专题22构词法(解析版)_3.2025英语总复习_2024年新高考资料_3.2024专项复习_[高考字典]2024年高考英语一轮复习语法填空专题应对策略(通用版)

高考英语一轮复习语法填空专题应对策略 专题 22 构词法 目录 一 知识网络 构词法的转化法、合成法、混合法、缩略法、派生法、名词后缀、动词后缀和形容词 后缀 二 考点考法 关于充当句中各成分的最典型的词类，请记住以下三条：1.作主语或宾语要用名词； 2.作定语、表语或补足语一般用形容词；3.修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语， 用副词。 三 真题回顾 展现命题趋势，明确考试目标 四 真题训练 近几年构词法高考专题训练 五 考情分析 在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填 写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然 而，构词法不仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型 中。掌握构词法是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。 六 模拟操练 再次巩固所掌握的知识点体系并能灵活应用 知识网络 1.转化法 动词→名词 Let’s go out for a walk.我们出去散散步吧。(walk) 名词→动词 We lunched at White’s. 我们在怀特家吃午饭。(lunched) 形容词→动词 Culture has furthered the advance of language.文化促进了语言的发展。(has furthered) 2.合成法 合成名词 如：bookmark (书签)；guidebook (指南手册)；workshop (研讨会；车间)；sunset (日落) 合成形容词 如：lifelong (终身的；毕生的)；heartbreaking (令人心碎的)；absent-minded (心不在焉的) 合成动词 如：whitewash (用石灰水刷白)；overcome (战胜)；overthrow (推翻) 合成副词 如：anyway (无论如何)；everywhere (到处)；however (尽管如此)；forever (永远) 合成介词 如：inside (在……里)；outside (在……外)；throughout (遍及)；within (在……之内) 3.混合法 如：smog (smoke + fog) 烟雾；brunch (breakfast + lunch) 早午餐；newscast (news + broadcast) 新闻广播; faction (fact + fiction ) 纪实文学；sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小说；docudrama (document + drama) 纪实电 影 4.缩略法 如：television→ TV (读字母音)电视;very important person→ VIP (读字母音)贵宾；Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福 5.派生法 1)前缀 表否定1.dis- 如： ability→ disability (无能力; 残疾)；agree→ disagree (意见不一致)；appear→ disappear (消失) 2.un- 如： dress→ undress (除去……的衣服); lock→ unlock (开锁)；fold→ unfold (展开；显露) 3.in-, il-, im-, ir- 如： accurate→ inaccurate (不准确的);legal→ illegal (不合法的)；polite→ impolite (不礼貌的)； possible→ impossible (不可能的); regular→ irregular (不规则的) 4.mis- 如：behave→ misbehave (行为不端)；understand→ misunderstand (误解); fortune→ misfortune (不幸) 5.non- 如：a non-drinker不喝酒的人；non-existence不存在；non-smoking非吸烟(区) 6.表重复re- 如：arrange→ rearrange (重新安排)；consider→ reconsider (重新考虑)； create→ recreate (重现；重建) 7.表动化en- 如：able→ enable (使能够)；large→ enlarge (扩大)；rich→ enrich (使充实) 2)后缀 表示人 1.-er 如：buy→ buyer (买主，购买者); design→ designer (设计者)；dance→ dancer (舞者) 2.-or 如：act→ actor (男演员); invent→ inventor (发明者)；direct→ director (指导者; 导 演) 3.-ee 如：employ→ employee (受雇者,雇员); interview→ interviewee (被采访者；被面试 者) 4.-ist 如：art→ artist (艺术家，美术家); special→ specialist (专家)； violin→ violinist (小提琴演奏家) 5.-ian 如：music→ musician (音乐家; 乐师); politics→ politician (政治家) 6.-ant 如：account→ accountant (会计)；assist→ assistant (助手); serve→ servant (仆人；佣 人) 7.-ess或woman如：god→ goddess (女神)；poet→ poetess (女诗人); policeman→ policewoman(女警察) 2)名词后缀 1.-ness 如：awkward→ awkwardness(笨拙; 尴尬)；careless→ carelessness(粗心) 2.-ment 如：achieve→ achievement (成就; 达成); accomplish→ accomplishment (成就；成绩) 3.-al 如：approve→ approval (赞成; 批准)；arrive→ arrival (到达)；survive→ survival (存活；幸存) 4.-tion 如：attract→ attraction (吸引)； collect→ collection (收藏品)；connect→ connection (联系; 连接物) 5.-(ss)ion 如：discuss→ discussion (讨论); express→ expression (表情); admit→ admission (入场费；准入) 6.-ance 如：accept→ acceptance (接受); appear→ appearance (出现; 外表); assist→ assistance (帮助) 7.-ence 如：depend→ dependence (信赖, 依赖); differ→ difference (差异); exist→ existence (存在；生存) 8.-ture 如：mix→ mixture (混合；混合物); fail→ failure (失败; 没做到); press→ pressure (压力) 9.-y 如：recover→ recovery (恢复, 痊愈); deliver→ delivery (递送，投递); discover→ discovery (发现)10.名词后缀-(i)ty 如：electric→ electricity (电); equal→ equality (同等; 平等); safe→ safety (安全) 3).动词后缀-en 如：length→ lengthen (使)变长, 延伸; strength→ strengthen (加强)；fright→ frighten (恐吓) 4).形容词后缀-en 如：gold→ golden (金制的)；wood→ wooden (木制的) 考点考法 关于充当句中各成分的最典型的词类，请记住以下三条： 1.作主语或宾语要用名词； 2.作定语、表语或补足语一般用形容词； 3.