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专题 07 名词
备考 2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--讲练
目录
一 命题解读
二 命题预测
三 主要考点
四 名词的数
五 名词作定语
六 名词所有格
七 名词构词法
八 真题练一练
【命题解读】名词是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考真题不难看出,近年高考对名词的考查主语侧重于以下几个
方面:名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点,常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分
主要考查:
1.名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配
2.名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)
3.名词的所有格
4.抽象名词的具体化
5.名词和冠词的搭配
【命题预测】
预计2023年高考会侧重考查名词词义在具体语境中的细微差异,同时,地道的英语惯用法的掌握情况也
将是命题者测试的重点。语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点,主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化,
根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词,名词的复数形式,所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时
态和语态放在一起考查。
【主要考点】
1.名词的数;
2.名词作定语;
3.名词所有格;
4.名词构词法
【2022 高考视角】
1.(2022年全国高考新高考II卷语法填空)...He saved my ___44___ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. …
2.(2022年全国乙卷语法填空) As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the 64
(large)tea-producing country, China has a 65 (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the
healthy development of the tea industry.
3. (2022 年全国高考新高考 I 卷语法填空) The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate
___62___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
【答案】1.son’s 2.responsibility 3.populations考点一 名词的数
1.名词的单、复数形式
①规则变化
种类 变化 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s book→books, pen→pens
bus→buses,bench→benches,
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh
词尾加-es box→boxes,dish→dishes,
结尾
但stomach例外,其后直接加-s
以“辅音字母+y”
变y为i后加-es family→families,city→cities
结尾
以“元音字母+y”
词尾加-s key→keys,boy→boys
结尾
以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe leaf→leaves,life→lives,为v后加-es knife→knives
chief→chiefs, roof→roofs,
少数词尾加-s
belief→beliefs
hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,
词尾加-es
tomato→tomatoes
以字母-o结尾
photo→photos, kilo→kilos,
词尾加-s
piano→pianos
basis→bases, analysis→analyses,
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses
crisis→crises
典例剖析
1.(2022年全国乙卷短文改错)Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycle.
【答案】bicycle → bicycles
【解析】考查名词。句意:如果用自行车代替汽车,我们的城市将变得更好。bicycle为可数名词,由句中的
cars和句意可知,此处应用复数形式。故将bicycle改为bicycles。
②不规则变化
种类 例词
deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, means, series, species,
单复数同形
headquarters,works, head(量词)
单数形式复数意义 people, police, cattle
复数形式单数意义 news, physics, politics
合成词变复数(主体名词 passerby→passersby,soninlaw→sonsinlaw,
变复数;无主体名词时 lookeron→lookerson,
词尾变复数) gobetween→gobetweens, grownup→grown-ups
man→men , child→children , tooth→teeth, foot→feet,
词形变化
mouse→mice, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria
2.特殊情况下名词复数的用法
(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式,如:thanks,authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes,
congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品,著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)等。(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式:
make preparations for为……做准备
take pains尽力,刻苦
3. 不可数名词
常考的不可数名词(必须牢记)
单词 词义 单词 词义
advice 建议 baggage/luggage 行李
change 零钱 furniture 家具
hair 头发 homework 家庭作业
information 信息 knowledge 知识
money 钱 news 新闻;消息
progress 进步 traffic 交通
equipment 设备 meat 肉
room 空间 luck 运气
music 音乐 housework 家务
fun 乐趣 wealth 财富
milk 牛奶 weather 天气
orange 橙汁 food 食物
work 工作 paper 纸
bread 面包 trouble 麻烦air 空气 rubbish 垃圾
考点二 名词作定语
(1)名词的分类
个体名词 表示单个人或物的名词
可数名词
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物总称的名词
普通名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词
不可数名词 表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象
抽象名词
概念的名词
表示洲、国、地、人名等
专有
表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代
名词
等的名称
(2)名词的功能
(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语
①Jack is to meet you at the airport.
杰克会到机场接你。
②The affair remained a complete mystery.
这事件仍然完全是个谜。
③We made him monitor of our class.
我们选他做我们的班长。
④He is considered a good football player..
他被认为是个优秀的足球运动员。
(2)作定语
a .表示类别
air pollution空气污染 a tea cup茶杯 body language身体语言
road accident交通事故 a story book 一本故事书
b .表示身份、时间、地点等
Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校
winter sleep冬眠 Beijing Stadium 北京体育场c .表目的、用途、材料等
sports field田径场 stone bridge石桥
(3)作状语
名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。
⑤The war lasted eight years.
