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高考英语语法词汇专项突破:聚焦形容词词缀 解读高考形容词热点
[形容词考题展示]
【考题1】(2022全国甲卷)Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more _______ (meaning).
答案与解析:meaningful。考查形容词。此处是make复合结构,应用形容词meaningful表示“有意义
的”,作宾语补足语。故填meaningful。句意:曹认为这将使这次徒步旅行更加有意义。
【考题2】(2023▪全国甲卷) (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an
accusation instead of a moral.
答案与解析:Different。考查形容词。be different from与……不同,所以用形容词作状语。故填
Different。句意:与传统寓言不同,卡森的故事以一种指责而不是道德结束。
考点解读:形容词的词缀
一、形容词后缀
形容 -ful -less –ive -y -ly -able -al helpful, careless, impressive, cloudy, friendly, disable,
-ed -ing -ic -ish -like -some additional, exhausted, frightening, selfish, dreamlike,
词后
-ous -ible -ical -eous –ious – troublesome, dangerous, reliable, theatrical, courageous, serious,
缀 ant, -ent -ern... tolerant, dependent, southeastern...
1.-able
以“-able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况:
(1)v.+able→adj.
以这种方式构成的形容词其意义为“能……的”、“可以(被)……的”、“适 合于……的”、“值得……的”
等,即有被动含义。例如:reliable(可以依靠的);drinkable(可以饮用的 );eatable(可食用的);
washable耐洗的,可洗的;drinkable可饮用的;movable可移动的;readable可读的;adjustable可调节的;
adaptable可适应的;dependable 可依靠的;enforceable 可强行的,可实施的;curable能治愈的,可矫正
的。例句:
What matters is understanding that aging is curable. 重要的是要明白,衰老是可以治愈的。
They are well-suited for apartment living because they're adjustable and can be taken apart when we move.
这非常适合公寓生活,因为它们的可调整性而且搬家的时候可以随意拆卸。
(2)n.+able→adj.
这种形容词意为“具有……特点的”,如valuable(有价值的),reasonable( 有道理的),comfortable
(舒适的),knowledgeable(有见识的)。例句:Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about memorials and parks. 知识
渊博的导游将为您讲述关于纪念碑和公园的最有趣的故事。
【考例】(2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新高考I卷).写作)If you are available on this
Sunday, I together with the whole Talk and Talk staff am waiting for your coming.
【考题】(2023▪全国乙卷)The (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed
to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means there is always something new to discover here,
and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
答案与解析:remarkable。考查形容词。分析句子成分可知,空处为形容词修饰名词“development of
this city”。故填remarkable。句意:这个城市的显著发展,是有意识地在保护过去的同时步入现代世界,这
意味着这里总是有新的东西可以发现,我可以在接下来的50年里一直拍摄北京。
2.-ible
该词缀在意义上与“-able”相同,但主要用于拉丁语后。例如:terrible, horrible, invisible, possible。
例句:
All the time you are in doubt about the cause of your illness, you are fighting against an invisible enemy. 一
直以来你都在怀疑自己的病因,你是在和一个无形的敌人斗争。
3.-al
该词缀大多是加在名词后形成形容词的。不过,有些“-al”后缀则仅体现了该词的形容词性,并非以
这种方式构成形容词。“-al”意为“属于……的”、“有……特性的”。这类词在中学英语中颇多 ,如actual,
general, international, medical, mental, moral, natural, official, several, special, usual。(注:这类形容词大部分
没有比较级和最高级)
【考题】(2020·海南·高考真题)At the same time, computer games are becoming increasingly popular as
major publishing houses continue to develop (education)computer programs for children in preschool.
