专题14-构词法（原卷版）先学先知备考2023年高考英语零轮复习双基必过学与练（通用版）_3.2025英语总复习_赠品通用版（老高考）复习资料_专项复习

专题 14 构词法 学 单词的构成 许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法（word formation）。掌握构词法知识对我们 更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有 三种：派生法 （Derivation）、合成法（Composition）和转换法（Conversion）三大类。 考点1 构词法的种类 合成名词 weekend,cowboy,sunlight 合成 合成形容词 part-time,first-class,good-looking 法 合成副词 someday,anywhere,however 其他合成词 somebody,safeguard,without 名词↔形容词 light光线/轻的 right右边/对的 名词↔动词 taste味道/尝 dress连衣裙/穿衣 转化法 动词↔形容词 open打开/开着的 clean打扫/干净的 构词法 形容词↔副词 late晚的/迟到 hard艰苦的/努力地 disable,impossible,nonstop,disability,disadvantage,disagre 前缀 ement 派生法 后缀 changeable,childhood,friendship 混成法 breakfast+lunch→brunch 缩略法 截短法 laboratory→lab 首字母缩略法 Gross Domestic Product→GDP 考点2 合成法 1. 复合名词的主要构成方式 构成 例词 名词/代词＋名词 classroom教室，she-wolf母狼 形容词＋名词 greenhouse温室 动词＋名词 pickpocket扒手，typewriter打字机 副词＋名词 overcoat大衣 v.-ing＋名词/名词＋v.-ing reading-room阅览室，handwriting笔迹 动词＋副词/副词＋动词 breakthrough突破，outbreak爆发 名词＋介词＋名词 son-in-law女婿 2. 复合形容词的主要构成方式 构成 例词名词＋形容词 nationwide全国性的 名词＋v.-ing life-saving救生的 名词＋过去分词 handmade手工制作的 形容词＋形容词 bitter-sweet苦乐参半的 形容词＋v.-ing easy-going随和的 形容词＋过去分词 newborn新生的 形容词＋名词 high-class高级的 形容词＋名词＋-ed good-tempered 脾气好的 副词＋形容词 evergreen常绿的 副词＋v.-ing hardworking努力的 副词＋过去分词 well-informed见多识广的 数词＋名词 one-way单程的 数词＋名词＋形容词 five-year-old五周岁的 数词＋名词＋ed one-sided片面的 名词＋to＋名词 face-to-face面对面的 3. 复合动词的主要构成方式 构成 例词 名词＋动词 sleepwalk梦游 副词＋动词 overcome克服，undergo经历 形容词＋动词 blacklist列入黑名单 4. 复合副词的主要构成方式 构成 例词 形容词＋副词 everywhere到处 副词＋副词 however然而 介词＋副词 forever永远 形容词＋名词 anyway无论如何 介词＋名词 beforehand事先 考点3 转化法 转化 例词 方法 n.↔a final决赛/最后的 light光线/轻的 right右边/对的 dj. n.↔v doubt疑问/怀疑 taste味道/尝 dress连衣裙/穿衣 hand手/递 watch手表/观看 smell . 气味/闻 book书/预订 v.↔a close关上/近的 open打开/开着的 slow变慢/慢的 clean打扫/干净的 wrong不公正dj. (或不诚实)对待/错误的 narrow使变窄/狭窄的 adj. late晚的/迟到 enough足够的/足够地 hard艰苦的/努力地 ↔adv. 考点4 派生法 1.前缀 派生形式 例词 auto- autobiography自传 automobile汽车 automaker汽车制造商 dis- disable使失去能力 disadvantage缺点 disagree不同意 en- enable使能够 enact制定法律 enrich使丰富 fore- forearm前臂 forecast预报 forebear祖先 im- impossible不可能的 impolite不礼貌的 impatient不耐烦的 in- inactive不活跃的 incorrect不正确的 incomplete不完全的 kilo- kilogram千克 kilometer千米 mis- mistake错误 mislead误导 mistreat虐待 misuse误用 multi- multimedia多媒体 multinational跨国的,多民族的 multi-coloured多种颜色的 non- nonsmoker非吸烟者 nonstop不停的 nonsense无意义的话 over- overweight超重的 overcoat外套 overboard在船外 overdo做得过分 re- return返回,返还 review复习 reuse重新使用 reunite使再结合 tele- telegram电报 telephone电话 telescope望远镜 television电视 un- unsafe不安全的 unsatisfied不满意的 unsocial非社会的 unfair不公平的 2.后缀 派生形式 例词 -ary revolutionary革命的 imaginary想象中的 -ous glorious辉煌的 joyous快乐的 famous著名的 religious 宗教的 -ive attractive有吸引力的 talkative健谈的 sensitive敏感的 -ly happily快乐地 strangely奇怪地 gently轻轻地 extremely极度地 truly真实地 -ward( backward(s)向后 homeward(s)向家 eastward(s)往东 s) -wise clockwise顺时针方向的 -al cultural文化的 personal个人的 regional区域性的 musical音乐的 -or actor演员 professor教授 -er engineer工程师 driver司机 teacher老师 -ess actress女演员 poetess女诗人 hostess女主人 movement移动 pavement人行道 astonishment 惊讶 puzzlement 迷惑 -ment disappointment 失望 argument 辩论,论据 -ness happiness快乐 selfishness自私 kindness友好-ty rapidity迅速 activity活动 -ese Chinese中国人/汉语 Japanese日本人/日语 -an American美国的/人 Australian澳大利亚的/人 -ist pianist钢琴家 socialist社会主义者 -ian musician音乐家 Asian亚洲的/人 -ify beautify美化 simplify简化 -en widen加宽 shorten缩短 lengthen加长 -ed excited兴奋的 interested感兴趣的 tired疲倦的 -ing feeling感情 exciting令人兴奋的 building建筑物 -dom freedom自由 wisdom智慧 kingdom王国 -th truth真相 warmth温暖 width宽度 -teen fourteen十四 sixteen 十六 -cy fluency 流利 privacy 隐私;私密 accuracy精确 efficiency 效率,功效 -y rainy多雨的 wealthy 富裕的 sunny 晴朗的 -ure/- failure 失败,没做到 pressure 压力 mixture 混合,混合物 departure离开,出发 ture -al arrival到达 survival 幸存 approval 同意 burial 埋葬 -ance/ appearance 出现,外貌 guidance 指引,指导 performance 表演,节目 existence 存在,生 -ence 存 preference 偏爱 reference 参考,查阅 -dom freedom 