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专题 16 阅读理解之词义猜测题与主旨大意题解题技巧
学
一． 词义猜测题解题技巧
词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生
词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词
或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识
来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
[设问方式]
By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________.
In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”．
The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.
Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？
As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.
The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.
词义猜测题7大猜词技巧
要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积
累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语
境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后
的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.
分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含
义是“突变的”。
⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．
abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。
典例1Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the
nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications
in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English,
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西
班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选 C项powerful (强大
的，有影响力的)。
[答案]C
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词
义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.
同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是
英法之间的海底隧道。
典例2
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have
been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's
how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be
implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析] “a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry
stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，
即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
[答案] B
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in
that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以
判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?
possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们
可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the
player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her
reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window.
由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。
典例3
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a
“softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love
feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和
第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘softserve’
creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。
由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
[答案] D
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指
代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editors of several selfpublished art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs.
One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car
to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER
place？”
them指的是前面出现的selfpublished art magazines。
②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists
are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。
典例4
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the
music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to
widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz
audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，
即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
[答案] C
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的
词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more
when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did
how to live more with less.
典例5…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者认为成年
人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什
么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指“越
多越好”。故选A。
[答案] A
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某
一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思
是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才
来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出 amateurs是professionals(专业人士)
的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
典例6…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States,
but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from
the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans
around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，
后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选
择C项。
[答案]C
学
二． 主旨大意题解题技巧
主旨大意题常见三种类型：标题归纳题题、文章大意题与段落大意题。
类型一 标题归纳题
一、常见设问方式
The best title of the passage is ________.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
What would be the best title for the passage?
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
二、解题必备知能
(一)理解标题的3大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原
文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
典例1
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is
cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight
budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt
offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good
Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home,
preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she
explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water,
sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this
food ourselves.”
The eightpart series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money:
Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the
market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each
week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.
The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Money:
Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A
通过明智的吃来保持健康
文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章 以偏概全，主次不分
主要内容。
B 平衡我们的日常饮食
无中生有，生搬硬套
文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。
C
让你自己成为一个完美的厨师
文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做 以偏概全，主次不分
一个完美的厨师。
D 用的少，烹饪好
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage?
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思
想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，
各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题
句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支
撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的
方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
典例 2
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming
and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups
developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years
ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the
nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications
in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English,
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The
general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones
have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa
2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The
median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by
fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly
speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan
Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems
to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 新语言将会被创造。
移花接木，偷换概念
文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。
B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。
无中生有，生搬硬套
文中没有这种说法。
C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很
多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。
D 地理决定语言的发展。
无中生有，生搬硬套
文中没有这种说法。
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
一、常见设问方式
What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的2种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就
在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几
乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处
分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力
与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
典例3
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer
to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four
wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight
minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank
of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The basic data of the Transition.B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：completed its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transition
⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
飞车the Transition的基本数据。
A 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。
飞车的一些优点。
该选项错误在于以下两点：
B ①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全 无中生有，生搬硬套
部飞车(flying cars)。
②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。
飞车的潜在市场。
C 无中生有，生搬硬套
原文没有提及。
飞车the Transition的设计商。
D 以偏概全，主次不分
该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。
[答案] A
练
考点 透
【真题再现】
Passage 01（2022年甲卷C篇）
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅)
longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni
would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing andher sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
Passage 02（2022年乙卷C篇）
Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time,
help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in
the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure（基础设施）
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thingto inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the
board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
Passage 03（2022年新高考1卷C篇）
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling
lonely.The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care
homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
Passage 04（2022年新高考1卷D篇）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of
some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the
world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【模拟过关】
Text 01（2022·河南·模拟预测）
Engineers from China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp ( CASC ) are known for their achievements
such as landing a robot to explore Mars. However, the latest display of their wisdom and knowledge took place on
the ground at the Bird’s Nest during the opening ceremony for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. They were
tasked with building 11 major components for the 140-minute ceremony.
The “ ice cube (立方) ” , a structure covered by LED screens, was an example of engineers using their
knowledge to handle technical challenges. The main body weighed 180 tons and had to be raised gradually during
the ceremony, which meant that engineers needed to design a reliable method to lift it. Designers and technicians
developed a foldable frame capable of lifting the huge cube in just 43 seconds.
Another visual breakthrough is a ground-based display screen covering 10,100 square meters. They used
industrial internet technologies to connect more than 40,000 screens and monitor their working conditions. It is
essential that engineers should place four signal transmission lines for the screen to prepare sufficient backup
capacity to ensure that it functions properly.
