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考点 34 阅读理解议论文（重难题型）
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充
分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论
据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。
在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合
理的推断。
注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题
定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；
②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；
③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；
④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；
⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。
4. 常见问题：
(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。
unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；
conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；
conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；
unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。
从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。
在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。
【命题分析】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特
点。具体说来：
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的
重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问
题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，
不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑
联系的审视。
3. 深层理解题的主要表现形式：
(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：
a. What would be the best title for the text?
b. The text is mainly about _________.
c. From the passage we know that _________.
d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________.
e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________.
f. The passage could be titled _________.
g. The passage deals with _________.h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?
(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：
a. 回答对why和how的提问。
b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong?
c. From the text, we can infer that _________.
d. Where can this text be selected from?
e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage?
f. 以短语according to the writer of the text或 in the writer’s opinion等引出的其他问题。
(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学
过的词义，三是某个代词it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。
议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调
的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见
的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答
案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答
特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从
解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中
心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。
考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理
理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。
考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
二、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大
题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和
推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅
读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题
目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运
用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用
词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇
的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在
文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理
解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文
章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应
的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干
和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推
理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等
细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选
项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确
答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。
这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of,
more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表
达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already
等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能
力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选
项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启
示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的
其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考
查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或
短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，
otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号
(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有
果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生
词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，
其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意
义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也
可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…
(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此
可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起
着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?
passage 1
（2022·上海奉贤·二模）It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful magazine cover story “I love My
Children, I Hate My Life” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that bringing
up a child is not a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make
parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as
something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense
condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be extremely hard, Senior writes that “the
very things that in the moment damage our moods can later be sources of intense content and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child
image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra
Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one
celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation (繁衍), is it any wonder that admitting you regret having
children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the
regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are encouraged to wonder if they shouldn’t
have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most
important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the wide-open baby-size holes in
their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like US Weekly and People present is hugely
unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concludingthat parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there,
considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear celebrities tell it, raising a
kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It is hard to imagine that many people are stupid enough to want children because it looks so fantastic — most
adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of
stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own
dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way
celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them.
1．Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring ________.
A．very temporary delight
B．great enjoyment in progress
C．happiness in one’s memory
D．concern over love and hatred
2．Paragraph 2 is intended to show that ________.
A．celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.
B．single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
C．news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
D．having children is highly valued by the public.
3．According to the passage, those childless folks________.
A．are less likely to be satisfied with their life
B．are largely ignored by the media.
C．fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.
D．are constantly exposed to criticism.
4．Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
B．Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child raising.
C．Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
D．We sometimes neglect the happiness from child raising.
Passage 2
（2022·天津河西·三模）When I was young, a friend and I came up with a “big” plan to make reading easy.
The idea was to boil down great books to a sentence each. “Moby-Dick” by American writer Herman Melville, forinstance, was reduced to: “A whale of a tale about the one that got away.” As it turned out, the joke was on us.
How could a single sentence convey the essence (精髓) of a masterpiece with over five hundred pages?
Blinkist, a website and an app, now summarizes nonfiction titles in the form of quick takes labeled “blinks.”
The end result is more than one sentence, but not by much. Sarah Bakewell’s “At the Existentialist Café” is broken
into 11 screens of information; Michelle Obama’s “Becoming” fills 13.
Blinkist has been around since 2012. It calls its summaries “15-minute discoveries” to indicate how long it
takes to read a Blinkist summary. “Almost none of us,” the editors assure us, “have the time to read everything
we’d like to read.” Well, yes, of course, “So many books, so little time,” declares a poster I once bought at a book
market. But I judge the quality of someone’s library by the books he or she has yet to read.
That’s because a book is something we ought to live with, rather than speed through and categorize. It offers
an experience as real as any other. The point of reading a book is not accumulating information, or at least not that
alone. The most essential aspect is the communication between writer and reader. The idea behind Blinkist,
however, is the opposite: Reading can be, should be, measured by the efficient uptake (吸收) of key ideas. No, no,
no. What’s best about reading books is its inefficiency.