答案与解析:educational。考查形容词。所填词修饰后面名词computer programs,前用形容词形式。
故填educational。句意:与此同时,电脑游戏越来越受欢迎,主要出版社继续为学前儿童开发教育电脑程
序。
4.-an
“-an”加在国名、地名之后,表明是相应的形容词,如American, African。例句:Three-quarters of the students are African American. 3/4的学生是非洲裔美国人。
5.-ian
“-ian”与“-an”相同。例如:Asian, Australian, Canadian, Indian, Italian。例句:
As Canada Day falls in the Canadian summer holiday period, all schools are closed as well. 因为加拿大国
庆日正好在加拿大的暑假,所有的学校也都关闭了。
6.-ant
“-ant”表示“……性的”。带“-ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-ance或-ancy后 缀。例如:
instant (instance), distant (distance), important (importance), significant (significance) , brilliant (brilliancy),
constant (constancy), pleasant。例句:
The intellectual environment has a significant influence on the mental development of the children. 知识环
境对孩子智力的发展有着重大的影响。
7.-ent
“-ent”与“-ant”非常相似。例如:absent(absence), different(difference), confident (confidence) ,
excellent(excellence),patient(patience),present(presence).例句:
You have to be strong and confident, and never give the slightest impression that you can't deal with it. 你
必须坚强和自信,决不要给人留下丝毫应付不了此事的印象。
【考题】(2023新高考II卷)Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng
Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and
(confidence) speaking English.
答案与解析:confident。考查形容词。空处和前文的comfortable并列,作并列表语,应用形容词形式,
confidence的形容词形式是confident。故填confident。句意:从2017年6月开始,就在两只新大熊猫“萌
萌”和“娇青”到来之前,我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。
8.-ar
“-ar”意为“……的”、“……性的”,如popular, particular, regular, similar。例句:
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has
been particularly scorned. 家庭作业从来没有受到学生甚至许多家长的欢迎,但近年来它受到了特别的蔑视。
9.-ary
“-ary”意为“……的”、“与……有关的”。例如:contrary, necessary, ordinary, primary, revolutionary。
例句:
Red tourism has not only met people's travel needs but also their strong wishes for knowledge on
revolutionary traditions. 红色旅游不仅满足了人们的旅游需求,也满足了人们了解革命传统知识的强烈愿
望。
10.-ed
“-ed”加在动词之后形成形容词。实际上该形容词是由原动词的过去分词演变而来的,因 此它有被动
含义。这种形容词在中学英语中出现很多,有connected, discouraged, exposed, disappointed, engaged,
excited, interested, limited, married, pleased, tired, united, accustomed,embarrassed, used(习惯的),
worried, frightened, touched, moved, satisfied, wounded。
“-ed”也可加在动词之后形成复合形容词,如man-made, water-covered。
“-ed”还可加在名词之后形成复合形容词,如warm-hearted, warm-blooded, three-legged。例句:Bill is
accustomed to sitting down and reading the paper or watching TV until dinner is ready. 比尔习惯于在晚
饭准备好之前坐下来看报或看电视。
The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever. 这次失败
对他是一个巨大的打击,但他没有气馁,很快又恢复了热情。
11.-en
“-en”有两种情况:
(1)“-en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词,表示“材料”或“质地”,如wooden, golden, earthen。
(2)“-en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。
例如:spoken, written, stricken, mistaken。
Relief goods were quickly handed out to the people in the stricken area. 救灾物资很快发放到灾区人民手
里。
They hurriedly threw up earthen walls, stretching blankets over the top to shelter these homeless people. 他们
匆匆地筑起了土墙,在顶上盖些毯子,给这些无家可归者提供住处。12.-ern
“-ern”加在表示方位的名词之后,表示“……(方位)的”。这样的词有eastern, southern, western,
northern等。例句:
The music was a hybrid of Western pop and traditional folk song. 这种音乐融合了西方流行音乐和
传统民歌。
13.-ese
“-ese”加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。例如:Chinese, Japanese。例句:
The Chinese national badminton team beat the Japanese team 3-2 in Australia on May 27. 5月27日,中国羽
毛球队在澳大利亚以3:2战胜日本队。
14.-ful
这一后缀有两种情况:
(1)加在名词之后构成形容词,表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”,如beautiful, colourful, helpful,
powerful, successful, useful, wonderful。
(2)加在动词之后,所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”,如forgetful。
【考题】(2021新高考II卷) I told him how (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked
him to consider using more eco-friendly options.
