文档内容
题型一 阅读理解(词义猜测题)
目录
一 、考情概述.......................................................................................................1
二 、命题特点.......................................................................................................1
三 、选项特点.......................................................................................................2
四、 链高考 · 探究..............................................................................................2
五、考法解题能力提升..........................................................................................7
六、精选考点题型专练........................................................................................13
一 、考情概述
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型,也是考查考生英语语言能力和思维品质的重要形式。
每套试卷中直接考查词义猜测的试题一般不超过两道。除了直接命题考查词义猜测外,在阅
读理解文章中,有时会有一些生僻的单词或短语,且文中没有附加注释,这时就需要考生根据
上下文猜测词义,从而准确理解文章,这是对词义猜测的一种间接考查。
词义猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、词组、句子的本义或延伸义以及代词的指
代意义的能力。要求猜测词义的词一般为动词、名词、形容词或代词等,这些词要么是生僻
词,要么是考生比较熟悉的又有生僻义的词,有时还会要求考生猜测一句话的含义。
二 、命题特点
1.常考的角度
(1)熟词生义,即常用词在特殊语言环境中具有的特殊意义。
(2)专业化程度较高的词的含义。
幻灯片7
(3)生僻词的含义。
(4)代词所指代的含义。2.常见的设问形式
(1)What does the underlined word/phrase "..." in paragraph... probably mean?
(2)What does the underlined word"..." in paragraph...refer to?
(3)Which of the following best explains "..." underlined in paragraph...?
(4)Which of the following could replace the underlined phrase "..." in paragraph...?
(5)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word "..."?
三 、选项特点
1.正确选项的特点
(1)相应词语的同义词语。
(2)对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。
2.干扰项的特点
(1)对原表达方式的不正确改写。
(2)信息不全。
(3)半对半错。
(4)曲解原意。
这些干扰项有时会使用较多原句中的表达,给人似是而非的误导,考生要多加注意。
四、 链高考 · 探究
Passage 1
语篇类型:说明文 主题:海狸鼠皮毛时装 词数:324 难度:★★★
建议时间:7分钟
高考真题
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list,
fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion(时装) enthusiasts are trying
to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have
showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free
fur — unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,"says Cree
McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.Some of
the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild."The
ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species( 物 种 ).It's destroying the
environment.It's them
or us,"says Michael Massimi,an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the
late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy
to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more
than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, "To give
people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think
that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York." Designer Jennifer Anderson admits
it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally
acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-
friendly.
28.What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29.Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30.What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31.What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It's formal. B. It's risky.
C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional.
命题分析
▶素养解读本文介绍了海狸鼠破坏生态平衡,人们可以无负罪感地穿海狸鼠皮毛制成的衣服,不会对环境
造成威胁,从而引导考生关注生态平衡,辩证地看问题,同时也引导考生培养环境保护意识和
思辨能力。这体现了学科核心素养中的思维品质和文化意识这两个方面。
▶试题分析
第30题考查对较为生僻单词含义的猜测,考生要结合上下文语境猜测collapse的含义。
庖丁解牛
▶词块积累
cross one's mind (想法等)掠过心头,出现在脑海
keep ... in check 控制,制止
come around (to sth.) 改变观点/看法(以接受……)
▶难句突破
句式分析:句中it took her...acceptable为省略了引导词that的宾语从句,it作形式主语,不定式
短语to come around...acceptable为真正的主语;宾语从句中又包含有that引导的同位语从句
(该从句解释说明其前的opinion)。
句意:设计师詹妮弗·安德森承认,她花了一段时间才转而接受了这个观点,即用海狸鼠毛皮制
作自己的作品在道德上是可以接受的。
解题思路
28.A 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
have showcased nutria fur""It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur...every year"可知,时装秀的
意图是推销让人穿着无罪恶感的毛皮衣服。故选A。
29.A 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year"以
及第四段中的"The ecosystem ... It's destroying the environment"可知,因为海狸鼠破坏湿地进
而破坏了环境,所以科学家对它们很担心。故选A。
30.D 考查词义猜测。根据画线词前的but前的分句可知,海狸鼠的数量几十年来因为皮毛
交易而受到控制,but前后分句所表示的意思相反,所以but后的内容应该说的是海狸鼠数量
不再受控,故推断出皮毛交易市场出了问题。结合选项,再运用排除法可知,画线词collapsed
和crashed"倒闭"的意思最接近,故选D。
31.B 考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"To give people a guilt-free option...a massive thing,
at least here in New York"可知,在纽约,穿毛皮衣服有风险。故选B。
Passage 2
语篇类型:记叙文 主题:志愿者工作的意义 词数:302 难度:★★建议时间:7分钟
高考真题
"You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it."