When reading a book, we need to dive in, let it take over us, demand something of us, teach us what it can.
Blinkist is instead a service that changes books for people who don’t, in fact, want to read. A 15-minute summary
misses the point of reading; speed-reading with the app isn’t reading at all.
5．What does the underlined part “the joke was on us” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A．We were actually joking. B．We were laughed at by others.
C．We were underestimating ourselves. D．We were just embarrassing ourselves.
6．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．What Blinkist is. B．Why Blinkist is popular.
C．How to use Blinkist. D．Where you can use Blinkist.
7．What is mentioned as a problem about reading in paragraph 3?
A．There are few new books of quality. B．Many books are hard to understand.
C．People do not have enough time to read. D．People do not like reading as much as before.
8．What is an ideal pattern of reading according to the author?
A．Obtaining key ideas efficiently. B．Further confirming our beliefs.
C．Accumulating in formation quickly. D．Deeply involving ourselves in books.
9．What is the author’s attitude to Blinkist?A．Positive. B．Negative C．Uncaring. D．Tolerant.
Passage 3
（2022·山西·太原十二中模拟预测）A situation in which the student is troubled by his parents pressuring
him to go into a job area that makes good money but he doesn’t want to go into that career area, is bad. The
question is whether he should go into this job or not.
To start out, you need to go for what is best for YOU even if there would be some negative consequences. You
can't be happy unless you make decisions that are right for you. If you do not make your own decisions and make
decisions that will benefit you, your life would be a big lie to yourself.
Living a lie would not be a very good life. The truth is much better than living a lie or some fantasy world. If
your whole life is a lie, then it is not a very beautiful life at all. In the song Lyin’Eyes, the woman is living a lie by
pretending she loves this old man, when in reality" she is just in it for the money. As a result, her life is miserable
and a big lie.
And finally, money can not buy happiness. A good example of this is from the song Lyin’ Eyes. The only
reason the woman married the old man is for the money and gifts she would receive. This results in her life being
not at all happy. This just goes to show that no matter how much money you have your life still might not be happy.
It takes a lot more than a bunch of green paper to make your life a good one
In conclusion, doing what you want is best. If you don’t do what you want to, you won’t be happy with your
life and your career.
10．What is the passage mainly about?
A．There is something more important than money in life
B．Young people should make their own career decisions
C．Parents should not pressure their children to live a lie
D．Young people are happy to make their own decisions
11．What does The song Lyin’ Eyes tell people to do?
A．to do what they are interested in B．to be a responsible citizen
C．to live a simple life D．to face negative consequences
12．What can we infer about the woman in the song?
A．She lived a happy life B．She had a happy marriage
C．She married a rich man D．She often lied to others
13．Which of the following is NOT used to support the writer’s conclusion?
A．You should make your own decisions. B．Living a lie would not be good.C．Wealth doesn’t mean happiness. D．It’s wise to do what you want.
Passage 4
（2022·北京师大附中三模）Humans are fascinated by the source of their failings and virtues. This
preoccupation inevitably leads to an old debate: whether nature or nurture (养育) shapes us more. A revolution in
genetics has poised this as a modern political question about the character of our society: if personalities are hard-
wired into our genes, what can governments do to help us? It feels morally questionable, yet claims of genetic
selection by intelligence are making headlines.
This is down to “hereditarian” (遗传论的) science and a recent paper claimed “differences in exam
performance between pupils attending extraordinary and ordinary schools mirror the genetic differences between
them”. With such an assertion, the work was predictably greeted by a lot of absurd claims about “genetics
determining academic success”. What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result: the educational
benefits of extraordinary schools largely disappear once pupils’ inborn ability and socio-economic background were
taken into account. That is to say, there’s nothing to support strongly either a hereditary or environmental argument.