这场战争持续了八年。
(4)作同位语
⑥Smith, our monitor, left school last year.
我们的班长史密斯去年退学了。
考点三 名词的格
所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语。它有三种形式:'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1.'s所有格
's所有格的构成规则:
构成 例子
单数名词词尾通常加's;复数名词词尾没有s the boy's schoolbag 那个男孩的书包;the
时,也要加's children's toys那些孩子的玩具
以s结尾的复数名词后直接加s teachers' office 教师们的办公室
以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'” my boss's/boss' plan 我 老 板 的 计
或's均可 划;James'/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛
合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加's my brotherinlaw's birthday我姐夫的生日
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事 a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes'
物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系 ride三十分钟的车程
作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词 an hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路
尾加's 程
不定代词后接else时,'s加在else之后 somebody else's bag别人的包
典例剖析
【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】“He saved my ___44___ (son) life,” said Mrs. Brown.
【答案】son’s
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意,life与提示词son之间是所属关系,故应该使用名词所有格。故填son’s。
[注意] (1)并列的名词变所有格,若表示不同的所有关系,则分别在两个名词后加's;如果表示共有关
系,则只在后一个名词后加 's。
Kate and Mary's room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2.下列情况下,可以将所有格后面的名词省略:
①名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过,往往可以省略,以免重复。
This bike is not mine, nor Tom's.
这辆自行车不是我的,也不是汤姆的。
②表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的shop, house, home等常省去。
at the doctor's (office) 在(医生的)诊所里
at Mr Green's (house) 在格林先生家
2.of所有格
用法 例子
对于无生命的事物而言,通常用of所有格表
the window of the room房间的窗户
示11所属关系
表示主谓关系用of所有格 the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来
表示同位关系用of所有格 the city of Beijing北京市
part of the problem部分问题;the majority of
表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格
people大多数人
the cost of living 生活成本;the news of
表示内容用of所有格
success捷报
the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问
当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及
题 ; the advice of the old man who had
“the+形容词”构成所有格时要借助of
experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词's”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”,主要用法如下:
用法 例子
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,可用
a,any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的 another house of John's 约翰的另一所房子
名词,但不能用the
被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these,
That dog of Tom's is really clever.汤姆的那只
those等指示代词修饰时,通常带有一定的感情色彩,如赞赏、不满、厌恶等 狗真聪明。
考点四 名词构词法
一、抽象名词具体化
1.抽象名词具体化
抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作
为可数名词。
(1)difficulty困难;a difficulty一件困难的事
(2)experience经验;an experience一次经历
(3)failure失败;a failure一位失败者;一件失败的事
(4)success成功;a success一位成功者;一件成功的事
(5)surprise惊奇;a surprise一件令人吃惊的事
(6)honour荣誉;an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)
另外常见的还有:pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preferencet,must等。
2.有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)
物质名词 可数名词 物质名词 可数名词
two drinks a heavy rain
drink饮料 rain雨
两杯饮料 一场大雨
a paper
a coffee
coffee咖啡 paper纸张 一张报纸;
一杯咖啡
一篇论文
two teas a cold wind
tea茶 wind 风
两杯茶 一阵冷风
二、名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)
后缀 例词
exist--existence存在 coincident--coincidence巧合
ence
prefer-preference偏爱
accept—acceptance接受 appear--appearance出现
ance
assist--assistance帮助 allow--allowance允许
tion produce—production生产sion express—expression表达
ment develop—development发展
ness blind—blindness失明
age marry—marriage婚姻
th warm—warmth温暖
please—pleasure快乐
ure
depart—departure离开
dom wise—wisdom智慧
典例剖析
1.(2022 年全国甲卷)Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental
___65___ (protect).
【答案】protection
【解析】考查词形转换。曹和吴还沿路收集垃圾,以促进环境保护。根据句意和空前的形容词environmental
可知,此处用名词protection,作宾语。故填protection。
典例剖析
2.(2022年浙江 1月真题)When the answer, was no, she, declined the ___________ (invite).
