and more are pamphlets(小册子) and things that really do not need to
be in print.These are stuff that people throw away afterward.More often，people do not want to
read a book on the computer.What could be better than a paper book？It lasts a long time.These
books are designed to last a long time without disappearing.
To sum up，there is no denying that the printed book is still very much preferred over its
digital cousins.Reading electronic publications is just not the same when it comes to books.People
are still very interested in real books and notebooks.
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了电子书和印刷书籍各自的优缺点，并对其未来做
出了预测。
1．What can we know about an e-book?
A．It will never be out of date.
B．It always gives you an added bonus.C．It can deliver information quickly.
D．It has taken the place of printed books.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“They are quicker to obtain.”和第六句“Secondly，
e-books can be easily and quickly kept up to date.”及最后一句可知，电子书更新快，获取方便，
易于分享。由此推知，电子书可以快速地传递信息。故选C。
2．Which statement would futurists probably agree with?
A．Printed books will disappear.
B．Printed books can be used alone.
C．E-books have many restrictions.
D．E-books have no drawbacks.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句可知，未来学家认为在以后电子书将取代印刷书
籍。由此推知，未来学家可能会同意印刷书籍即将消失这个观点。故选A。
3．What is one cause of the failed online publishing?
A．The low demand for book industry.
B．The expectations from people.
C．The guidance of policy.
D．The desire for the printed books.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句可知，在线出版没有成功的原因是人们对印刷书
籍的需求。故选D。
4．What does the author think of the future of the printed book?
A．Hopeless. B．Unpredictable.
C．Costly. D．Promising.
答案 D
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句和最后一句可知，作者认为印刷书籍的未来是有希
望的。故选D。
B
(2022·河北石家庄二中质检)
“Mirror，mirror on the wall.Who’s the prettiest of them all？” Everyone is.Including
you.No matter what TikTok’s beauty trends want you to believe.
The popular video-sharing platform needs no introduction.Anyone in the world can create
anything and post it on the widespread platform.But what happens when more and more fault-
finding contents—especially in regard to people’s looks—are created?“You’re attractive if you have 8 to 10 teeth showing when you smile.”
“Apparently，this filter(滤镜) shows how good your eyebrows look.”
“Use this effect to adjust the size of your features.”
We are born with a tendency to follow the crowd to gain approval.As a result，we look at the
huge number of views on these posts and think following these trends is the right thing to do.So we
hurriedly download the filters or rush to the mirror to pretend to smile broadly and curiously count
our teeth.
Media has been keeping western beauty standards for generations and has failed to consider
that different cultures and countries have their own beauty standards.You might not believe it，but
I find dark circles(the proof you worked hard until late at night) and scars(the proof that you’ve
survived battles) beautiful.And I’m sure there are plenty of others who do，too.
TikTok beauty standards sort people into groups according to the sizes of their noses，
foreheads，or lips.They judge a person by their looks.Actually，people are whole individuals with
far more interesting qualities than their forehead size.
It’s the way your eyes light up when talking about your favorite book or the way you take
care of your sad friend that makes you beautiful.As we age and grow wrinkles，it’s the things we
did that we’ll be remembered for，not what we looked like 20 years ago.Trust me，no one’s
actually counting and committing to memory how many teeth are in your smile.
语篇解读 这是一篇议论文。TikTok上的审美标准只注重外表的美，作者论述了自己对于
美的看法。
5．Why is the famous line from a story used at the beginning of the passage?
A．To remind readers of the magic mirror.
B．To make the beginning understandable.
C．To introduce the author’s beauty attitude.
D．To display popular belief towards TikTok.
答案 C
解析 写作意图题。根据第一段中“Everyone is.Including you.No matter what TikTok’s
beauty trends want you to believe.”可知，这就是作者自己对于“谁是最美的人”的答案，是
作者自己对于美的态度，不要跟风，要相信自己最美。所以说作者引用那句故事台词的目的
就是引出自己对于美的看法。故选C。
6．Why do we follow the beauty trends according to the passage?
A．To get acceptance.
B．To satisfy curiosity.
C．To put on more posts.
D．To create a better self.答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第六段前两句可知，因为我们生来就有一种从众以得到他人的认可
的倾向，所以才会追随审美趋势。A项与gain approval意思一致。故选A。
7．What is beautiful according to the author?
A．Scars from a bar fighting.
B．Dark circles from playing games.
C．Eyebrows shown through the filter.