This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids'
lacrosse(长曲棍球) club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around
stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and
tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about
the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks
up,"Alright. Yes, I'll do it."
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities
among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects
money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an
invaluable member of the team.
The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for
another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching
your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That
relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:
Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services
provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit.
However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where
my motivation lies?
24.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?
A. She knows little about the club.
B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer.
D. She's unable to meet her schedule.
25. What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Encourage teamwork. B. Appeal to feelings.C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
26.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?
A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids.
C. She'll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.
27.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?
A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards.
命题分析
▶素养解读
文章介绍了作者参与并鼓励他人参与志愿者工作的经历,论述了志愿者工作的独特意义,让考
生感受国外的志愿者文化,加深对中西方文化差异的理解,同时引导考生培养积极的责任意识。
▶试题分析
第25题考查对短语含义的猜测,该短语中tug和heartstrings都是生词,heartstrings可根据构词
法猜测出含义,再结合上下文语境猜测该短语的含义。
庖丁解牛
▶熟词生义
coach 常见义:n.教练 本文义:v.训练,指导
▶词块积累
put out a request提出要求
step up采取行动(帮助某人或负责某事);走上前去
breathe a sigh of relief松了一口气
▶难句突破
句式分析:if引导条件状语从句,从句中并列连词and连接两个并列分句;主句是其后的一般疑
问句,其中的it是形式主语,where my motivation lies是主语从句,作真正的主语。
句意:然而,如果别人在这个过程中受益,而我也得到了一些奖励,那么我的动机是什么真的重
要吗?
解题思路
24.C 考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody
else volunteers,then I will do it"和第二段中的"the unwilling parent"可推断,这位家长不想做志
愿者工作。故选C。
25.B 考查词义猜测。根据前一句"She may just need a little persuading"以及后文作者在劝这位家长时所列举的其他家长做志愿者时奉献爱心的事例可知,tug at the heartstrings的意思是
诉诸情感,即"用情感打动对方"。故选B。
26.D 考查细节理解。根据第三段第三句中的"the same parent ends up becoming an
invaluable member of the team"可知,这位家长最后成了一个好帮手。故选D。
27.B 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give
your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good"可以看出,
作者觉得做志愿者工作很快乐。故选B。
五、考法解题能力提升
考法1 猜测生僻词或短语的含义
命题透视 词义猜测题的重点就是对于生僻词汇及短语含义的理解,这也是高考中词义
猜测题最常见的类型。
方法点拨 若画线词完全是生词,考生能采用的方法主要有三种:一是依据构词法知识;二
是靠文章显性或者隐性的逻辑关系、语法关系;三是利用上下文语境。当然,在很多情况下,
这三种方法可以共同使用,以确保答案正确。
I had been educated in the rhythms of the mountain, rhythms in which change was never
fundamental, only cyclical. The same sun appeared each morning, swept over the valley and
dropped behind the peak. The snows that fell in the winter always melted in the spring. Our lives
were a cycle — the cycle of the day, the cycle of the seasons — circles of lasting change that,
when complete, meant nothing had changed at all. I believed my family was a part of this
immortal(永生的) pattern, and that we were, in some sense, eternal(永恒的). But eternity
belonged only to the mountain.
...
25.What does the underlined word "cyclical" in the passage mean?
A. Normal. B. Irregular.
C. Circular. D. Traditional.
【解析】 根据构词法可知,cyclical是cycle(周期,循环)的派生词,所以可以猜测cyclical表
示"周期的,循环的"。再结合选项可知,A、D两项意思不符,可排除。regular意为"规则
的",irregular是由regular加否定前缀ir-构成的,意为"不规则的",意思与cyclical不符,可排除。
circular由circle(圆圈)变化而来,所以可猜测其含义为"环形的,圆形的"。然后再将C项代入
语境并结合文中"Our lives were a cycle — the cycle of the day, the cycle of the seasons —circles of lasting change"中的"circles"可知,该题选C项。
方法总结 利用构词法猜测词义
构词法是英语单词形成的重要途径,根据构词法猜测出的词义一般比较接近单词的真实意思,
准确度较高。合成法、派生法和转化法是英语的三种构词法,根据这些可以准确猜测单词意
思。
1.合成法
一般来讲,我们可以先识别合成词的组成部分,再通过组成部分的词义推断出合成词的词义。
但是有时合成词的词义不是各个组成部分意思的简单叠加,可能还需要借助语境猜测其具体
含义。
2.派生法
词根是英语单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或
后加上词缀(即前缀或后缀),可以改变原词的意义或词性。
掌握前缀和后缀的意义有助于理解词义。如un-,im-,in-,dis-,il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反
义词,后缀-ful,-ly,-ism,-ness等可改变词性。
3.转化法
把一种词性的词用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。如: "He insisted on staying
up to nurse the child."中的nurse常用作名词"护士",在这里用作动词"护理,看护"。又如:"Don't
let your personal feelings cloud your judgment."中的cloud常用作名词,意为"云",此处用作动词,
意为"把……搞糊涂"。(注:转化法可用于猜测熟词生义。链接考法2猜测熟词或短语的生僻
含义)
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell
how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none
the wiser — they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
...