The torches (火把) carried by Chinese athletes during the final legs of the relay in the stadium were developed
by researchers who used their knowledge and skills gained from developing rocket engines. The torches can burn
among wind up to 28 meters per second. They will not go out during strong rain or in low temperatures. New flag
poles in the stadium flying the Chinese national flag and the Olympic flag were also designed and made by space
researchers.
There is no doubt that technology from space industry has had an unexpected effect on the performance stage
during the opening ceremony. Famous filmmaker Zhang Yimou, director of the opening ceremony, said, “As a
crucial technical company, it was responsible for the design and construction work for the performance stage. The
designs and equipment provided by this company worked very well and far exceeded our expectations. ”
1．What might be a challenge in lifting the ice cube?
A．Making it more beautiful. B．Protecting the LED screens.
C．Lifting it safely within a short time. D．Using the engineers’ wisdom and skills.
2．What played a major role in keeping the display screen functioning well?A．Industrial internet technologies. B．Sufficient signal transmission capacity.
C．The area of the display screen. D．A monitor for their working conditions.
3．What do Zhang Yimou’s words mean in the last paragraph?
A．He felt very satisfied with the opening ceremony.
B．He thought it was important to use space technology.
C．He thought little of the contribution of the company.
D．He felt confident in further using modern technology.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Using Space Technology in the Beijing Winter Olympics
B．The Breakthrough of Space Technology in China
C．Using Knowledge to Handle Technical Challenges
D．A Wonderful Ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics
Text 02（2022·福建省德化第一中学模拟预测）
There’s just a 1 in 3, 700, 000 chance that a person will be killed by a shark in their lifetime, but the fear is still
enough to have swimmers worrying about being perceived as prey (猎物). Now, new research supports the long-
standing theory that when great whites do go in for a bite, it’s a case of “mistaken identity”.
A team of biologists from the UK and Australia compared videos of seals swimming with videos of humans
swimming. They then edited the videos to simulate (模拟) a great white’s vision — the sharks are likely colorblind,
and they can’t make out fine detail-and found that from the point of view of the ocean creatures, humans do indeed
bear a strong resemblance to seals.
“Great white sharks are often regarded as ‘mindless killers’ and ‘fond of human flesh’. However, that's not the
case — we just look like their food,” Laura Ryan, lead author of the study, said.
Despite their dissatisfying vision and spatial perception, great white sharks are highly visual creatures, and
rely on motion and shadows when on the lookout for prey. To really see through the species’s eyes, the research
team had to get creative.
“We attached a camera to an underwater scooter (轻便小车), and set it to travel at a typical speed for
predatory sharks,” Ryan said in a statement. The researchers then paired the recordings with computer models to
simulate how similar people look from a shark's view below the surface.
“I knew there would be some similarities, but not to the extent we have found,” Ryan said. “Specifically, I
thought swimmers might not be as similar as surfers to seals as they typically aren’t involved in as many sharkbites. However, the swimmers are also difficult to tell apart from seals.”
Ryan put it in a statement, “Understanding why shark bites occur can help us find ways to prevent them, while
keeping both humans and sharks safer.”
5．What do the underlined words “the ocean creatures” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Seals. B．Sharks. C．Humans. D．Swimmers.
6．Why did the researchers use the scooter with a camera?
A．To measure the speed of predatory sharks.
B．To take clear pictures of underwater seals.
C．To keep track of sharks’ travel underwater.
D．To see human beings through sharks' view.
7．What does the research find?
A．Swimmers are easy to tell apart from seals.
B．Swimmers are not as similar as surfers to seals.
C．The similarities between humans and seals are few.
D．Swimmers surprisingly resemble seals in sharks’ eyes.
8．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Why Sharks Attack Humans B．Are Shark Bites Common?
C．How Sharks Hunt for Food D．Are Sharks Really Dangerous?
Text 03（2022·辽宁·模拟预测）
At most schools in the U. S., it’s customary to have a cheer squad (啦啦队) to support athletics. Cheerleaders
drum up excitement before games, put on jaw—dropping routines at games, and provide support on the sidelines of
most events. But students who participate in performing and visual arts seldom receive the same displays of support
as athletes do. A group of students at Mountain View High School in Orem, Utah, decided to change that fact by
creating a cheer squad just for the arts.
Their school’s athletics cheer squad is called the Bruin Crazies, so they named their artistic cheer squad the
Bruin Classies! This is a new brand with which they could create something for all of the arts, whether it is band,
dance show, photography and art galleries—to give them some publicity and cheer them on.