D．A lame leg from saving a child in a fire.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第二句以及最后一段可推知，假如你是因为从大火中救
出孩子而腿瘸的人，在作者看来这就是最美的。故选D。
8．What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A．Worrying Future for TikTok Followers
B．Unique Beauty Standards on TikTok
C．Harmful TikTok Beauty Trends
D．Dangerous TikTok Platform
答案 C
解析 标题归纳题。第一段作者阐述了自己对美的态度；第二段作者质疑TikTok平台上很
多人分享的人造美对社会导向是错误的；倒数第二段作者指出了这些网络视频中的审美是具
有负面影响的，并指出了正确的审美观。综上，作者担心TikTok平台的审美趋势所带来的
负面影响。故选C。
强化练(十四) 议论文
A
A simple piece of clotheslines hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and
their neighbors.On one side stand those who see clothes dryers as a waste of energy and a major
polluter of the environment.As a result，they are turning to clotheslines as part of the “what-I-
can- do environmentalism”．
But on the other side are people who are against drying clothes outside ，arguing that
clotheslines are unpleasant to look at.They have persuaded Homeowners Associations(HOAs)
across the US to stop outdoor clotheslines，because clothesline drying also tends to lower home
value in the neighborhood.This has led to a Right-to-Dry Movement that is calling for laws be
passed to protect the choice to use clotheslines.So far，only three states have laws to protect
clotheslines.Matt Reck,37，is the kind of eco-friendly person who feeds his trees with bathwater and
reuses water drops from his air conditioners to water plants.His family also uses a clothesline.But
several days ago，the HOA in North Carolina told him that a dissatisfied neighbor had telephoned
them about his clothesline.The Recks paid no attention to the warning and still dried their clothes
on a line in the yard.“Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take
matters in their own hands，”says Reck.The local HOA has decided not to take any action，
unless more neighbors complain.
North Carolina lawmakers say that stopping clotheslines is not the right thing to do.But HOAs
and housing businesses believe that clothesline drying reminds people of poor neighborhoods.They
worry that if buyers think their future neighbors can’t even afford dryers，housing prices will
fall.
Environmentalists say such worries are not necessary，and in view of global warming，that
idea needs to change.As they say，“The clothesline is beautiful.Hanging clothes outside should
be encouraged.We all have to do at least something to slow down the process of global warming.”
语篇解读 这是一篇议论文。一条简单的晾衣绳引起了一些环保的美国人和他们的邻居之间
的争议，有些人反对在室外晾晒衣服，他们认为晾衣绳看起来很难看，且会降低房屋价值，
环保人士则认为晾衣绳很环保且美观。
1．Supporters of clothes dryers are trying to stop clothesline drying because .
A．clothes dryers can save money
B．clothes dryers are energy-saving
C．clothesline drying reduces home value
D．clothesline drying is not allowed in US
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，干衣机的支持者们正试图阻止晾衣绳，因为晾
衣绳降低了房屋价值。故选C。
2．Which of the following best describes Matt Reck?
A．He is a warm-hearted man.
B．He is an impolite neighbor.
C．He is an inexperienced gardener.
D．He is a man of social responsibility.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和倒数第二句可推知，Matt Reck是一个有社会责任
感的人。故选D。
3．Who are most likely to support clothesline drying?
A．Housing businesses.B．Environmentalists.
C．Homeowners Associations.
D．Reck’s dissatisfied neighbors.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句以及最后一段可知，环保人士最有可能支持晾衣
绳。故选B。
4．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Opposite Opinions on Clothesline Drying
B．A Way to Save Energy and Money
C．Different Varieties of Clotheslines
D．A Lost Art to Be Discovered
答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。根据第一段并结合文章的主要内容可知，文章讲述了一条简单的晾衣绳
引起了一些环保的美国人和他们的邻居之间的争议。文章介绍了不同的人对此的看法。故选
A。
B
Being perfect is something many of us want and try to achieve.It makes us feel we’re correct
and that our hard work has paid off.However，as much as perfection and being perfect is not all a
perfect thing.
Perfection is all about being without mistakes and criticism.Wanting or trying to be perfect can
make it hard to admit a mistake.Nevertheless，it is important to own up to mistakes and work to
fix them.Not being able to take criticism and fix mistakes is arrogance，not perfection.
Perfection is a double-edged sword.In our lives，we want perfection.Perfection holds us
accountable; it’s the mistakes and imperfection that keeps pushing us harder and further at what
we do.It’s the perfect motivator.But it’s also the perfect killer.For example，the movie “Black
Swan” showcased how perfection can kill us.Working and training and stress hurt our body，
mind，and so much more that we can’t do it any more.
But perfection can also have the opposite effect.The movie “High Strung” showed that
perfection doesn’t exist，but practicing and pushing ourselves can bring us great rewards.In
“Black Swan”，the main character tried to be perfect but he also compared himself to someone
else who he thought was better than him.This added more pressure and self-doubt，which can
cause unhealthy ways of achieving perfection.The main character of “Black Swan” didn’t
know when to stop，whereas the main character of “High Strung” did，or at least didn’t
focus so much on the comparison，and instead focused on the competition and the ones she cared
about.