58.The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the
customers were .
A. not aware of eating more than usual
B. not willing to share food with others
C. not conscious of the food quality
D. not fond of the food provided
【解析】 根据本段内容可知,在餐馆里,顾客在黑暗中吃东西时,判断不出自己吃了多少,那些被给予超大份量食物的人吃的比其他所有人都多,但是他们是"none the wiser",破折号后
面的内容对"none the wiser"进行了解释说明,即他们没有感觉到更饱,而且他们还准备着吃饭
后甜点;由此可知,他们没有意识到自己比平时吃得多,故选A。
方法总结 利用语法关系猜测词义
利用语法关系猜测词义是指利用语言表述中的下定义、同位关系、举例、定语从句等猜测
词义。
1.下定义:refer to, is, that is,to be defined as,to be called,meaning等后的内容往往是对前面内容
的注解性说明,相当于对前面的词汇下定义,可以帮助猜测词义。如:
Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part
in the field of engineering.
分析:句中画线词是个生僻词, is 后面的内容是对该词的解释——一
种提供新鲜空气的系统或工具。所以不难猜出 ventilation 的意思,它在此表示"通风设备"。
2.同位关系:常见的表示同位关系的方式有同位语从句或者用标点符号(包括破折号、逗号、
冒号或括号等)隔开。如上述典例2通过破折号解释说明前面的短语。再如:
As a matter of fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S.A. today.
分析:an endangered wild cat是画线词ocelots的同位语,解释了
它的意思,即一种濒危野猫。
3.举例:作者在解释比较难以理解的内容的时候,往往会举例阐述,这也能帮助我们准确把握文
章内容,进而猜测词义。
4.定语从句:定语从句通过对前面的名词进行修饰限定,让我们大致明白这个名词的含义。
考法2 猜测熟词或短语的生僻含义
命题透视 高考近几年开始侧重于考查熟词生义,如2020年全国Ⅰ第26题考查了课标词
汇currency在具体语境中的生僻含义,这就要求考生掌握并灵活运用课标词汇。
方法点拨 在猜测熟词的生僻含义时,我们可以依据上下文语境、文章的逻辑关系等来
判断正确答案。
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not
talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people
who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions
that all too often come with passing years.
…
52.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
【解析】 画线部分中的run out of原本意为"用完;耗尽",steam原本意为"蒸汽"。此时
考生会发现,每个单词都认识,但连在一起就不知所云了。此时可借助逻辑关系来猜测词义。
下文使用了"I'm not talking about… I'm talking about…"这种暗含转折的表达来解释这个短语
的意思,根据"I'm talking about"后面的内容"people who have stopped learning on growing"可推
出,画线部分表示"失去了继续学习的兴趣"。故选D。
方法总结 利用逻辑关系猜测词义
1.同义逻辑关系
also, as...as, similarly, and, or, just as, likewise等表示前后意思相同或者相近,我们可利用它们
表示的同义逻辑关系推测生词意思。如:
Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends.
分析: 根据句中的"Like"和"also"可知,Alice 和她的妹妹一样喜欢交朋友,由此可推测
gregarious与"喜欢交朋友"意思相近,意为"合群的,爱交朋友的"。
2.反义逻辑关系
in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while, quite the reverse 等常用来表示
前后意思相反,我们可以根据它们表示的反义逻辑关系推断单词或短语的意思。如:
Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan's
population is quite homogeneous.
分析: 本句通过Unlike将美国和日本进行对比,美国的人口由多个民族组成,根据反义关系推
测,homogeneous的意思应是"由同类人组成的"。
3.因果逻辑关系
也可以借助因果关系来猜测词义。英语中常用的表示因果关系的词或短语有 since,as,
because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of,
result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so/such…that…等。如:
Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the
opinions of others.
