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专题 04 构词法
考点分布 构词法是英语学习的重要内容，主要涉及单词的构成方式，包括转化法、派生法、合成法等。在中考
英语中，构词法的考点主要分布在词汇拼写、单选、阅读理解和综合填空等题型中。
1. 词汇拼写：直接考查学生对构词法的理解和应用，如通过加前后缀构成新词。
题型分布 2. 单选：在单选题中，可能会给出一个派生词或合成词，要求学生选出正确的词义或词性。
考情 3. 阅读理解：在阅读理解中，构词法有助于学生根据上下文推测生词的含义，从而更好地理解文章。
分析 4. 综合填空：综合填空题中，可能会要求学生根据构词法知识填写合适的单词形式。
考法与 近年来，中考英语对构词法的考查比重逐年上升。这既体现在词汇拼写和综合填空等直接考查构词法
的题型中，也体现在阅读理解和单选等间接考查构词法的题型中。构词法的考查通常与语境紧密结
比重
合，要求学生在理解文章或句子的基础上，运用构词法知识解答问题。
语境化 构词法的考查越来越注重语境化，即要求学生在特定的语境中理解和应用构词法知识。这有助于学生
更好地掌握词汇的用法和含义。
命题 综合化 中考英语构词法的考查呈现综合化的趋势，即多种构词法知识可能会在同一道题目中出现，要求学生
综合运用所学知识解答问题。
规律 高频化 一些常见的构词法，如派生法和合成法，在中考英语中的考查频率较高。学生需要重点掌握这些构词
法的基本规则和常见例词。
生活化 中考英语构词法的考查内容越来越贴近学生的生活实际，如通过构词法知识理解网络新词、科技术语
等。这有助于学生将所学知识应用于实际生活中，提高英语应用能力。
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考点一 派生法
1．（2024·江苏无锡·一模）Don’t eat too much at a time, or you’ll feel (comfortable).
2．（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “ ”. (possible)
3．（2024·江苏泰州·一模）Before Giant Panda Fu Bao returned to China, thousands of (tour) came to
Everland Park to say goodbye to Fu Bao.
4．（2024·江苏无锡·二模）In Zhuhai Park, you can enjoy the natural beauty, or (simple) breathe the fresh
air.
5．（2024·上海长宁·二模）People in that city prepared to their houses after the terrible flood. (build)
在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词，这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀，加在
单词后的词缀叫后缀。
考向1 前缀（前缀一般只改变词的意思而不改变其词性）
1.表否定意义的前缀
前缀 示例
un- able→unable usual→unusual
happy→unhappy
in- correct→incorrect expensive→inexpensive
im- polite→impolite patient→impatient
possible→impossible
dis- like→dislike appear→disappear
agree→disagree honest→dishonest
non- smoker→non-smoker native→non-native
2.其他
前缀 含义 示例
mis- 错误 understand→misunderstand
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lead→mislead
re- 再；又，重复 view→review build→rebuild
write→rewrite
inter- 相互；交互在一起 net→Internet
national→international
a- 处于……状态或过程中 live→alive
wake→awake
en- 使可能 rich→enrich
able→enable
courage→encourage
tele- 远的；电视的；电话的 control→telecontrol
phone→telephone
vision→television
考向2 后缀（后缀多数改变词性）
类型 后缀 示例
名词→形容词 -y rain→rainy luck→lucky
health→healthy
wealth→wealthy
-ly love→lovely
friend→friendly
-ous danger→dangerous
humor→humorous
-ful use→usefulcare→careful
help→helpful
-less词义与加-ful时相反 use→useless care→careless
-ern west→western south→southern
-en gold→golden wood→wooden
-al nation→national tradition→traditional
-ish fool→foolish child→childish
名词→名词 -ist art→artist piano→pianist tour→tourist science→scientist
-hood child→childhood neighbor→neighborhood
-ship leader→leadership friend→friendship
-ese China→Chinese Japan→Japanese
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-n, -an, -ian Australia→Australian Europe→European music→musician
动词→名词 -er, -or, -（r）ess teach→teacher win→winner act→actor
visit→visitor wait→waitress
-ing paint→painting build→building cross→crossing
-ment develop→development
-（t）ion/-sion/去e加-ation invite→invitation decide→decision discuss→discussion
动词→形容词 -able comfort→comfortable enjoy→enjoyable
（去e加）-（t）ive act→active create→creative
-（e）d surprise→surprised interest→interested
（去e加）-ing interest→interesting excite→exciting
形容词→名词 -ty safe→safety
-ness ill→illness sad→sadness kind→kindness happy→happiness
（-le变）-（il）ity able→ability real→reality possible→possibility
-ce（以t结尾去t再加-ce） important→importance silent→silence different→difference
-th true→truth warm→warmth
-（e）r foreign→foreigner strange→stranger
形容词→副词 -ly real→really final→finally
以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为ihappy→happily angry→angrily
再加-ly
heavy→heavily
以“辅音字母+le”结尾，去掉esimple→simply terrible→terribly
再加-y
comfortable→comfortably
以ll结尾，只加y full→fully
少数以e结尾，要去掉e再加-true→truly
ly
考点二 合成法
1．（2024·甘肃定西·一模）His brother is ________ boy. He is very handsome.