【答案】invitation
【解析】考查名词。句意:当答案是否定的时候,她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词 decline的宾语,
故填invitation。
真题练一练
1.【2022 年新高考 I 卷】 The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___42___
(population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.2.【2022 年全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental
___65___ (protect).
3.【2022年全国高考乙卷】“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest
tea-producing country, China has a ___45___ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy
development of the tea industry.
4.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】“He saved my ___44___ (son) life,” said Mrs. Brown.
5.(2022年浙江 1月真题)When the answer, was no, she, declined the ___________ (invite).
6.(2021 新高考 I 卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny
we_________(human) are.
7.(2021新高考II卷)A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from
plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
8.(2021全国甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and __________
(watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people
9.(2021全国乙卷) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educate about the
areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation
and benefits the _____________(develop)of the local areas.
10.(2021全国乙卷)___________(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)
11.(2021北京卷)Why do we dream?Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse________ (idea).
12.(2021 浙江卷)In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their
___________ (marry)ceremony in 1842.
13(2021浙江卷1月)It is calculated by dividing a ____38____ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters
squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
14.(2020新课标I卷)The far side of the moon is of particular __________ (interesting) to scientists
15.(2020新课标II卷)Chinese New Year is a ___________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and
the beginning of spring.
16.(2020新课标III卷)Filled with __________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
17.(2020年北京卷)Now, lots of___ __(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to
stop people using them.
18.(2020浙江卷)Later,they learned to work with the __________ (season),planting at the right time and,indry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
19.(2020浙江卷1月)For Japan, the__________(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.
20. (2020山东卷)Historical __________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
【答案】1. populations 2.protection 3.responsibility 4.son’s 5.invitation 6.humans 7. representative
8.watchtowers 9. development 10. Activities 11. ideas 12. marriage 13.person’s 14. interest
15.celebration 16. curiosity 17. countries 18. seasons 19. numbers 20.accuracy
II. 语篇填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1. (四川省南充市阆中中学校2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月考)
I still have fond memories of a gentleman who helped shape my future. I was in college ___41___ my father
passed away. I had another year to graduate. The trouble was that I just could not concentrate ___42___ my studies
anymore. My mother and I were the only ones ___43___ (leave) and it seemed as if my spirit had died. Whenever I
tried to open my books to study, ___44___ (tear) would block my view.
At that time, I received the help through my father’s financial advisor. One evening, he visited us and ___45___
(inquire) about my studies after talking about business. I told him I could not go to college because I did not want
___46___(study) anymore. He reminded me how my father had sent me to the ___47___ (good) college in our city. I
wept and said I did want to do ___48___ my dad wanted but I just couldn’t study. He gave me all the encouragement I
needed to be able to carry on. His calm, gentle voice did wonders and I decided to study ___49___ (far) and complete
my graduation.
I still remember this fond gentleman who helped me make ____50____ right decision.
【答案】
41.when 42 . on 43 . left 44 . tears 45 . inquired 46 . to study 47 . best 48 . what 49 .
further 50.the【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者的父亲去世后,作者一度陷入悲伤之中。这时,父亲的一位
财务顾问用他鼓励的话语激励了作者,改变了作者的人生。
41.考查状语从句。句意:我父亲去世时我正在上大学。引导时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”应用
when。故填when。42.考查介词。句意:问题是我不能再集中精力学习了。短语concentrate on意为“把注意力集中于……”。
故填on。
43.考查非谓语动词。句意:我母亲和我是唯一的幸存者,而我的灵魂似乎已经死去。此处 ones指代“my
mother and I”,与leave之间为被动关系,故用过去分词作后置定语。故填left。
44.考查名词的数。句意:每当我想打开书本学习的时候,眼泪就会挡住我的视线。tear 意为“眼泪”时,常
用复数形式,故填tears。
45.考查时态。句意:一天晚上,他来拜访我们,在谈了生意之后,询问了我的学业。and连接两个并列的谓
语动词,由前面的visited可知,应用一般过去时。故填inquired。
46.考查非谓语动词。句意:我告诉他我不能上大学,因为我不想再学习了。短语 want to do sth.表示“想要
做某事”,后接动词不定式作宾语。故填to study。
47.考查最高级。句意:他提醒我父亲是如何把我送到我们城市最好的大学的。由the及“in our city”可知,
应用最高级,表示“我们市最好的大学”,故用best。
48.考查宾语从句。句意:我哭着说我确实想做我爸爸想做的事,但是我不能学习。引导宾语从句,在从句中
作宾语,指事情,故用what。故填what。
49.考查比较级。句意:他平静、温柔的声音让我惊叹,我决定继续深造,完成我的毕业。此处表示“进一步
学习”,故用比较级further,表示抽象意义;而farther表示“(距离)更远”。故填further。
50.考查冠词。句意:我仍然记得这位可爱的绅士,他帮助我做出了正确的决定。此处特指“继续学习这个正
确的决定”,应用定冠词the。故填the。
2.(新疆生产建设兵团第一师高级中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考)
Chinese Teachers’ Day is the very festival ___61___ celebrates the 2,300-year tradition of respecting teachers
and education in China. It bears much ___62___(similar) to the birthday of Confucius or the birthday of private
school tutor in ancient China.