修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用副词。 1. The man said that he was__________(mere) a passer-by and that he didn’t watch the accident.(答案 为merely) 2.Some people say that this new discovery might change the whole society__________(complete).(答案为 completely) 3. I’m_______________(true) sorry that things had to end like this.(答案为truly) 4. To our__________, the headmaster was very___________with our report.(satisfy) (答案为 satisfaction, satisfied) 5.We should form good eating habits and do proper exercise in order to stay___________(health).(答案为 healthy) 真题回顾 1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and ________ (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 【解析】此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词achieve。故填eventually。 2.(2021·全国乙卷)It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become ________ (educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ________ (develop) of the local areas. 【解析】第一空在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，educated “受过教育的，有教养的”。第二空在冠 词the之后，应用名词development。 3.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)It will ________ (undoubted) help you get refreshed! 【解析】此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词help，意为“无疑地”，应用副词形式。故填undoubtedly。 4.(2021·全国乙卷)Provide ________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples. 【解析】设空处在名词aid之前，应用形容词作定语，financial “财政的”, 故填financial。 5.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)But that's how nature is—always leaving us ________ (astonish)． 【解析】此句中含有“leave sb/sth＋adj.”结构，表示“使……处于某种状态”。宾语为us，应用形容词 astonished作宾语补足语，说明人的感受，意为“吃惊的”, 故填astonished。 6.(2021·全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their ________ (day) routines. 【解析】句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和瞭望塔旁停下来拍照，或者只是看 当地人进行他们的日常生活。名词routines前面要用形容词修饰，故填daily。7.(2020·北京高考)Oliver says if you're ________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them if/whether you can join in when it's possible. 【解析】设空前有be动词，设空处应用形容词作表语。故填lucky。 8.(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries, ________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. 【解析】句意：在18和19世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史文物和艺术品。此处修饰名词 people，应用 形容词作定语。故填wealthy。 9.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Chinese New Year is a ________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 【解析】不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。 10.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)________ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. 【解析】句意：当然，在假日期间，这种植物是必需品。此处用副词修饰整个句子，且句首单词首字母大 写。故填Certainly。 11.(2020 年全国Ⅰ卷) The far side of the moon is of particular __________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 【解析】句意：月球背面令科学家尤其感兴趣……。此处为“be+of+n.”结构，相当于“be+adj.”，故填 名词interest。 12.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷) Landing on the moon’s far side is ___________ (extreme) challenging. 【解析】考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词，故填extremely。 13.(2020 年全国Ⅱ卷) The __________ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 【解析】与long并列修饰名词branches，应用形容词，故填beautiful。 14.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷) Filled with ___________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 【解析】作介词with的宾语，用名词，故填curiosity。 15.(2019年全国Ⅰ卷) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___________ (poor) studied. 【解析】修饰动词studied作状语，应用副词，意为“研究很少”，故填poorly。 16.(2019 年全国Ⅰ卷) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___________ (believe) that populations are increasing. 【解析】前面的不定冠词提示我们，空格处应填名词，故填belief。 17.(2019 年全国Ⅱ卷) Her years of hard work have ___________ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year. 