自由,自主 wisdom 明智;智慧 -y honesty 诚实 difficulty 困难 cruelty 残酷,残暴 safety 安全 disability 无能,伤残 -ty responsibility 责任 -ity 考点5 常考形容词 高考常考名词： ①以-tion结尾的名词 addition加；增加，application申请，celebration庆祝，communication交际；交往，competition比赛， composition 组成，congratulation 庆贺，connection 联系，construction 建设；结构，conversation 谈话， description描述，dictation听写，direction方向；指导，education教育，exhibition展览，explanation解释， generation一代，graduation毕业，imagination想象，information信息，instruction说明，introduction介绍， invention 发明，invitation 邀请，liberation 解放，operation 手术，organization 组织，pollution 污染， population 人口，production 生产，position 位置，pronunciation 发音，regulation 规章，relation 关系， revolution革命，satisfaction满意，situation形势，suggestion建议，translation翻译，preparation准备。②以-sion结尾的名词 conclusion结论，discussion讨论，expression表达，表情。 ③以-ment结尾的名词 achievement 成就，department 部门；系，development 发展，experiment 实验，government 政府， judgement审判，movement运动。 ④以-ing结尾的名词 ceiling天花板，stocking长筒袜，shortcoming缺点。 ⑤以-ure结尾的名词 exposure暴露，failure失败，mixture混合物，pressure压力，pleasure快乐。 ⑥以-age结尾的名词 marriage结婚，baggage行李，package包裹，passage章节；过道，shortage缺乏；短缺，usage(语言) 用法。 (2)形容词后缀 后缀 例词 -able/-ible(能……的) movable可移动的 -al(与……有关的) national国家的 -ed(有……的) learned有学识的 -en(由……制成的) wooden木制的 -ful(充满……的) beautiful美丽的 -ic(关于……的) economic经济的 -ish(有……特征的) childish幼稚的 -ive(有……倾向的；有……特性的) creative有创造力的 -less(无……的) useless无用的 -ly(有……性质的) friendly友好的 -(i)ous(有……性质的) dangerous危险的，glorious光荣的 -ward(向……) downward向下的 rainy多雨的， -y(多……的) noisy吵闹的 高考常考的以-(i)ous结尾的形容词： anxious忧虑的，curious好奇的，dangerous危险的，delicious美味的，famous著名的，humorous幽默 的，nervous紧张不安的，obvious显然的，poisonous有毒的，precious宝贵的，religious宗教的，serious严 重的；认真的，various各种各样的。 (3)动词后缀后缀 例词 -en(使变得) deepen加深 -fy(使……化) simplify简化 -ize/-ise(使……) industrialize使工业化 高考常考的以-ize/-ise结尾的动词： apologize/apologise道歉，emphasize/emphasise强调，organize/organise组织，realize/realise认识到；实 现，recognize /recognise认出。 (4)副词后缀 后缀 例词 -ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度) carefully小心地，quickly迅速地 -ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向) forward(s)向前，eastward向东 高考常考的以-ly结尾的副词： attentively专心地，carefully仔细地，certainly当然，clearly清楚地，comfortably舒服地，deeply深深 地，easily容易地，especially尤其，eventually最终地，exactly确切地，extremely非常地，fairly相当地， fluently流利地，foolishly愚蠢地，gradually逐渐地，happily幸福地，hardly几乎不，heavily重重地；大量 地，immediately立即，lately最近，mentally精神上，merely只不过，naturally自然地，partly部分地， personally亲自地，possibly可能地；也许，probably很可能，properly适当地，quickly迅速地，really真正 地，recently最近，simply简单地，slightly稍微，suddenly突然，totally完全地，unfortunately不幸地， usually通常，weekly每周地，widely广泛地，willingly乐意地。 精挑高频词构词法词族背诵清单 1. -able是形容词后缀, 表示“能……的, 可……的; 具有……” movable 可移动的 believable 可相信的 enjoyable 令人愉快的 changeable 易变的 favourable adj. 赞同的 respectable adj. 可敬的 adaptable adj. 可适应的 deniable adj. 可否认的 reasonable adj. 合理的2.表示程度 -ly的副词 entirely adv. 完全地, 全部地 completely adv. 完全地, 十分地. extremely adv. 非常, 极其 totally adv. 完全 perfectly完美地 3. -ship表示状态; 性质; 品质; 地位; 职位 scholarship 奖学金 friendship 友谊 leadership 领导地位 relationship 关系 hardship 苦难 membership 成员资格 professorship 教授职位 membership 全体成员 ownership 所有权 4. -ing/-ed”结尾的形容词聚焦 shocking令人震惊的 shocked感到震惊的 frightening令人恐惧的 frightened受惊的 terrifying令人害怕的 terrified感到害怕的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的 surprising令人吃惊的 surprised感到吃惊的 5. 后缀-al加在动词或名词后面构成形容词或名词, 表示“事物的动作, 过程” original 原来的, 起初 traditional 传统的 personal 个人的 occasional 偶尔; 有时候 emotional 情感的 nutritional adj. 营养(物)的 refusal n. 拒绝, 回绝; 谢绝 arrival n. 到来; 到达; 到达者 survival n. 幸存(者); 继续生存 approval n. 赞成, 赞同, 赞许; 批准 practical 实践的 essential 不可或缺的mental 精神的 vital 重要的 electrical 与电有关的 physical 身体的 6. 后缀-ing在动词后构成形容词, “令人……的” frightening 吓人的; 可怕的 exciting 令人兴奋的; 令人激动的 encouraging 令人鼓舞的 moving 令人感动的 astonishing 令人震惊的 7. 形容词变为名词将词尾的-t变成-ce的单词 dependent adj. 依靠的→dependence n. 依靠 existent adj. 存在的→existence n. 存在 important adj. 重要的→importance n. 重要性 patient adj. 