Yet the paper does say children are “unintentionally genetically selected” by the school system. Central to
hereditarian science is a tall claim: that identifiable variations in genetic sequences can predict an individual’s
ability to learn, reason and solve problems. This is problematic on many levels. A teacher could not seriously tell a
parent their child has a low genetic tendency to study when external factors clearly exist. Unlike-minded academics
say the inheritability of human traits is scientifically unsound. At best there is a weak statistical association and not
a causal link between DNA and intelligence. Yet sophisticated statistics are used to create a frightening atmosphere
of scientific certainty.
While there’s an undoubted genetic basis to individual difference, it is wrong to think that socially defined
groups can be genetically accounted for. The fixation on genes as destiny is surely false too. Medical predictability
can rarely be based on DNA alone; the environment matters too. Something as complex as intellect is likely to be
affected by many factors beyond genes. If hereditarians want to advance their cause it will require more balanced
interpretation and not just acts of advocacy. Genetic selection is a way of exerting influence over others, “the
ultimate collective control of human destinies,” as writer H. G. Wells put it. Knowledge becomes power and power
requires a sense of responsibility. In understanding cognitive (认知的) ability, we must not elevate discrimination to
a science: allowing people to climb the ladder of life only as far as their cells might suggest. This will need a more
skeptical eye on the science. As technology progresses, we all have a duty to make sure that we shape a future that
we would want to find ourselves in.14．What did a recent research paper claim?
A．The type of school students attend makes a difference to their future.
B．Genetic differences between students are far greater than supposed.
C．Students’ academic performance is somewhat determined by their genes.
D．The advantages of extraordinary schools are too obvious to ignore.
15．What does the author say about the relationship between DNA and intelligence?
A．It is one of scientific certainty. B．It is not one of cause and effect.
C．It is subject to interpretation of statistics. D．It is not fully examined by gene scientists.
16．What do hereditarians need to do to make their claims convincing?
A．Take all relevant factors into account in interpreting their data.
B．Conduct their research using more sophisticated technology.
C．Gather gene data from people of all social classes.
D．Cooperate with social scientists in their research.
17．What does the author warn against in the passage?
A．Losing sight of professional ethics in conducting research.
B．Misunderstanding the findings of human cognition research.
C．Promoting discrimination in the name of science.
D．Exaggerating the power of technology in shaping the world.
Passage 4
（2022·上海·复旦附中模拟预测）Last week came solid evidence that living in toxic Britain can seriously
harm your health. Cardiologists at Queen Mary University of London found that even "safe" levels of air pollution
are linked to heart abnormalities similar to those seen during the early stages of heart failure. Their study of almost
4,000 people was backed up by a major US study which showed that higher exposure to fine particles and nitrogen
oxides is linked to an acceleration in the hardening of the arteries (动脉).
We have long known that air pollution leads to coughing, shortness of breath and irritation in the eyes, nose
and throat. It is also clearly linked to respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, as well as diabetes and
some cancers. It is now beyond doubt that children's health is greatly affected, and links have been made between it
and Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia and congenital birth defects.
The statistics are alarming. In the UK, more than 2 million people suffer from cardiovascular (心血管的)
diseases, and nearly one in seven men and one in 12 women will go on to die from them. Heart disease costs the
UK economy nearly £30 bn a year to treat, as much as the state spends on secondary education. It is one of thegreatest single drains on the public purse. Britain, however, rejects common sense, and shows little sign that it
wants to seriously address pollution any time soon.
Despite the mounting evidence of air pollution's costs and health impact, Britain has had to be dragged
screaming through the courts to make it comply with minimal clean air guidelines and laws. Successive
governments have continually tried to evade their legal responsibilities, spending millions of pounds fighting in the
courts and lobbying the EU to be allowed to continue to pollute.
The government now has a new draft clean air strategy our for consultation until 14 August and claims to be
acting faster to tackle air pollution than almost every other major developed economy. It pledges to halve the
number of people living in places that do not meet World Health Organization pollution guidelines, and it propose
to end the sale of new diesel and petrol cars and vans by 2040.