Classies wear a “uniform” of bow ties to indicate the “sense of class”artistic efforts bring their school. They
carry around signs to advertise the upcoming play, musical, or dance performance. Hoping to drum up ticket sales,
they encourage their fellow students to come out to support the hard work of others. They also attend performances
and displays at school to cheer their classmates on.After years of discussion to make a cheer squad for the arts, this is the first time they’ve been able to pull it
off. More than 90 students have already signed up to be a Bruin Classy! “The students have poured their time and
energy into their arts, and it is worthy to be celebrated. ”Caleb Stay, the cheer squad leader, said, “If you worked
really hard on something and no one showed up, it would be disappointing. We just want to make sure that no one
feels that way. ”
This is such an amazing idea! We can’t believe no one has come up with it before, but hopefully these
thoughtful teens have started a new trend to support the arts in other schools, too.
9．Why did the students in Mountain View high school set up the Bruin Classies?
A．To support the arts in their schoo1. B．To compete with the Bruin Crazies.
C．To participate in the art performing. D．To cheer the athletes on in the games.
10．How do Classies make the art performances appealing to students at school?
A．By offering free tickets to students.
B．By popularizing the art performances.
C．By inviting students to attend performances.
D．By wearing a special uniform for art festivals.
11．What can be inferred from Caleb Stay’s words?
A．More students will sign up the Bruin Classy.
B．Few students like to attend the art performance.
C．The artistic cheer squad will become a new trend.
D．The students’artistic efforts deserve to be admired.
12．What is the best title of the text?
A．Move over, “Crazies,” the “Classies” are here
B．“Crazies” keep up, never give in to “Classies”
C．The Bruin Crazies, a “uniform” of bow ties
D．The Bruin Crazies, a big hit in Orem, Utah
Text 04（2022·北京·模拟预测）
Are you relatively skinny but growing a “beer belly”?
Then don’t be surprised at your next checkup if the nurse measures your waistline to determine your healthy
weight. That’s because research is showing that a protruding (鼓出的) belly may be a sign of VAT — a dangerous
form of fat around organs deep inside your body. “Studies confirm that visceral (内脏的) fat is a clear health risk,”
said Dr. Tiffany Wiley, a senior expert at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Unlike the fat justunder your skin, visceral fat raises your risk for heart disease. Experts think that’s because visceral fat raises blood
pressure and inflames (使发炎) tissues and organs.
However, you can’t assume you’re safe from visceral fat if your overall weight is healthy, experts stress.
That’s because you can have dangerous visceral fat even if you’re not considered overweight — and not have any
visceral fat even if you are overweight.
How do you know if your stomach is protruding into dangerous size? Do a check. Non-pregnant women with
a waist size greater than 88 cm and men with a waist larger than 102 cm, are at higher risk according to the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If you’re Asian, it drops to 80 cm for women and 90 cm for men. But it
is only a rough measure. “The only sure way to know is to check your visceral fat levels on a CT scan or MRI,” say
experts.
According to the AHA committee, the most salutary physical activity to “shrink” belly is aerobic exercise.
Aerobic means “with oxygen”, so aerobic exercise increases your breathing rate and promotes the circulation of
oxygen through the blood. This type of exercise makes the heart work more effectively and improves its ability to
move oxygen-carrying blood with every beat. Speed walking, jogging, stair climbing, cycling and swimming are all
examples of aerobic exercise.
“However, more studies are needed to determine the best physical activity, food and other lifestyle changes to
reduce heart disease risk,” Dr. Tiffany Wiley added.
13．What would a “beer belly” cause?
A．Enlarged organs inside the body. B．Higher risk of heart disease.
C．Raised mental pressure. D．Inflamed stomach.
14．Who would be relatively healthier according to the experts?
A．A white man with a waist size of 120 cm.
B．A white woman with a waist size of 90 cm.
C．An Asian man with a waist size of 102 cm.
D．An Asian woman with a waist size of 75 cm.
15．Which word can replace the underlined word “salutary” in paragraph 5?
A．Beneficial. B．Difficult. C．Enthusiastic. D．Useless.
16．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A．Doing aerobic exercise can remove visceral fat completely.
B．Heart ability improves when one does speed walking.C．Further studies are needed to reduce heart disease risk.
D．Food and life style determine one’s body shape.