有耐心的→patience n. 耐心 convenient adj. 方便的→convenience n. 方便 independent adj. 独立的→independence absent adj. 缺席的, 缺少的→absence significant adj. 重大的; 有意义的→significance brilliant adj.灿烂的; 杰出的→brilliance 8. 动词+ing→形容词 embarrass vt.→embarrassing adj. 让人难堪的 disappoint vt.→disappointing adj. 令人失望的 excite vt.→exciting adj. 令人兴奋的 interest vt.→interesting adj. 有趣的 frighten v.→frightening adj. 令人恐惧的 warn vt →warning adj. 警告的; 告诫的 move vt→moving adj. 令人感动的 touch vt→touching adj. 动人的; 令人感伤的 dare vt→daring adj. 勇敢的; 大胆的; 蛮横的 interest vt→interesting adj. 有趣味的surprise vt→surprising adj. 惊人的; 奇异的; 意外的 9.后缀-ion, -sion, -tion加在动词后面, 表示“行为的过程, 结果, 状况” indication n. 表明 hesitation n. 犹豫 graduation n. 毕业 translation n. 翻译 accommodation n. 住宿 prohibition n. 禁止; 阻止; 禁令 action n. 行动, 作用 conclusion n. 结论; 推论; 最后的决定 construction n. 建设; 建筑 expression n. 表达; 词句; 表情 position 位置 action 行动; 行为 invention 发明 collection 收藏; 收藏品 instruction 指示; 说明 -sion 名词后缀 extension 延长, 扩展 profession 职业 decision 决定 conclusion 结论 expansion 扩张 10. 后缀-ment加在动词后面构成名词, 表示“行为、状态、过程、手段及其结果” commitment n. 承诺; 交托 treatment n. 对待; 治疗 movement n. 运动; 移动 judgment n. 审判; 判决 punishment n. 罚, 处罚; 刑罚 11. 以-ness结尾的名词 ill→illness 疾病kind→kindness 仁慈; 好意 soft→ softness 柔软 dark→ darkness 黑暗 happy→happiness 幸福; 快乐 12. 以“-ify”结尾的动词荟萃 简化 simplify 美化 beautify 净化 purify 鉴定; 识别出identify 分类 classify 使恐惧 horrify 13. 以-ial结尾的形容词 influential有影响力的 artificial人工的 official官方的 beneficial有益的 social社会的 essential至关重要的 facial面部的 potential潜在的 special特殊的 racial种族的 14. 后缀-ern构成的方位形容词 eastern 东方的; 东部的; 来自东方的 western 西方的; 西部的; 来自西方的 southern 南方的; 南部的; 来自南方的 northern 北方的; 北部的; 来自北方的 northwestern 西北方的; 来自西北的 southeastern 东南方的; 来自东南的 15. un-常用于形容词前构成反义词 un+believable→unbelievable 难以置信的un+happy→unhappy 不幸福的 un+kind→unkind 不友善的 un+fit→unfit 不健康的 un+comfortable→uncomfortable 不舒适的 16. “n. +后缀-y”构成形容词 foggy 有浓雾的 healthy 健康的 noisy 嘈杂的 tasty 美味的 smelly 有味的 练 考点 透 【真题再现】 1. (2021 年全国乙卷·61&62) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become __________(educate) about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the __________(develop) of the local areas. 2. (2021年全国新高考1卷·58)It will (undoubted) help you get refreshed! 3. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·64) The far side of the moon is of particular ________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 4. 写出下列段落中划线词的构词形式及汉语意思 (2022·全国乙卷C篇） ... Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board. ... By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of thefuture. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. (2020·全国卷II卷C篇） When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion(时装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠）. Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year, "says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur. 【模拟过关】 Text 01 （2022·吉林吉林·高三阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The annual League of Legends World Championship, commonly referred to as “Worlds,” ___1___ （feature）qualifying professional teams from across the globe competing over a prize pool of $2,225,000. On Saturday, Chinese team defeated South Korean team and ___2___ （eventual）won the 2021 League of Legends World Championship in Iceland. The Chinese players ___3___ （award）the world champion for the first time in history. Due to the pandemic, there was no ___4___ （admit）to the live competition this year, but millions of audiences tuned in online to watch the game. The International Olympic Committee is introducing new events ___5___ （make）the games attract more young people, so why not go further and let national teams compete at video games? In fact, compared with most mainstream sports, electronic sports ___6___ “Fortnite” are more popular. But ___7___ critics may consider is that e-sports are not proper sports. Some of them even offer moral objections, too. In their opinion, they are ___8___ （violence）. Prince Harry has even called for "Fortnite” to be banned for this reason. Surely, at a time of global disharmony, it is a bad idea to make simulated（模拟的）killing ___9___ Olympic sport. The Olympics aim to promote peace. Yet video games are highly competitive, with professional leagues ___10___ （head）for packed stadiums. Text 02 （2021·浙江大学附属中学高三阶段练习）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内 单词的正确形式。