But intending to cut the air pollution bill by around 12.5% in 12 years and waiting 20 years to be rid of the
worst vehicles seems criminally weak. Meanwhile, government is knowingly forging ahead with infrastructure
plans that will inevitably increase air pollution. The effect will inevitably be to massively increase air pollution and
health costs for millions of Britons.
So could the car-clogged streets of Sunder-land, Birmingham and London, where I lived for many years, have
contributed to my disease and those of millions of others? Probably. Could the oil companies be responsible for far
more than climate change? Certainly. Could Britain's monstrous and mounting bill for heart disease be partly due to
the highly polluting diesel cars that governments so scandalously encouraged us to drive? Quite possibly.
What is certain is that air pollution is now an international scandal, and the cause of a health emergency that
governments and industry have failed to address. It undoubtedly threatens life more than any war or disaster. When
there are clear alternatives to burning fossil fuels then politicians who do not act to prevent it must stand accused
not just of failing to act, but of condoning the mass poisoning of their people.
18．According to the study, ________ is probably unrelated to air pollution.
A．diabetes B．stomachaches C．Alzheimer D．artery hardening
19．The writer thinks Britain shows little sign to tackle air pollution because ________.
A．British government has been screaming for help in court
B．EU has dissuaded British government for help in court
C．British government has tried to have EU's permission for more pollution
D．The government firmly refused to act in accordance with the clean air guideline.
20．What is the writer's attitude toward the new draft?A．Britain will implement it faster than other major developed economies.
B．It presents a practical way to end pollution from vehicles.
C．Its goal will be achieved at the price of massive health cost.
D．It's aiming too low when more pollution is expected.
21．What can be inferred from the article?
A．Government officials should feel disgraced for non-action as leaders.
B．The government should cover the bills for air pollution and related diseases.
C．Oil companies should not be held accountable for the international scandal.
D．British government is an irresponsible one for encouraging people to use vehicles.
Passage 5
（2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测）In his 1939 essay Selfishness and Self-Lone, Erich Fromm, a world-
famous psychologist declared that “modern culture teaches that to be selfish is evil and that to love others is
virtuous.” In his essay, Fromm argues that such a teaching could make people feel guilty to show themselves
healthy self-love, which he defines as the respect for one’s own happiness, growth, and freedom.
Fromm argues that selfishness, an interest only in oneself, is actually the opposite of self-love, which means
the ability to give with pleasure and also to respect the needs of others. To Fromm, love is an attitude whether it is
directed outward or inward. In contrast, Fromm argued that selfishness is a kind of greediness “which exhausts the
person in an endless effort to satisfy his own needs without ever reaching satisfaction”.
Inspired by Fromm’s essay, Abraham Maslow wrote an essay in which he distinguished “healthy selfishness”
from unhealthy selfishness. Maslow argued that “we must not assume that selfish or unselfish behavior is either
good or bad. It may be true that at certain times, selfish behavior is good, but at other times, it is bad. It is also the
case concerning unselfish behavior.” Maslow goes on to state that what appears to be unselfish behavior may come
out of selfish motivations. Maslow stressed that it is sometimes necessary to teach people at certain times to engage
in a “healthfully selfish manner”—to have a healthy respect for one’s self coming out of inner riches.
A recent analysis of literature found that people who care about the welfare of others experience greater
relationship well-being. However, such relationship well-being is maximized when people are not neglecting
themselves in their care for others. Therefore, although the benefits of caring about others’ welfare have been well-
documented, the role of healthy selfishness in contributing to relationship well-being may have been ignored.
22．To Fromm, modern culture teaches that people should .
A．feel ashamed to be selfishB．be punished if they’re selfish
C．be forbidden to talk about selfishness
D．feel guilty if they don’t love themselves
23．How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?
A．By listing figures. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By providing examples. D．By comparing definitions.