答案与解析:harmful。考查形容词。为how引导的感叹句,how之后接形容词,所以填harmful。句意:
我告诉他塑料对环境的危害,并请他考虑使用更环保的产品。
15.-ic
“-ic”常常加在名词或依附于词干后,构成形容词,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“ 与……有关的”等。
例如:Atlantic, electric, arctic, historic, pacific, plastic, public, scientific, basic。例句:
As a process of historical practice, the project of promoting CPC's scientific construction bears the
two basic features of being specific and historic. 作为一个历史实践过程,推进党的建设科学化具有两个基
本的过程性特征,即具体性和历史性。
16.-ical“-ical”同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词,意为“……的”、“……似的 ”、“与……有关的”,如
physical, political, practical, technical, historical等。
注:(1)有些形容词的词尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存,且可以互相替代,但这不是说两者就没 有任
何区别。一般来说,词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切,而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊,一般作 “与……
有关的”解。请比较:an electric light(电灯),electrical engineering(电气工程);historic意为“历史上有
名气的”,historical则意为“关于历史的”。(2)以“ic”结尾的形容词,其相应副词 则往往是 pacifically,
scientifically。例如:
To introduce psychological art into the ideological and political educational work at colleges possesses
theoretical and practical foundation. 心理艺术的运用,作为一种不同于传统的思政工作方法,在学校教育中
具有独特的价值和优势。
17.-ing 词尾
“-ing”也可构成形容词,但这种形容词实际上是现在分词形容词化了,因此,此类 形容词表示主动。
例如:dying, exciting, inspiring, interesting, freezing, living,tiring, moving, touching, embarrassing,
willing, confusing。
另外,“-ing”词尾还可构成合成形容词,如good-looking,ordinary-looking。例如:
Tens of thousands are now living in temporary shelters or tents in freezing overnight temperatures. 成千上
万的人现在居住在临时避难所或者帐篷里,这里晚上的温度会降到零度以下。
(2023新课标全国Ⅱ卷.听力文稿) Also, people aren’t willing to change their views about food and nutrition
as there is so much confusing information online.
18.-ish
“-ish”意义较多,在中学英语中,其主要意义是“……民族的”、“……语的”、“… …似的”、“患……
的”,如English, British, Danish, English, Irish, Polish, Swedish, Spanish, Finnish, Turkish, foolish, feverish,
childish, bookish, wolfish, devilish。如:
When you are still in college, watch stupid, childish films as much as possible, as the kind of Meteor Garden.
当你还在上大学的时候,尽可能多地看一些愚蠢、幼稚的电影,比如《流星花园》。
19.-ist
“-ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。该后缀加在名词之后,如 communist, imperialist, Marxist,
socialist。例如:Many of these early visitors were sympathetic to the Chinese socialist experiment. 这些早期访问者中的很多
人都赞同中国的社会主义实验。
20.-ive
“-ive”意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。例如:native, passive, attentive, active
积极的, aggressive挑衅的, comprehensive全面的, creative创造力的, defensive自卫的, effective有效果的,
expensive昂贵的, imaginative想象的, productive多产的, relative相对的(比较的, 相关的), representative有
代表性的, detective侦探的, primitive原始的(远古的), defensive自卫的(防御用的), conservative保守的,
explosive爆炸的(爆发的),addictive沉溺的, sensitive敏感的,affirmative肯定的,attractive引人入胜的,
alive活着的,attentive注意的。例如:
Think of creative ways to stay active outdoors. Hiking, biking, parks, whatever. You don't have to
go to the gym to get activity. It holds no monopoly on exercise and activity. 考虑一些创造性的途径让自
己在室外保持活跃,登山,骑自行车,逛公园,无论什么,你不一定要到健身房进行锻炼,锻炼和活动没
有规定的场所。
21.-less
“-less”加在名词、动词后,表示“无”、“缺”,如fearless, harmless, useless, helpless, careless。例句:
This movie describes a brave hero who is fearless to fight against all Gods... Children, come and see
it! 这部电影描述了一个勇敢的英雄无畏地对抗所有神明……孩子们,来看看它!