Last week, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology instructed Tencent to submit its new app products as well as updated versions of its existing app products, ___11___(tell) the internet giant that it cannot launch them until they ___12___(approve). The company said in ___13___statement it is working to upgrade its apps’ protection of users’ rights and interests. The ministry’s technological examination of Tencent apps should be a wakeup call to the whole industry. No matter how big the companies are, they will take the responsibility ___14___it, if they are found to be breaking the rules. The ministry’s action has been welcomed by the public, as their ___15___(complain) about app-related misbehavior of big internet companies have finally been taken seriously. The regulation of the internet market and industry, ___16___ has a profound influence on almost every aspect of economic development, will become ___17___(strict) so as to better protect the people’s rights and interests, and regulate the giant companies. Strict regulations have taken effect since the ministry ___18___(take) actions. So far, the ministry has examined a total of 2.44 million apps, and instructed 2,049 of ___19___ to fix their problems, which are related to ____20____(cheat) users and misuse of users’ personal information. The app shops and other platforms through which users download apps are also being more strictly regulated by the ministry. A total of 400,000 apps were taken from their shelves before they were demanded to be examined. Text 03 （2021·山东省实验中学高三阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确 形式。 Some inventors have developed a face mask with a remote-controlled mouth. Many people, who thought it can effectively protect them____21____viruses, say someone____22____(wear) the mask could eat food without taking it off. And they say the mask could make a visit to a restaurant____23____many customers have dinners less risky. Users can pull something and create an opening in the front of the mask so that food can pass through. Last week, one company interested in the product____24____(plan) to start producing the mask in the next few____25____(month). The new masks would____26____(probable) sell from $0.85 to $2.85, more than the price of the simple, blue medical masks. A 32-year-old graduate student____27____(name) Hameiri said the thought the mask would enable him____28____(eat) while he is still wearing it, so he thought it was a must-have for him.____29____, 29-year-old musician Ron Silberstein said he didn’t think the mask would be____30____(rely) especially with foods that melt easily, such as ice cream. Text 04（2021·全国·高三专题练习代词专练）“Without the ball, I'm half complete of ____31____ , ”Luis Figo, one of the world's greatest football players once said. The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since. He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing ____32____ hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England.A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for ____33____ in Lisbon.