24．Which of the following statements may Maslow agree with?
A．Selfish behavior is bad all the time.
B．Unselfish behavior should be valued more.
C．Rich people have a healthy respect for one’s self.
D．Selfish motivations may lead to unselfish behavior.
25．What can we conclude from the last paragraph?
A．Our welfare is only based on our care for others.
B．People should care about themselves more than others.
C．People who care about others don’t care about themselves.
D．Healthy selfishness can contribute to our relationship well-being.
Passage 6
（2022·广东广州·三模）You look up at the sky on a clear and dark night, you’ll see more stars than your
eyes can count. Most of these stars have planets, similar to our own, orbiting them. With so many celestial bodies
floating out in space, you can’t help but question whether other forms of life exist in the universe. And if that’s the
case, is it possible to contact them?
Science is still somewhat divided on this issue. Currently, no evidence exists to suggest that intelligent life
exists elsewhere in the universe. Yet with an estimated one trillion planets in our galaxy alone, it seems highly
likely that Earthlings aren’t the only intelligent creatures out there. Some claim that life can only develop under
perfect circumstances, and Earth is perhaps the only example of this. Other scientists object to this claim, and point
out that even on Earth, life can find a way under the most extreme circumstances.
Some people believe that aliens have already visited our planet, but this information is being kept secret by
governments. The most famous incident of this kind occurred in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. On that date, many
residents reported seeing an unusual flying disc streak through the sky, before it crashed in a field. When the
military heard about the crash, they quickly sealed off the area. A few hours later, the army base announced that ithad recovered a flying disk. Shortly after, this statement was retracted and it was said that it was a weather balloon
that crashed. However, years later one local mortician even claimed that the military had him secretly perform an
autopsy on a dead alien body.
Others believe that there certainly are other life forms out there, but the distance between us is too great. Even
if we could somehow create a spaceship that travels at the speed of light, it would still probably take several
lifetimes to reach them. Then again, we might never have to do this if aliens reach us first.
26．Why do some scientists think there is life on other planets?
A．Because an unusual flying disc was ever witnessed.
B．Because life exists despite extreme conditions as those on the Earth do.
C．Because the government’s statement seemed suspicious.
D．Because there are a great number of planets in the universe.
27．What does the underlined word “retracted” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Examined again to guarantee the correctness.B．Emphasized again to persuade people.
C．Formally taken back what has been said. D．Seriously criticized due to poor evidence
28．Which of the following might be the best title for the text?
A．Are we alone in the universe? B．Is it possible to contact aliens?
C．Intelligent life in the universe. D．Planets floating out in space.
29．How does the author sound in the passage?
A．Objective. B．Humorous. C．Cautious. D．Anxious.
、
1.【2021全国甲卷 D篇】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But
we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so
much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin.
Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set thestandards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—
women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to
say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls
act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really
smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a
genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to
see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors
（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future
geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune,
who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D.Changes in people's social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck4.【2021全国乙卷 B篇】
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying
for a landline（座机）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a
mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and
receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely
only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline,
a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say
they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that
category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally
a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84
percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only
factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home
phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only
people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game
and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and
morning milk deliveries?
1.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
D.Their complex design.
2.What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games.B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones.
D.They are attached to their family.
4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.
3.【2019·全国卷I，D】
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to
keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and
cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes
on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology
sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others
qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed
ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and
even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who
were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to
engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the
most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens
had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly
showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing,
kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to
positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities forlearning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
4.【2019·北京卷，C】
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they
don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up to the severity
of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers
from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late. By the time these “solutions"(解决方案)become
widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be the
number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing
is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 处理 ) and automation technologies that
are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new
voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a
receptionist and book a reservation without detection.These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that
robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(数据侵入)of personal
information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed
with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for
example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that
sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card
number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the
phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken
that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work
together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform
way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether
and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to
your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