22.-ly
“-ly”加在名词之后构成形容词。这一词缀的意义有二:
(1)“像……的”、“有……性质的”,如friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, orderly。
(2)“以……为周期的”、“每……的”,如hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly。
注:如是形容词之后加“-ly”,则构成副词。上述(2)中的形容词亦可用作副词。
【考题】(2021全国甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates
and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their _______ (day)
routines.
答案与解析:daily。考查形容词。所填词修饰后面名词routines,应作定语用,形容词daily。故填daily。句意:据说你可以在两个小时内完成,但我们在不同的大门和了望台停下来拍照,或者只是看当地
人进行他们的日常生活。
23.-(i)ous
该形容词后缀意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”,加在名词、动词和形容词 之后。例如:curious,
famous, dangerous, obvious, poisonous,serious,various。
A 66-year-old Florida mailman doing his rounds was bitten by a poisonous snake when he put mail
inside a mailbox. 一位66岁的佛罗里达邮递员正在送信,当他往一个邮箱塞信的时候,一条有毒的蛇了
他一口。
【考题】(2023▪浙江1月卷)The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by____ (space) homes and
walled gardens.
答案与解析:spacious。考查形容词。空格处需要填形容词作定语修饰空格后的名词homes。故填
spacious。句意:他们建立的胡同井然有序。宽大的房屋和有墙的花园成行排列。
24.-some
“-some”加在名词、动词之后,表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”,如handsome, troublesome,
tiresome。例如:
It was a tedious and troublesome piece of work, but he finished it at last. 这是一件乏味而麻烦的工作,但
他终于完成了。
He's rich, handsome, funny, and his heart is in the right place. 他富有、英俊、风趣,而且心地善良。
25.-ward
它加在名词之后,表示方向,作“向……(方向)的”、“来自……(方向)的”解。例 如:eastward,
southward, westward, northward, forward, backward,inward, outward, upward, downward。
注:这些词也可以是副词。如果词尾是“-wards”时,派生词必然是副词。例如:
Afterwards, I went toward the yard and looked upward , downward, inward, outward, forward and
backward. 后来我走向院子,向上下内外前后看。
26.-y“-y”加在名词之后,表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。例如:funny, lucky,shabby, snowy, thirsty,
windy, sunny, rainy, cloudy, dirty, dusty。例如:
(1) Don't worry. You're so funny and smart and amazing, any girl but me would be lucky to date you. 别
难过,像你这么好的男人,还既聪明又幽默,除了我之外任何女孩都会觉得和你在一起是种福气的。
(2) I also agree that usually sunny weather can make people happy while rainy or cloudy or windy
weather can make people in low-spirit for people tend to be more active and comfortable in sunny weather. 我
同意这样的观点:晴朗的天气使人愉悦,而阴天,下雨或刮风的天气使人心情压抑,因为晴朗的天气里人
们会觉得活跃和舒适。
二、形容词否定前缀
否定前缀 ab- anti- dis- il- im- in- abnormal, unemployed, inconvenient, inexpensive,
ir- mis- non- un- anti- nonsense, disabled, illegal, irregular, impossible,
uncomfortable, mislead, mistaken,
【考例】(2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标全国Ⅱ卷).写作)Besides, students may feel
uncomfortable or less motivated if paired with someone who they don’t get along with or have difficulty
communicating with.
例句:
Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good. 不规律地涂抹防晒霜对女性弊大于
利。
The gym can be used by both able-bodied and disabled people. 该健身房既可以让体格健全的人使用也可
以让残疾人使用。
This is a pressing issue because many people are becoming unemployed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
这是一个紧迫的问题,因为许多人由于新冠肺炎疫情而失业。
We believe that the happiness and efforts, persistence and harvest of the show can be the most
unforgettable memories. 相信此次活动中的快乐与汗水、坚持与收获也会成为他们美好的回忆。