Perfection is something we can’t live without and can’t live with.The only way to keep thesword from cutting us is if we know when to stop.Some days are going to be good days and others
will be bad.We have to take whatever day it is—perfect or imperfect—and hope that’s enough.
语篇解读 这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述完美是我们很多人都想要并努力实现的，然而，
完美并不是没有错误和缺点，它是一把双刃剑。
5．What does the underlined phrase “own up to” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Make. B．Avoid.
C．Correct. D．Acknowledge.
答案 D
解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Not being able to take criticism and fix mistakes is
arrogance，not perfection.”以及画线词后面“mistakes and work to fix them”可知，不能接受
批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美，所以承认错误并努力改正是很重要的。故画线短语意
思是“承认”。故选D。
6．What prevents the character in “Black Swan” from going further?
A．Comparison. B．Self-doubt.
C．Pressure. D．Competition.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中“In ‘Black Swan’， the main character tried to be
perfect but he also compared himself to someone else who he thought was better than him.This
added more pressure and self-doubt，which can cause unhealthy ways of achieving perfection.”
可知，是比较阻止了《黑天鹅》中的角色走得更远。故选A。
7．What does the author advise us to do while trying to be perfect?
A．Try not to make mistakes.
B．Push ourselves harder.
C．Stop before going too far.
D．Prove our ability to others.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The only way to keep the sword from cutting us is if we
know when to stop.”可知，作者建议我们在追求完美的同时，不要走得太远。故选C。
8．What could be the best structure of the passage? (P＝paragraph)答案 C
解析 篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段总起全文，引出关于“完美”的话题；第二段中
“Perfection is all about being without mistakes and criticism.”为第一个论点；第三段和第四段
指出完美是一把双刃剑，为第二个论点；最后第五段对全文进行总结。由此可推知，C选项
最符合文章结构。
C
(2022·广东梅州一模)
It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to
open it and remove all doubt.
—Mark Twain
You can have something extremely smart，useful or funny to say，but if you say it at an
improper time，you could make yourself look foolish.
Throughout history many famous，noteworthy people have taken Mark Twain’s words to
heart.These wise people knew when to talk and when to keep silent.Many leaders have to learn
when to talk and when to keep silent even when it might be difficult to do so.All leaders must
choose their words carefully，picking the right time to speak，so that their words can have the
greatest impact.
If you learn to develop this skill of knowing when to hold your tongue，you will also become
wise，even if people think you are not.Some people，in fact，will underestimate you because
they do not know what you are thinking all the time.This can give you an advantage in many
situations.When people underestimate you，they do not focus on you，leaving you to make and
perform plans without being noticed.
If you think before you speak，you can also improve your listening skills，which is a very
important and useful skill to have.Listening is another key trait(特征) for a leader to have，and it is
harder to achieve than many people think.First，you have to be quiet，and then you have to listen
attentively，with all your attention on what the person is saying to be a good listener.When you
learn to stop and think before you speak and when you learn to become a good listener you will be
well on your way to becoming a good leader.By being able to listen to the people that work with
you and for you，you will be able to make informed decisions.
9．The quotation(引言) from Mark Twain functions as .
A．an example B．a threadC．a comparison D．a model
答案 B
解析 写作手法题。文章开篇引用马克·吐温的话，结合正文第二段的“Throughout history
many famous...keep silent.”可推断，马克·吐温的话被用来作为线索引出文章的主题：沉默
是金。故选B。
10．The author takes the example of many famous，noteworthy people to express that .
A．influential people are able to express themselves freely
B．many important people didn’t take Mark Twain’s words seriously
C．leaders should attach great importance to when，how and what to say
D．the public will not understand them if famous，noteworthy people keep silent
答案 C
解析 写作意图题。根据第二段内容可推断，作者举许多名人的例子是想要说明：作为领导，
更应该重视何时、何地以及以何种方式说话，这样他们的话才能产生更大的影响。故选C。
11．According to the passage，what are the advantages of developing the skills of holding your
tongue?
①You could be underestimated by others.
②People often think highly of you.
③You can polish up listening skills.
④You will improve your relationship with others.
A．①② B．①③
C．③④ D．②④
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的“Some people，in fact，will underestimate...without being
noticed.”和第四段第一句可知，保持沉默可以让别人低估你的能力，这样你可以集中精力
制定和执行你的计划，而不被人关注。其次，保持沉默还可以提高你的倾听能力。故选B。
12．Which of the following is the best title?
A．He That Talks Much Errs Much
B．Facts Speak Louder than Words
C．Even Homer Sometimes Nods
D．A Still Tongue Makes a Wise Head
答案 D
解析 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章论述了保持沉默的重要性。A项“言多必失”；B
项“事实胜于雄辩”；C项“智者千虑，必有一失”；D项“寡言者智”。故选D。