分析: because表明主从句是因果关系,从后面的原因"他不征求别人的意见就作出决定"可以
推测,autocratic的意思为"独裁的,专制的"。考法3 猜测代词的指代意义
命题透视 纵观近五年高考阅读理解中的代词指代题可以看出,高考中常考的是人称代
词(I, it, them)以及指示代词that的指代对象, 2020年新高考Ⅰ(山东)第9题考查了指示代词
that的指代, 2019年全国Ⅱ第21题考查了人称代词I的指代。
方法点拨 1.文章中的代词it, that, them等通常指代上文提到的人或事物,因此其指代含
义也通常在其前的内容中寻找。
2.有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得
出代词所指代的事物。
3.一般来讲,代词指代题不会单纯从语法角度考查指代对象,都需要借助上下文语境以及逻辑
关系来进行猜测。
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the
same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30 am, the full red/yellow/green
signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145
seconds. Less traffic at 9:37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of
the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is
gaining popularity around the US: intersection (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to
traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both
the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
...
25.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights.
B. The shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【解析】 根据第一段尾句"Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes"并结
合前文可知,华盛顿该地区的交通信号灯会根据交通情况灵活安排红绿灯时间,同时根据画线
词后的"by design"可知,这种灵活时间是专门设计的,故that指的是灵活的交通信号灯时间安
排。故选C。
考法4 猜测句子含义
命题透视 猜测句子含义题是近几年新出现的一种设问方式。一般来讲,画线句中生词不占主导地位,但无法单独通过字面意思理解句子的隐含意义。如2019浙江6月第24题猜
测"Money with no strings attached"在文中的含义,2018全国Ⅲ第32题猜测"more is more"在文
中的含义。
方法点拨 针对猜测句子含义的试题,考生必须回归原文,将画线句的前后句,甚至前后段
进行归纳总结,再将自己理解的意思与选项的意思逐个比较,选出最为接近的选项。解答此类
试题的线索主要有两个:一是上下文语境,二是句子的字面含义。
Archeology(考古学) isn't the dusty science which was a generation ago. New technologies
that once seemed out of sci-fi are now locating buried traces of buildings and revealing the ruins
of cities... Now Sarah Parcak and her team are about to take on a new challenge as they focus
GlobalXplorer citizen-science project on India.
...
In the future, she hopes other countries will contact her to launch their own satellite surveys.
The possibilities are huge. Parcak estimates that there are at least 12 million potential
archaeological sites yet to be discovered. That means the sky is the limit for her project ...
11.What does the underlined sentence "The possibilities are huge" mean?
A. Parcak's project will become successful.
B. Few countries will start satellite surveys.
C. There will be amazing discoveries in India.
D. More archaeological sites will be identified.
【解析】 根据画线句的前一句"In the future, she hopes other countries will contact her to
launch their own satellite surveys"可知,将来Parcak希望其他国家会联系她发起他们自己的卫
星调查;根据后一句"Parcak estimates that there are at least 12 million potential archaeological
sites yet to be discovered"可知,Parcak估计至少有1 200万潜在的古迹遗址有待发现;再根据画
线句本义"可能性很大"可知,古迹遗址被发现的可能性是很大的,由此可以推断会有更多的考
古遗址被确认。故选D。
六、精选考点题型专练
Passage 1
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文 克服对"水"的恐惧 356 ★★ 6分钟At eleven, I decided to learn to swim. There was a pool at the YMCA offering exactly the
opportunity. My mother continually warned against it, and kept fresh in my mind the details of
each drowning in the river. But the YMCA pool was safe.
I had a childhood fear of water. This started when I was three years old and my father took
me to the beach. The huge waves knocked me down and swept over me.
The pool was quiet. I was afraid of going in all alone, so I sat on one side of the pool to wait
for others. Then came a big boy. He yelled, "Hi, how’d you like to be ducked?"With that he picked
me up and threw me into the deep end. I landed in a sitting position, and swallowed water. But I
was not frightened out of my wits — when my feet hit the bottom, I would make a big jump to
come out of the surface. It seemed a long way down. I gathered all my strength when I landed and
made what I thought was a great spring upwards. Then I opened my eyes and saw nothing but
water. I tried to yell but no sound came out. I went down, down, endlessly.
When I came to consciousness, I found myself lying on the bed in the hospital.
I never went back to the pool. I avoided water whenever I could. This misadventure stayed
with me as the years rolled by. It deprived me of the joy of boating and swimming. Finally, I
decided to get an instructor. Piece by piece, he built a swimmer. Several months later, the
instructor was finished, but I was not. Sometimes the terror would return.
This went on until July. I swam across the Lake Wentworth. Only once did the terror return.
When I was in the middle of the lake, I put my face under and saw nothing but bottomless water. I
laughed and said, "Well, Mr.Terror, what do you think you can do to me?"
I had conquered my fear of water.
1.The author’s original fear of water was caused by .
A. his poor skill in swimming
B. his mother’s warning of drowning
C. an outing to the beach with his father
D. an unpleasant memory of the pool
2.Why was the author not scared to death when he was thrown into the water?