【解析】修饰动词have been acknowledged，应用副词，故填finally。 18.(2019年全国Ⅱ卷) But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s ____________ (wonder). 【解析】在系动词is后作表语应用形容词, 故填wonderful。 19.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know ofan interesting ____________ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 【解析】由空格前的不定冠词an及形容词interesting可知，空格处应该填名词，故填competition。 20.(2019 年全国Ⅲ卷) They also shared with us many ___________ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ___________ (huge) popular with tourists. 【解析】修饰名词stories应用形容词，故填traditional；修饰形容词popular应用副词，故填hugely。 21.(2018年全国Ⅰ卷) Running is cheap, easy and it’s always ___________ (energy). 【解析】作表语要用形容词，energetic表示“精力旺盛的，充满活力的”，故填energetic。 22.(2018 年全国Ⅱ卷) A taste for meat is ___________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. 【解析】修饰动词is作状语，用副词，故填actually。 23.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷) This switch has decreased ___________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 【解析】作动词decreased的宾语，用名词，故填pollution。 24.(2018 年全国Ⅱ卷) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _______ (globe) fertilizer consumption. 【解析】在名词短语fertilizer consumption 前作定语要用形容词，意为“全球的化肥消耗量”，故填 global。 25.(2018 年 全 国 Ⅰ 卷 ) To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to_________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. 【解析】句意：为了避免肌肉疼痛，你可以在柔软的路面上跑步，做运动来增强腿部肌肉……。空处 为表示目的的不定式，“to+动词原形”，故填动词形式strengthen，意为“增强，强化”。 26.(2018年全国Ⅲ卷) My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 【解析】句意：我的名字是Mireya Mayor。我是一名研究大猩猩和猴子之类的动物的科学家。根据句 意及空格前的冠词a可知，此处应填名词，表示“科学家”，故填scientist。 27.(2017全国Ⅰ卷) However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes. 【解析】作表语要用形容词，句意为：小心别走极端，故填careful。 28.(2017 全国Ⅱ卷) This development was only possible with the ____________ (introduce) of electric- powered engines and lifts. 【解析】作介词的宾语要用名词以及在冠词 the 后要用名词，表示“采用，引入”，故填 introduction。 29.(2017 全国Ⅱ卷) The Central London Railway was one of the most ___________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. 【解析】the most后要加形容词表最高级，故填successful。 考情分析 在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动 词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中。掌握构词法是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。 模拟操练 1. (2023届江苏无锡期中调研) The ___________(tradition) values of kung fu, actually, are in the minds of all Chinese people. 【解析】修饰名词values应用形容词，故填traditional。 2. (2023 届贵州遵义期中考试) On their road back, the servicemen were overwhelmed by local residents’ _______(warm). 【解析】在名词所有格residents’后应接名词，故填warmth。 3. (2023 届河南洛平许济一检) The dolphin’s _________ (able) to please humans has made it one of our favourites in the animal kingdom. 【解析】根据名词所有格dolphin’s可知，应用名词形式，表示“能力”。 4. (2023 届山东泰安期中考试) Students need to make real efforts when taking labour courses, so they can ________ (real) cultivate (培养) virtues of strong willpower, perseverance and teamwork. 【解析】修饰动词cultivate用副词，意为“真正地”，故填really。 5. Trying to motivate yourself in a way that isn’t _________ (attract) to you will make it difficult to convince yourself to work. 【解析】作表语用形容词，故填attractive。 6. (2023届江苏常州期中考试) “I don’t want to participate at all in the machine that’s going to _________ (cheap) what I do,”said Daniel Danger. 【解析】因be going to后接动词原形，结合句意可知，此处表示“使降价；使贬值”，故填cheapen。 7. (2023届广西北海一模) At first, the farmers misunderstand the ___________ (intend) of Cheng Ran, one of the officials, but then they become friends. 【解析】作动词misunderstand的宾语，或在定冠词the和介词of之间用名词形式，意为“意图”，故填 intention。 8. (2023 届广东广州阶段训练) These heritage sites __________ (effective) protected China’s representative geological relics, mountains, forests and lakes. 【解析】修饰动词protected应用副词，故填effectively。 