“Figo, Figo, ” ____34____ (all, both) shouted excitedly when he walked onto the field. The Real Madrid player,31, wanted to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win ____35____ (another, other) Spanish Cup with Real Madrid.Madrid bought Figo from FC Barcelona for 82.4 million dollars in 2000, and he showed ____36____ (everyone, anyone) what a great player he was by winning FIFA's Footballer of the Year award in 2001. “Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player, ”said FIFA President Joseph Blatter in 2001.“Figo ____37____ is a real leader ____38____ always tries his best on the field and a good team player.He doesn't have any problems working together with his teammate at Real Madrid, star footballer David Beckham.” In fact, Figo was the first ____39____ to welcome Beckham when he arrived.“We have a strong team, and we can help one ____40____ and work together to be successful, ” Figo said. Text 05 （2021·重庆·模拟预测）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 COVID-19, which has spread rapidly and enveloped most of the world, is a global public health crisis which we have not seen in a century. After the outbreak, the Chinese government adopted the most comprehensive and thorough prevention and control measures in an attempt to bring the virus ___41___ control. With great courage and will, the spread of the virus has almost been tamed (驯服), ___42___(mark) an initial victory for the country. As most of the world struggles to cope, China—by analyzing its experiences and summarizing its___43___(achieve) —has been searching for an optimal approach. The country has been trying to explore a set of practices and approaches that can be___44___(effect) in controlling the spread of the virus and curing the infected. To deal with such a pandemic, it is important to fully understand the situation and mobilize (动员) the general public to do whatever___45___(require) of them. On the one hand, Chinese authorities released timely data in an open and responsible manner ___46___(provide) people with dynamic, clear and important information___47___ that they could fully understand the government’s policies, strategies and measures to deal with the epidemic. Making sure “___48___ public is fully informed” is key to establishing strong social consensus.On the other hand, with a strong sense of social responsibility and trust in the government, people actively___49___ (participate) in the nationwide fight against the virus: a “people’s war” powered by a united will. Relying ____50____(strong) on people is a key component in “winning the war”. Text 06 （2021·陕西安康·高三期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 One of China’s wandering elephants has finally made it home. The herd of wild Asian elephants shot to fame last month while going on ____51____ impressive journey through southwestern China. Since leaving a nature reserve (保护区) last year, they ____52____ (travel) more than 500 kilometers (310 miles) across the rugged (崎岖的) landscape of Yunnan province, walking free through fields, villages and large towns. Last week, a lone (单独的) elephant who broke away ____53____ the herd a month ago ____54____ (catch) and returned to its home reserve. It had traveled more than 190 kilometers (118 miles) on ____55____ (it) own, surviving on food ____56____ (prepare) by local authorities and at times searching villages for food. Authorities said the 1. 8-ton male had lingered (逗留) near populated areas and posed a risk to public safety, leading to the ____57____ (decide) to tranquilize (麻醉) it and send it home. Veterinarians (兽医) found no external injuries on the elephant, who walked into the rainforest and took a bath in the river after being released, the Yunnan government said. Meanwhile, the rest of the herd is still marching on ____58____ seems to be an endless journey,____59____ (close) monitored round-the-clock by dozens of drones (无人机), and hundreds of emergency response personnel and police _____60_____ (officer).