A. He knew how to swim in the pool.
B. He felt that the YMCA pool was safe.
C. He was waiting for others to save him.
D. He came up with an idea of going upwards.3.By expressing "but I was not" in Paragraph 5, the author probably means .
A. he was still a poor swimmer
B. he had not overcome the fear yet
C. he was not afraid of drowning any more
D. he was not satisfied with the swimming training
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Goodbye, Mr.Terror
B. Hello, Childhood Fear
C. A Swimming Adventure
D. My Passion for Swimming
【解析】三岁时"我"随着父亲在海滩玩耍,曾被海浪撞倒过,自此"我"对水产生了恐惧;十一岁
学习游泳时,"我"被一个男孩扔进游泳池,这次经历让"我"自此避免水。但"我"仍然想享受游
泳的乐趣,于是"我"请了专业指导老师,指导结束后"我"仍然没有克服对水的恐惧。后来在一
次游泳中,"我"终于克服了对水的恐惧。
1.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段,特别是该段前两句可知,作者对水的恐惧源于三岁的时候
被父亲带到海滩,被海浪撞倒的经历,故C项正确。
2.D 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"But I was not frightened…to come out of the surface"可
知,作者并没有吓得要死,因为他认为一旦他的脚着池底,他能猛跃,跳出水面。据此可知,作者
并不害怕的原因是他想到了跳出水面的方法,故D项正确。
3.B 考查词义猜测。根据画线句的下句"Sometimes the terror would return"可知,有时恐惧还
会卷土重来;据此可以判断,画线句表示作者还没能克服恐惧,故B项正确。
4.A 考查最佳标题。结合全文内容可知,文章主要讲述了作者克服对水的恐惧的过程,故A
项最适合作本文的标题。
Passage 2
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
议论文 2020东京奥运会推迟 355 ★★ 7分钟
The decision on Tuesday by Japan and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to
postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games until next summer because of the COVID-19 pandemic
must have been a hard one to make.Although the Games have been canceled — three times in all, in 1916, 1940 and 1944 — due
to the two world wars, in the modern Olympics’ history of more than 120 years, never before have
any Games been postponed to a different year.
Nonetheless, the decision is the right one. If it is not brought under control, the harm done to
human society by the pandemic could be more serious and far-reaching than even the two world
wars. Given the number of countries affected and social and economic shock waves that have been
caused by the rapid spread of the virus, postponing the Games is the only right and sensible choice
to make.
After all, nothing is more important than people’s lives. Postponing the Games not only
safeguards the health of athletes, audiences and everyone involved in the Games, but also reduces
potential transmission of the virus from one place to another. Even looking at it from only a
sporting level, the pandemic has already caused huge disruptions to athletes’ training and the
qualification process.
It is undoubtedly a big blow for Japan, which has prepared meticulously for the largest sports
event in the world, including renovating and upgrading its infrastructure and sports venues, such
as rebuilding Tokyo’s Olympic Stadium at a cost of $1.45 billion. Japan will suffer a huge loss, at
least in the short term.
The international community owes a big "thank you" to Japan for all it has done for the
Games despite the postponement. That’s why the Games will still be called the Tokyo 2020
Olympic and Paralympic Games despite taking place in 2021. The Olympic flame will also remain
stored and displayed in Japan.
More importantly, all members in the Olympic family, guided by the Olympic spirit of
respect and understanding, are morally bound to stand behind Japan to go through this most
difficult moment in the Games’ history.
1.What does the word "it" in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. The decision. B. The Games.
C. The pandemic. D. The war.
2.What does the underlined word"meticulously" in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Wisely. B. Recently. C. Easily. D. Precisely.
3.We know from the passage .
A. the Games should be put off in times of wars and disastersB. the Games will still be called the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games for Japan’s
sacrifice
C. postponing the Games will have a bad influence on the athletes
D. the Olympic family will have to make up for the loss of Japan
4.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. The Olympic family will support Japan.
