外研版新高中英语选择性必修一Unit 5语法讲解与练习

过去完成时

过去完成时是英语语法中的一种时态，用于描述在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作或状态。它通常用来表示“过去的过去”，即在一个已知的过去时间参照点之前发生的动作或事件。

一、过去完成时的用法

①表示在过去某一时刻前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用 “by”,“before” 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

e.g.By nine o’clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 

到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

By the time he arrived, the train had already left.他到达的时候，火车已经开走了。

②表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 “for”, “since” 构成的时间状语连用。 

e.g.I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 

当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

③叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

e.g.Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine. 

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs,for I had not studied my lesson. 

我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

④在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

e.g.I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 

She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。

⑤过去完成时常用在 “told” , “said” , “knew” , “heard” , “thought” 等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 

e.g.He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

⑥状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如:“when” , “before” , “after” , “as soon as” , “till/until” 引导的复合句。 

e.g.When I woke up,it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含“before” 和 “after” 的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

e.g.After he arrived in England,Marx worked hard to improve his English. 

马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

⑦动词 “think” , “want” , “hope” , “mean” , “plan” , “intend” 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 

e.g.They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 

他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。

⑧过去完成时还可用在 “hardly…when…” , “no sooner…than…” ，“It was the first(second,etc) time (that)…” 等固定句型中

e.g.Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。

⑨用于虚拟语气和条件句中，表达与过去事实相反的假设：

e.g.If I had known his phone number, I would have called him.

如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会给他打电话了。

They might have succeeded if they had tried harder.如果他们再努力一些，他们可能会成功。

⑩在“wish”引导的感叹句中，表示对过去情况的遗憾：

e.g.I wish I had gone with you.我真希望我当时跟你一起去了。

二、过去完成时的结构

句子结构：主语+had+动词过去分词

句型变化：

肯定句：主语+had+动词过去分词+其他

否定句：主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他

一般疑问句：Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他+?肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+hadn't.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+过去分词+其他+?

被动语态：主语+had(not) +been+动词过去分词+其他.

三、语法判断

①‌动作分先后‌：宾语从句、状语从句等复合句中，两个动作都发生在过去，先发生的那个用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。

‌②特定标志词‌：句子里出现 by the end of last year、before + 过去时间、by the time + 过去句子这些词，通常就是在提示你要用这个时态。

③‌特殊固定句型‌：在 hardly...when...、no sooner...than...这种表示“一...就..."的句子里，主句常用过去完成时，而且要把 had 提到前面 。

④‌本来打算没做成‌：像 had wanted、had hoped、had intended 这种用法，表示过去本来计划做某事但最后没做成 。

⑤表示意向的动词，如“hope” , “wish” , “expect” , “think” , “intend”, “mean”, “suppose” 等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" 

语法练习

1.She said she(be) a volunteer for youth education for three years.

2.By the time the firefighters broke down the door, the neighbor(rescue) the elderly woman from the burning house. 

3.Never would I forget that was the first time we(cooperate) so successfully. 

4.There(be) a number of failures before they eventually found a way to clone a monkey successfully. 

5.She said she(nurse) her father in the hospital since she came back. 

6.Scarcelyshe ___________(go) out when it began to rain.

7.Robert(want) to attend Peter’s birthday party, but an unexpected visitor ruined his plan.  

8. I almost knew nothing about the subject, for I(not study) my lesson attentively. 

9. It was the first time that she(express) her true feelings in public. 

10.By the early 1980s, before Xi’an undertook a sweeping restoration campaign, much of the structure(fall) into a state of disrepair. 

11.Jim mentioned that he(read) this novel more than three times. 

12.Part of a pilot project by the Jinan Public Transport Group, the autonomous bus(undergo) tests on a 6.4-kilometer route by the middle of 2025.

13.During my time in China, I discovered that Chinese cuisine was much more diverse and flavorful than I(imagine) before my trip. 

14.She(suffer) defeat before, so she was confident and positive when she was faced with the big challenge of losing two important players.

15.By the end of last month, we(confirm) all the facts about the nature reserve.

16.The moment we got to the concert hall, the singer(start) singing already.. 

17.By the time Jack returned home from England, his son(graduate) from college. 

18.The movie(be) on for 15 minutes when we finally got into the cinema. 

19.She found that she(leave) her laptop in the café after she got back to the office.

20.He(work) as a volunteer in the community for two years before he went abroad for further study.

21.By the end of last year, they(build) three new schools in the rural area. 

22.HardlyI(get) home when the rain stopped. 

23.No sooner ________ she ________(arrive) at school than he began to clean his classroom.

24.If he(work) harder in the past few months, he would get better grades in the coming exam.

25.He told TMZ that if he(know), Weinstein would not be walking. He’d be in a wheelchair. 

26.The police officer insisted that he(disobey) the traffic rules and should(fine). 

27.We(hope) to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.

28.When walking down the street, I came across David whom I(not see) for years.

29.By the time Henry was 12 years old, he(collect) more than a thousand stamps.

30.I(mean) to offer you a hand, but I was otherwise engaged then. 

参考答案：had been; had rescued; had cooperated; had been; had nursed; had gone; had wanted; had not studied; had expressed; had fallen; had read; had undergone; had imagined; had suffered; had confirmed; had started; had graduated; had been; had left; had worked; had built; had got; had arrived; had worked; had known; had disobey/be fined; had hoped; hadn’t seen; had collected; had meant‌‌‌