The history of Chinese Teachers’ Day ___63___(date) back to the Han Dynasty. According to the record,
during the Han and Jin dynasties, on August 27 each year, the birthday of Confucius, followed by court officials, the
emperor would go to Confucius’ temple and pay tribute to the ancient philosopher, and would also invite royal teachers
___64___ the imperial court for a banquet. Local ___65___(chief) followed the court, and on this day, teachers
around the nation enjoyed a day’s vacation and were given dried meat as gifts.
With local officials or the emperor ___66___(lead) a series of activities, the capital, all states and counties
would also stage sacrificial ceremonies ___67___ (admire) Confucius. Excellent-performing teachers would
___68___(choose) from academies and learning institutions nationwide, reporting to the royal court and given 500
liang(两) silver coins as awards.Until the Qing Dynasty, the sacrificial ceremony, on August 27, was of ___69___ larger scale. The teachers’
salaries in schools and academies around the nation were raised, and well-performing teachers would be awarded
official titles or promoted to ___70___(high) positions.
【答案】
61.that 62.similarity 63.dates 64.to 65.chiefs 66.leading 67.to admire 68.be chosen 69.
a 70.higher
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述教师节的历史。
61.考查关系词。句意:中国教师节是庆祝中国2300年来尊师重教传统的节日。分析句子可知,“ celebrates
the 2,300-year tradition of respecting teachers and education in China”是从句部分,修饰festival,从句部分缺主语,
且有the very修饰,只能填that。故填that。
62.考查名词。句意:它与中国古代孔子的生日或私立学校导师的生日有很多相似之处。分析句子可知,此处
应填similar的名词形式similarity作bears的宾语。故填similarity。
63.考查主谓一致。句意:中国教师节的历史可以追溯到汉代。此处是在介绍教师节的历史,属于客观事实,
故用一般现在时。分析句子可知,主语是history,谓语用dates。故填dates。
64.考查动词不定式。句意:据记载,汉晋时期,每年8月27日孔子诞辰,朝廷官员都会前往孔庙向这位古
代哲学家致敬,并会邀请皇室老师到朝廷设宴。invite sb.to do sth.是固定用法,意为“邀请某人做某事”。故
填to。
65.考查名词。句意:在这一天,地方官员仿效宫廷,全国各地的教师享受了一天的假期,并收到了肉干作为
礼物。根据句意“当地的领导”不止一个可知,此处应用chief的复数形式chiefs。故填chiefs。
66.考查非谓语。句意:在地方官员或皇帝领导的一系列活动中,首都、所有州和县都会举行祭拜孔子的仪式。
分析句子可知,此处使用“with+名词+非谓语”这一复合结构, local officials or the emperor和lead是主动关
系,应用现在分词。故填leading。
67.考查非谓语。句意:在地方官员或皇帝领导的一系列活动中,首都、所有州和县都会举行祭拜孔子的仪式。
分词句子可知,此处应用不定式表目的。故填to admire。
68.考查动词的语态。句意:优秀的教师将从全国各院校和学习机构中选拔,向朝廷报告,并给予 500两银币
作为奖励。根据句意“优秀的教师将从全国各院校和学习机构中选拔”可知,主语与谓语为被动关系,此处需
用被动语态,设空前有would,所以填be chosen。故填be chosen。
69.考查冠词。句意:直到清朝,8月27日的祭祀仪式规模更大。a larger scale意为“更大的规模”。故填
a。
70.考查形容词。句意:提高了全国学校和院校教师的工资,表现优秀的教师被授予荣誉或晋升到更高的职位。
根据句意可知,晋升是到达更高的岗位,所以用形容词的比较级。故填higher。