B. Japan will keep the Olympic flame burning.
C. Postponing the Games will bring the world hope.
D. Tokyo will become the symbol of the Games.
【解析】日本为2020年东京奥运会做了精心的准备,但它却因新冠肺炎大流行病而被推迟
到2021年,这对日本是一个巨大的打击。但是,这是一个正确的决定,应得到支持。
1.C 考查代词指代。根据第三段中的"If it is not brought under control, the harm done to
human society by the pandemic could be more serious and far-reaching than even the two world
wars"可知,如果不被控制,流行病对人类社会所造成的危害甚至比两次世界大战更严重,由此
可知,"it"指代"流行病",故C项正确。
2.D 考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的"including renovating and upgrading its infrastructure
and sports venues, such as rebuilding Tokyo’s Olympic Stadium at a cost of $1.45 billion" 可知,
日本对基础设施和体育馆进行翻新和升级,耗资14.5亿美元重建东京的奥林匹克体育场。由
此可知,日本对这一体育赛事做了精心的准备。A项意为"明智地";B项意为"最近";C项意
为"容易地";D项意为"精确地,认真地,一丝不苟地",故选D项。
3.B 考查细节理解。根据第六段前两句可知,国际社会应该感谢日本为奥运会所做的一切,
这届奥运会尽管被推迟到2021年,但仍然被称为2020年东京奥运会和残奥会,由此可推知,因
日本所做的牺牲,这届奥运会仍会被称为2020年东京奥运会和残奥会。故B项正确。
4.A 考查推理判断。根据最后一段内容可知,所有奥林匹克大家庭成员在奥运会尊重和理
解精神的指引下,在道义上,一定会支持日本度过奥运会历史上最困难的时刻。由此可推知,
奥林匹克大家庭会支持日本。故A项正确。
Passage3
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 何为"老" 262 ★★★ 7分钟
An ageless question: When is someone "old"?What does "old" really mean these days? This isn’t a meaningless question — not only does
the definition of "old" have an outsized impact on how we feel about ourselves (not to mention
how others view us), it also matters to policymakers determining how to plan for aging
populations.
The United Nations historically has defined older persons as people 60 years old or over
(sometimes 65). It doesn’t matter whether you live in the United States, China or Senegal, even
though life expectancy is quite different in each of those countries. Everyone becomes old at 60.
Researchers Sergei Scherbov and Warren Sanderson, who study aging, are suggesting
overturning the one-size-fits-all definition of "old". Instead, they talk about "prospective age",
which looks to the future. Everyone with the same prospective age has the same expected
remaining years of life.
Scherbov explained that "young" and "old" are relative concepts, and their common reference
point is life expectancy. And that "old" would vary between nations makes sense, especially
between more and less developed countries, with differences in education, death rates, access to
health care and life expectancy.
But who is "old" also varies — widely — between individuals. The point, says Scherbov, is
that personal age is dependent on our "characteristics" — understanding abilities, disability, health
history and even education levels. Those with more education tend not to smoke, exercise more
frequently, have better diets and have regular checkups — and, therefore, live longer, meaning the
beginning of their old age comes later, says Scherbov.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How we feel about ourselves.
B. The definition of "old".
C. The importance of the definition of "old".
D. The plan for aging populations.
2.What does the underlined phrase "prospective age" in paragraph 3 refer to according to the text?
A. The expected remaining years of one’s life.
B. The beginning of one’s old age.
C. The differences of our "characteristics".
D. The age when one becomes old.
3.What similarity does Scherbov think "young" and "old" have?A. Understanding abilities. B. Nations.
C. Education. D. The reference point.
4.Which of the following helps one to live longer according to Scherbov?
A. As much exercise as possible.
B. Losing weight.
C. Studying history.
D. Improving the education level.
【解析】"一个人什么时候变老"是个永恒的问题。本文就此介绍了相关的研究情况。
1.C 考查段落大意。根据第一段第二句中的"not only does the definition of ‘old’…for aging
populations"可知,本段主要讲的是对"老"的定义的重要性。故选C。
2.A 考查词义猜测。根据第三段最后一句"Everyone with the same prospective age has the
same expected remaining years of life"并结合语境可推知,prospective age 即 the expected
remaining years of life。故选A。
3.D 考查细节理解。根据第四段第一句中的"their common reference point is life
expectancy"可知,"年轻"和"年老"的共同参照标准是预期寿命。故选D。
4.D 考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句中的"Those with more education tend not to
smoke, exercise more frequently, have better diets and have regular checkups — and, therefore,
live longer"可知,受教育更多的人活得更长,由此可推知,提高受教育水平有助于一个人活得更
长。故选D。
Passage4
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 能自学合作技能的机器人 317 ★★ 7分钟
Never play games with a bot (robot) — it will find a way to cheat if it can. A team from
OpenAI, an artificial intelligence lab in San Francisco, has developed artificially intelligent bots
that taught themselves to cooperate by playing hide-and-seek. The bots also learned how to use
basic tools to help win.
Bowen Baker at OpenAI and his colleagues wanted to see if the team-based dynamics of the
OpenAI Five could be used to produce skills that could one day be useful to humans.
The researchers set their bots loose in a simulated(模拟的) environment filled with fixed
walls, movable boxes and ladders, and left them to play team games of hide-and-seek. The bots
each had their own view of the world and couldn’t communicate with each other directly.At first, the hiders simply ran away. But they soon worked out that the quickest way to stop
the seekers was to find objects in the environment to hide themselves from view. The seekers
learned that they could move boxes around and use them to climb over walls. The bots then
discovered that being a team-player — passing objects to each other or cooperating on a hideout
— was the quickest way to win.