9. (2023届重庆11月调研) Time may limit our ability to keep social ties, but our desire for social communication is _______ (limit). 【解析】在系动词is后作表语，用形容词。由but可知，与前文“时间可能会限制我们保持社会联系的能 力”相对，表示“但我们对社会交流的渴望是无限的”，故填limitless。 10.(2023 届江苏徐州期中考试) As part of this historic breakthrough, the region has been making efforts to enhance the protection and inheritance of ethnic sports and the _____________ (develop) of outdoor sports. 【解析】作动词enhance的宾语，或在定冠词the和介词of之间用名词形式，表示“户外运动的发展”， 故填development。 11.(2023届山东烟台期中考试) Professor Yang Lei and Zhang Liang discussed Chinese poetry and painting while Dai Jingang exposed the audience to the charm (魅力) of traditional Chinese medicine and the _________ (wise) ofhealth preservation. 【解析】在定冠词the和介词of之间用名词形式，表示“智慧”。 12.(2023届江苏苏州期中调研) In South China, there is a custom __________ (popular) known as “having Qiucai (an autumn vegetable) on the Autumn Equinox day”. 【解析】修饰known应用副词作状语，故填popularly。 13.(2023届四川绵阳一诊) Now, the seedlings of the tall shoot rice variety have reached a ________ (high) of about 30 cm. 【解析】作动词have reached的宾语，或在冠词a和介词of之间，应用名词，故填height。 14.(2023届河北保定期中测试) Among the excavated artifacts (出土文物), a complete gold mask about 10 grams in ________ (weigh), 37.2 centimeters wide, and 16.5 centimeters high was unearthed from No.3 Pit a few days ago. 【解析】作介词in的宾语应用名词，故填weight。 15.(2023届辽宁沈阳期中考试) Emerging evidence in humans suggests the Western high-fat and highsugar junk food diet can quickly _________ (weak) your brain’s appetite control. 【解析】在情态动词can后应用动词，故填weaken。 16.(2023届山东德州期中考试) Many climbing enthusiasts like to spend a whole night reaching its peak to record its beautiful sunrise and enjoy the hot spring for __________ (relax). 【解析】作介词for的宾语，应用名词，故填relaxation。 17.(2023届四川泸州一诊) Through the participation of a greater number of online users, who grow virtual trees, the SEE Foundation has been providing subsidies while offering ___________ (power) support in technology for desert areas. 【解析】修饰名词support，用形容词作定语，故填powerful。 18.(2023 届浙江湖州、丽水、衢州质检) Over the next 30 years, video games exploded in _____________ (popular). More and more countries, such as South Korea, China and the United States, started to develop eSports into an industry. 【解析】作介词in的宾语，用名词形式，意为“受欢迎；流行”，故填popularity。 19.(2023届河南焦作期中考试) Sun Moon Lake is located in the central region of Taiwan. It covers an area of 7.7 square kilometers and has an average water _______ (deep) of 40 meters. 【解析】作动词has的宾语，应填名词形式depth，a depth of意为“深度为……”，故填depth。 20.(2023届重庆11月调研) In the past, friendships were ________ (great) limited by time, space and attention. 【解析】修饰动词were limited，用副词作状语，故填greatly。 21.(2023年1月浙江卷) The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by __________ (space) homes and walled gardens. 【解析】修饰名词homes，用形容词作定语，表示“宽敞的”，故填spacious。 22.(2023届四川资阳一诊) Those passageways, with a total length of 59 kilometers, enable antelopes (羚羊) and other animals to go across the railway _______ (free). 【解析】修饰动词go，用副词作状语，表示“自由地”，故填freely。23.Plastic labeled BPA-free might use other chemicals that have _________ (harm) health effects. 【解析】在名词前作定语，意为“有害健康的化学物质”，用harm的形容词形式harmful。 24.(2023届河南新乡一模) In addition to __________ (extreme) large amounts of manual work, technology also provides a protective barrier for the city wall. 【解析】修饰形容词large，用副词作状语，故填extremely。 25.Thanks to the hot and dry climate that results from being surrounded by the desert, huge quantities of large and _________ (juice) grapes with very thin skins are produced. 【解析】修饰名词grapes作定语，应用形容词，故填juicy。 26. (2023届山东德州期中考试) The Qinling panda is distinguished by its __________ (slight) smaller size and fur that is brown rather than black. 【解析】修饰形容词smaller应用副词作状语，故填slightly。 27.Robots are also able to work in ____________ (danger) situations. 