Text 05（2022·安徽蚌埠·三模）
Zhang Fan, 36, a movie visual effects designer who returned to Beijing from New Zealand for work last year,
was surprised by the improvement to the city’s air quality. “I remember the smell in the air and the frequent smoggy
days before I left in 2013, after getting a job offer from a film company in New Zealand, ” he said. Last year, a
Chinese company offered Zhang a more promising position, so he returned, saying that he could find more
opportunities in his line of work in Beijing than elsewhere. In addition to rapid economic development in the
Chinese capital, he said the most impressive change is the local air quality. “People discussed air pollution a lot
when I was in Beijing previously. Now, it seems that the topic has disappeared completely, as every day is good in
terms of air quality,” Zhang said. “The sky in Beijing these days is so clear. ”
On Jan. 4, the municipal authorities in Beijing announced a comprehensive success in improving air quality,
with the city’s annual average concentration of PM2. 5 in the air, falling to 33 micrograms per cubic meter, and
ozone (臭氧) concentration dropping to 149 mcg per cu m last year.
Yu Jianhua, spokesman for the Beijing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, said at a news
conference, “This is a milestone for Beijing’s hard work in fighting air pollution and also means that the city has
met its air quality target outlined in the 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-25) ahead of schedule. Beijing has demonstrated
to the world over the past 20 years that a mega city with a rapidly increasing GDP, vehicle count, population and
energy consumption can move forward to cut air pollution effectively. The PM2.5 reduction over the past few years
has surpassed that of developed countries during the same period.
According to the Bureau, the city’s average concentration of PM2.5 dropped by 63 percent last year from
2013, an average annual reduction of about 8 percent. The city experienced 288 days of good air quality last year—
up from 112 days in 2013—and just eight days of heavy air pollution. This achievement is clear to see and exciting,
but it has not been easy work.
17．Why did Zhang Fan retumed to Beijing?
A．He was tired of his life abroad. B．He has a deep affection for the city.
C．The city’s air quality has improved. D．A golden chance was offered to him.
18．How do the municipal authorities show the improvement to the city’s air quality?
A．By using examples. B．By using figures.
C．By offering experimental findings. D．By citing personal experience.19．What does the underlined word “mega” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Huge. B．Rich. C．Civilized. D．Noted.
20．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Business. B．Fashion. C．Environment. D．Entertainment.
Text 06（2022·北京·模拟预测）
Japanese automaker Toyota says it will team up with the country’s space agency to develop a vehicle called
the Lunar Cruiser to explore the moon. The name comes from a popular Toyota vehicle called the Land Cruiser.
The company said it plans to launch the vehicle in the late 2020s. After that, Toyota said the vehicle could assist
people living on the moon by 2040 and could possibly be sent to Mars as well.
Takao Sato heads the company’s Lunar Cruiser project. He told The Associated Press the vehicle is based on
the idea that people eat, work, sleep and communicate with others safely in cars. He hopes theLunar Cruiser can
serve the same purpose in space. “We see space as an area for our once-in-a-century transformation, ” Sato said,
“By going to space, we may be able to develop telecommunications and other technology that will prove valuable
to human life. ”
Another company, Gitai Japan Inc., is partnering with Toyota to develop a robotic arm for the Lunar Cruiser. It
will be designed to perform jobs such as carrying out inspections and maintaining the vehicle. The company said
the arm will be built to work with different tools. These tools could be used to study the moon’s surface more
closely.
Interest in space has been growing in Japan in recent years. Japanese space exploration company iSpace
announced last April that it would transport an explorer belonging to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to the moon
in 2022. Japan’s iSpace will provide the lander to carry the UAE’s rover(探测器).
The company plans to launch the lander on a Falcon 9 rocket built by American company SpaceX. Japanese
citizens followed the trip to space last year of billionaire Yusaku Maezawa. He spent 12 days aboard the
International Space Station. Maezawa also plans in the future to orbit around the moon on a SpaceX’s Starship
spacecraft.
Toyota engineer Shinichiro Noda said he thinks the lunar project can extend the company’s tradition of serving
customers to a place beyond Earth. He said Toyota currently has vehicles almost everywhere. “But this is about
taking our cars to somewhere we have never been, ” Noda said.
21．What’s the ultimate purpose of the Lunar Cruiser project?
A．To better human life. B．To make safe vehicles.C．To prove the previous idea. D．To transform communication.
22．What’s Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．Japan’s enthusiasm in space. B．Japan’s achievements in space.
C．Japan’s potential in space travel. D．Japan ’s ambition to explore space.
23．What’ s Shinichiro Noda’s attitude towards the lunar project?
A．Negative. B．Doubtful.
C．Cautious. D．Positive.
24．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Japanese Curiosity in Moon Travel Generated
B．Great Contribution Made in Exploring Mars
C．Rover Built by Toyota to Be Landed on Mars
D．Toyota to Help Develop Vehicle to Explore Moon