A．a 18 years old B．an 18-year-old C．an 18-years-old D．an 18 year old
2．（2023·江苏南京·一模）Which word is formed in the same way as “weekend”?
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A．unable B．invention C．helpless D．noticeboard
3．（2024·广西桂林·一模）Which word is formed in the same way as “newspaper”?
A．sportsman B．unhappy C．agreement
4．（21-22九年级上·江苏苏州·期中）Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A．helpless B．wartime C．hard-working D．blackboard
5．（2021·江苏南京·二模）Which of the following words is created in the same way as “blackboard”?
A．careless B．impolite C．happiness D．bookshop
用两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词，这种构词法叫作合成法。
类型 合成方式 示例
合成动词 形容词+动词 dry clean 干洗
名词+动词 sleepwalk梦游 sightsee观光
副词+动词 overcome克服
合成名词 名词+名词 basketball篮球bookshop书店
名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出
动词+副词 get-together （非正式的）聚会，联欢会
形容词+名词 greenhouse温室
blackboard黑板
介词+名词 afternoon下午
合成形容词 名词+形容词 snow-white雪白的
名词/形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted热心的
介词+名词 underground地下的
名词+动词-ing形式 English-speaking说英语的
形容词/副词+动词过去分ready-made现成的
词 newborn新生的
形容词/副词+动词-ing形good-looking漂亮的
式 hard-working工作努力的
名词+动词过去分词 man-made人造的
heart-broken心碎的
数词+名词 second-hand 二手的
数词+名词+形容词 10-metre-long10米长的
动词+副词 take-away外卖的
合成副词 副词+名词 upstairs在楼上
downstairs在楼下
合成介词 介词+名词 outside在……外面
inside在……里面
介词+副词 without没有
throughout自始至终；遍及
考点三 转化法
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英语中，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之
前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下：
类型 示例
名词→动词 book（n.）书→（v.）预订 hand（n.）手→（v.）上交 water（n.）水→（v.）浇水
land（n.）陆地→（v.）着陆 name（n.）名字→（v.）命名 score（n.）分数→（v.）得分
动词→名词 cook（v.）烹饪→（n.）厨师 rain（v.）下雨→（n.）雨 walk（v.）散步，走→（n.）散步
break（v.）打破→（n.）休息 stop（v.）停止→（n.）车站 lift（v.）举起→（n.）电梯
形容词→动词 clean（adj.）干净的→（v.）打扫 open（adj.）开放的→（v.）打开
last（adj.）最后的→（v.）持续 tidy（adj.）整洁的→（v.）使整洁
形容词→名词 right（adj.）正确的→（n.）正确 wrong（adj.）错误的→（n.）错误
back（adj.）后面的→（n.）背部，后面 light（adj.）明亮的→（n.）灯
1．Don’t be with your son, after all he is only seven years old. (patient)
2．The fisherman’s wife said to him, “Why can’t we live in a new house? It’s unfair.” (happy)
3．Don’t make much noise in public. It’s (polite).
4．He was an actor several years ago, but now he becomes famous. (know)
5．Sometimes they strongly (agree) with each other, so they need to communicate more often.
6．Of the four seasons in Chongqing, spring is the most (usual) one, because people are wearing all kinds of
clothes. For example, you can see sweaters and T-shirt s at the same time.
7．It is (polite) to speak when you are eating things.
8．Mr Zhang, your is excellent! Have you ever studied abroad? (pronounce)
9．My father asked me to my homework because of my poor handwriting. (write)
10．I like shopping at 9 a. m. because the supermarket is (crowd) at that time.
11．Reading aloud is (help) to the students who want to improve their English.
12．Experience is a wealth of knowledge and a symbol of . (wise)
13．This chair really makes me (comfortable), so I need another one.
14．The magazine is a great success and it’s quite popular with these . (read)
15．Nowadays WeChat is used among people of different ages. (wide)
16．The (invent) from the university spent much of their time developing a new type of energy.
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17．I am sure she failed in the competition because of the look on her face. (happy)
18．Scientists say some animals will soon because of the serious pollution. (appear)
19．It’s （polite）to ask your teachers direct questions.
20．I hope all my are helpful to you. (suggest)
21．The boy (careless) put the cup on the table and it fell down.
22．The never dreamed of having a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. (compete)
23．He hit his hand (heavy) against the wall.
24．With the money, we have sent many poor children to school. (success)
25．I asked him to help me but he (agree).
26．Some insects are and we should try not to kill them. (harm)
27．Poor little girl! It is for her to suffer so much. Let’s give her a hand. (fair)
28．If we don’t take action to protect the forests, they will soon . (appear)
29．You should take an active part in the (discuss).
30．His mother is a nurse and his father is a (manage).
31．The man found himself (able) to walk and felt hopeless.
32．There is a lot of (pollute) in this river.
33．She thinks a good friend must know her (true).
34．They are just kidding. Don’t take it (serious).
35．As we all know, thinking is really important to students. (dependent)
36．Most (west) people like eating fast food.
37．How those people deeply influenced by wars wish to live (peace)!
38．My father keeps diaries to remember his (day) life.
39．A lot of (art) perform plays, concerts and operas there.
40．There are four girls in the shop. (Germany)
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