But the real surprise came when the bots started making use of problems or faults. Seekers
found that if they pushed a ladder towards a wall, they could launch themselves into the air and
spot hiders from above. Hiders found that they could get rid of the ladders by pushing them aside.
It shows that AI bots are able to find solutions that humans miss, says Baker. "Maybe they’ll
even be able to solve problems that humans don’t yet know how to." However, it is a large leap(跳
跃) from virtual hide-and-seek to real problem-solving. "The main limitation is that it is in
simulation," says Chelsea Finn at Stanford University.
1.Why did Bowen and his colleagues conduct the research?
A. To teach bots to play games.
B. To train bots to use basic tools.
C. To find if bots may cheat like humans.
D. To see the potential of bots’ cooperation.
2.What’s the third paragraph mainly about?
A. The tools of the research.
B. The design of the research.
C. The competitors of the game.
D. The environment of the game.
3.What does the underlined word "It" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Passing objects. B. Moving boxes around.
C. Making use of faults. D. Hiding themselves from view.
4.What does Chelsea think of the finding of the research?
A. It can bridge a gap in the AI research.
B. It will not be influenced by the real world.
C. It will definitely help the real problem-solving.
D. It may not be realized out of the virtual world.本文主要介绍了一种通过玩捉迷藏自学合作技能的人工智能机器人,这些机器人还学会
了使用基本工具来帮助自己获胜。
1.D 考查细节理解。根据第二段可知,OpenAI的Bowen Baker和他的同事们想看看OpenAI
Five的人工智能机器人的团队互动能否被用来产生将来对人类有用的技能,故D项正确。
2.B 考查段落大意。通读第三段可知,该段主要介绍了研究的设计:研究人员将机器人置于
一个充满固定墙壁、可移动的盒子和梯子的模拟环境中,让它们玩团队捉迷藏游戏;且彼此不
能直接交流。故B项正确。
3.C 考查词义猜测。根据第五段第一句"But the real surprise came when the bots started
making use of problems or faults"可知,但真正令人惊讶的是,机器人开始利用问题或失误且第
五段给出了相应的例子;结合尾段第一句可以判断,该句主语It指代的是"机器人利用错误",
故C项正确。
4.D 考查推理判断。根据尾段尾句中Chelsea Finn所说的话"The main limitation is that it is
in simulation"可知,Chelsea Finn认为主要的局限在于机器人的互动是处于模拟状态下的。据
此可以判断,Chelsea Finn认为超出模拟范围,这种结果可能不会发生。故D项正确。
Passage 5
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 头像与性格间的关系 327 ★★★ 8分钟
When we meet someone for the first time, we usually get a vague sense of what kind of
person they are by the way they shake hands, talk or walk. In the age of social networking,
however, first impressions are sometimes made even before we actually meet someone in person
— that is, by looking at their profile photo.
According to a recent study, these social images say a lot about our personality. In the study,
a group of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania in the US used software to analyze the
profile pictures of 66,000 users of one US social platform. At the same time, about 434
participants were asked to complete a survey about their personality type.
According to the results, open people are more likely to pose in an unusual way and use
objects such as glasses or a guitar in their profile photo because they enjoy new and exciting
experiences. Meanwhile, neurotic people often hold back their negative emotions. They try to
avoid showing their face; instead, they use an image of something like a pet, a car or a building.
That’s because neurotic people are strongly influenced by the "strong social norm against a very
sad or angry appearance in profile pictures".Apart from the objects in profile pictures, the colors used in them also give us some
information about the photo’s owner. For example, extraverts were found to have the most
colorful profile images, as they want to emphasize their personality and show themselves off.
Daniel Preoiuc-Pietro from the University of Pennsylvania wrote in the research paper,
"Social media photos usually represent an extension of one’s self, but they also allow a user to
shape his or her own personality and idealized view." So, when choosing a profile photo, maybe
we should ask ourselves first what kind of image we’d like to convey. After all, first impressions
always last.
1.Why do neurotic people often avoid showing their face in their profile photo?
A. Because they are fond of pets, cars and buildings.
B. Because they want to enjoy new experiences.
C. Because they don’t want to expose their negative images.
D. Because they are not confident about themselves.
2.What does the underlined word in Para.4 refer to?
A. Open people. B. Neurotic people.
C. Negative people. D. Popular people.
3.What is the writer’s attitude towards the choice of a profile photo?
A. Casual. B. Cautious.
C. Worried. D. Unclear.
4.What does this text mainly talk about?