【解析】修饰名词situations应用形容词，故填dangerous。 28. (2023届广东大湾区一模) Other activities during the festival __________ (main) include sweeping dust and making Chinese paper cuts for window decoration. 【解析】修饰动词include应用副词，故填mainly。 29. It’s obvious that this service is _____________ (convenience) to the old, especially to the disabled customers. 【解析】作表语用形容词，故填convenient。 30. (2023届江苏盐城期中考试) The efficiency of water use in the area is among the highest _________ (global), said an official at the administrative committee of Beijing E-Town. 【解析】修饰介词短语among the highest，用副词作状语，故填globally。 31.The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely ___________ (change), the main changes being only the decorative details. 【解析】因remained在此处是系动词，由后面的only可知是没有变化，故填形容词unchanged。 32.(2023 届河南洛平许济一检) But while dolphins show such friendliness towards humans, __________ (unlucky), humans don’t return the favour. Pollution and fishing nets are two of the terrible dangers they face. 【解析】修饰整个句子作状语，应用副词，故填unluckily。 33. “This is important to help target efforts to reduce depression, which makes it much harder for people to adopt ________ (health) lifestyle habits,” said Dr Jess Tyrrell. 【解析】修饰名词lifestyle habits应用形容词，故填healthy。 34. Even if a grade is not given, the student is ____________ (responsibility) for learning the material assigned. 【解析】系动词后应接形容词作表语，故填responsible。 35. (2023 届四川资阳一诊) Based on years of __________ (science) observation of wildlife migration in the region, the bridge was built with the purpose of reducing the highway’s effect on the animals. 【解析】在名词observation前作定语，用形容词，表示“科学观察”，故填scientific。 36.Dragon is a belief of Chinese nation and a _______ (gold) Chinese element (元素). 【解析】修饰名词element需用形容词，故填golden。37.(2023 届山东济南期中考试) ___________ (hopeful), the donated books will open a new window of understanding of Chinese culture, history and social development for the Maltese people. 【解析】修饰整个句子作状语，应用副词hopefully，放句首首字母应大写，故填Hopefully。 38.Your face replaces Jack’s or Rose’s. It looks very ________ (nature). 【解析】在系动词look后作表语用形容词，故填natural。 39．________ (consequent), power walking, in addition to a healthy diet, helps manage your weight. 【解析】设空处放在句首修饰整个句子，作状语，应用其副词形式，故填Consequently。 40.Speech is the fastest method of ________ (communicate) between people. 【解析】介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语，故填communication。 41.A new habit is not about performance; it's about ________ (consistent) taking action. 【解析】修饰后面的动词短语taking action，使用副词作状语，故填consistently。 42.With a population of 12 million people, the ________ (south) city is known for its strong innovation capabilities. 【解析】此处表示“南方城市”，应用形容词修饰名词city，故填southern。 43.The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________ (grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. 【解析】前面有形容词important修饰，此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系，故填 growth。 44.She went through a period of emotional ________ (adjust) after her marriage broke up. 设空前有形容词emotional修饰，应用名词。故填adjustment。 45.As a volunteer of environmental protection, I am writing to raise your ________ (aware) of protecting the environment. 【解析】句意：作为环保志愿者，我书面倡议大家提高环保意识。在形容词性物主代词your后面，用名词 形式。故填awareness。 46.We also paid by phone for movie tickets, takeout food, shopping and for ________ (deliver)． 【解析】句意：我们也用手机支付电影票、外卖、购物和送货的费用。 for后跟名词作宾语，此处表示 “递送的物品”，故填delivery。 47.It's a chance for you to learn more about traditional Chinese culture; I am sure it will ________ (broad) your horizons. 【解析】句意：这是一个让你更多地学习中国传统文化的机会，我确信它会拓宽你的视野。根据设空前的 will可知，后面应该使用动词，而broad是一个形容词，故填broaden。 48.I was now in a condition that means it's difficult or ________ (possible) to receive and produce language. 【解析】句意：我现在的情况意味着很难或不可能接受和产生语言。or表示选择关系，应用possible的反 义词。故填impossible。