A. The relationship between one’s profile photo and his personality.
B. Some advice on how to choose a profile photo.
C. The difference between open people and neurotic people.
D. The importance of the first impression.
研究发现,头像照片与性格之间有一定的关系。性格外向者更倾向于在头像照片中摆不
寻常的姿势,照片的颜色也最鲜艳,而神经质的人经常会抑制自己的负面情绪,避免展示脸。
1.C 考查细节理解。根据题中的 neurotic people定位到文章第三段中的"neurotic people
often hold back their negative emotions"和"That’s because neurotic people are strongly influenced
by the ‘strong social norm against a very sad or angry appearance in profile pictures’",由此可知,
神经质的人避免展示他们的脸是因为他们不想暴露他们的负面形象,故C项正确。2.A 考查词义猜测。画线词所在句的后半部分说的是因为他们想强调自己的个性,展示自
己,因此可推断画线词意为"性格外向者",故A项正确。
3.B 考查观点态度。根据题干中的" the choice of a profile photo"定位到文章最后一段中
的"So, when choosing a profile photo, maybe we should ask ourselves first what kind of image
we’d like to convey. After all, first impressions always last",由此可推知作者对选择个人头像照
片持谨慎的态度,故B项正确。
4.A 考查主旨大意。通读全文可知,本文主要围绕一项研究展开,该研究探讨的是头像照片
与性格之间的关系,故A项正确。
Passage 6
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
新闻报道 中国努力研制新冠疫苗 253 ★★★ 8分钟
Inside the white, bacteria-free walls of a new building on the southern outskirts of Beijing,
two employees wearing masks and rubber gloves are busy injecting a clear, colorless liquid into
rows of small bottles.
The 215,000 square feet production plant was built in recent months specifically for
producing a COVID-19 vaccine (疫苗) developed by Chinese pharmaceutical company Sinovac
Biotech.
CoronaVac, the vaccine candidate from Sinovac, is part of China’s push to be at the forefront
of rolling out immunizations (免疫接种) against the deadly novel coronavirus. The Nasdaq-
listed biotech company began developing its vaccine in late January.
By June, China had largely contained the epidemic, dealing with only a small number of
outbreaks. Those newly reported COVID-19 cases in China didn't meet the necessary conditions
for a Phase 3 trial, so Sinovac reached an agreement with Brazil — which then ranked second in
the world for cases of infection, with more than 3.6 million reported cases.
In cooperating with the Butantan Institute in São Paulo, a Phase 3 study was launched in late
July involving 9,000 volunteers, all health professionals who had worked with COVID-19 patients
but hadn’t been infected with the virus.
The tests are ongoing, but Dimas Covas, president of the Butantan Institute, said Wednesday
primary data showed CoronaVac developed immunity in 97% of the people vaccinated after two
doses — a level he said was "fundamental to break the chain of transmission of the coronavirus".
1.From which of the following is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook. B. A news report.
C. A book review. D. A travel brochure.
2.What does the underlined phrase "rolling out" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Launching. B. Distributing.
C. Guarding. D. Burning.
3.What is the necessary condition for a Phase 3 trial?
A. China’s successful containment of the epidemic.
B. A sufficient number of infected patients.
C. All health professionals and volunteers.
D. The Nasdaq-listed biotech company.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The forefront: China’s push to develop a coronavirus vaccine.
B. Lockdown: China’s successful move to contain the outbreaks.
C. Infection: Brazil’s ranking second surprises the world.
D. Immunity: Brazil’s efforts to break the chain of transmission.
本文主要介绍了中国努力研制新冠疫苗的相关情况。
1.B 考查文章出处。通读全文内容可知,文章主要介绍了中国努力研制新冠疫苗的相关情
况,据此可以判断,本文属于新闻报道,故B项正确。
2.A 考查词义猜测。根据画线词组后面的"against the deadly novel coronavirus"并结合语境
可知,此处表示推行防新型冠状病毒的免疫接种,故A项正确。
3.B 考查推理判断。根据第四段内容可知,截至6月,中国已基本控制住了新冠肺炎疫情,目
前正在处理少量的疫情爆发;中国新发现的新冠肺炎病例不符合三期试验的必要条件,因此科
兴生物技术公司与巴西达成了协议,巴西的感染病例数量当时在世界上排名第二,报告的感染
病例超过360万。据此可以推断,三期试验的必要条件是要有足够数量的感染者。故 B项正
确。
4.A 考查最佳标题。通读全文可知,文章第三段中的"CoronaVac, the vaccine candidate from
Sinovac, is part of China’s push to be at the forefront of rolling out immunizations(免疫接种)
against the deadly novel coronavirus"点出了文章的主题,全文围绕中国努力研制新冠疫苗展开。
故A项适合作本文的标题。
