【好题汇编】五年（2020-2024）高考英语
真题分类汇编（北京专用）原卷版
专题 12 阅读理解七选五
设题位置
年份 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题
段首 段中 段尾
“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐
2024 说明文 281+82 1 4 0 人与社会
狸”型思维方式
2023 说明文 255+83 1 2 2 人与自然 选择高校的建议
2022 说明文 225+81 1 4 0 人与自我 健康和健身
2021 说明文 275+102 2 3 0 人与社会 音乐对身体的好处
2020 说明文 282+84 1 3 1 人与自我 积极思考的各种益处
Passage 01
【2024北京卷】If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or
a fox? According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things.
Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. ___35___ And
they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that
lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at.
___36___ The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies.
___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make
predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but
that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
The advantage that. foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range
of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. ___38___ They try to include it in their
viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and
don’t know.
So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. ___39___ The choice between
being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare
mixture known as foxy hedgehog.
A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each.
B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes.C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence.
D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing.
E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs.
F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional.
G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position.
Passage 02
【2023北京卷】It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as
they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision.
35
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is
not counted in rankings. 36
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching
than courses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is
surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most
important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education.
Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 38
Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many
instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
39 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with
more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank
schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where
high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A．Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.
E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
Passage 03
【2022 年北京卷】Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various
pressures, we tend to ignore our health. ____35____ It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these
diseases.
____36____ We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally beattracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not
have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This does not
definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic
conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. ____38____ For instance, we must
exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age
groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It
helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us
new goals of health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.
G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.
Passage 04
【2021年北京卷】Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people．
____35____ The mental health benefits from music can't be argued．Music could also be helping you with many
other health problems behind the scenes．
____36____However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain．By distracting
（分心） the mind from the pain，music，people say，can lower stress and anxiety levels．This，of course，
can lead to less pain．
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed．____37____While the validity of the
idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure．Similarly, according to
researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels，
through the lowering of stress and anxiety．
When it comes to heart health，there is speculation （推测） that it's not the style of music， but rather the
tempo that makes it so good for your heart health．In one European study，participants listened to music as the
researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure．____38____ On the other hand，when the music
slowed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow
suit．
____39____But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，
which is what makes music so valuable．
A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems．
B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud．C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing．
D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep．
E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive．
F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety．
G. Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were．
Passage 05
【2020年北京卷】Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand
and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks
to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some
events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.____46____Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop
negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking
tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to
believe in themselves and in what they do.
____47____People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans, lower rates of depression and
anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also
contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships.____48____For example, researchers have found
that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide
a sort of buffer against depression and anxiety. Resilient people who think positively tend to treat every problem as
a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the
contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.____49____
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the
quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a
problem.____50____
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A. It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B. Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C. It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D. Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F. They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G. They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
Passage 01
（2024·北京海淀·二模）Being sensitive means that you are observant, careful, and thoughtful. It can alsomean you sometimes overinterpret or overreact to perceived criticism or judgment. If you tend to be a highly
sensitive person, you are more likely to misread signals from others, sense social threats, and struggle to adapt to
new circumstances. 35
The power of insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) power” . 36 For example, those
working on complex research projects with “sluggish power” persist with focus and determination in the face of
challenges such as tight deadlines and limited resources. Their resilience facilitates effective problem-solving,
ensuring the successful completion of tasks despite obstacles.
37 That is one of the important reasons why insensitivity allows a person to better survive and
adapt in a competitive environment. Knowing oneself is difficult, but knowing oneself correctly is undoubtedly an
excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful people, who all clearly know where their strengths are, what
they can do, what they want, and what direction to go.
Practicing insensitivity involves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express our needs and opinions
positively and with confidence. Secondly, adopt a forward-looking mindset. 38 Additionally, detach from
external influences. Avoid excessive concern over others’ opinions and speculation on others’ thoughts. Lastly,
manage relationships. Recognize our personal responsibilities while respecting others’ boundaries. Don’t interfere
with other people’s subjects and don’t let others interfere with ours either.
39 Once you become a bit “blunt” and slow down the pace, you will feel more comfortable.
A．Learn to view the problem as two parts.
B．That’s where the need to be insensitive comes from.
C．I hope everyone can obtain the ability to be insensitive.
D．Behind insensitivity is a strong sense of self-awareness.
E．Being a highly sensitive person can come with many challenges.
F．It implies the ability to calmly face the setbacks and firmly move forward.
G．Focus on long-term goals rather than the ups and downs of life at the moment.
Passage 02
（2024·北京东城·二模）Socrates, Galileo, Marie Curie, Einstein ... What did these great thinkers have in
common? They all practiced deliberate doubt and used it as a tool to improve their thinking and generate creative
ideas.
35 It is about suspending our certainty and letting go of our preconceived (先入为主的) notions in
order to explore new ideas and perspectives. When we’re certain of something, we tend to stop looking for
alternative explanations or possibilities. 36 Doubt can, of course, be unsettling, but it can also result in a
greater understanding of a subject and inspire fresh thoughts and insights.
37 But it doesn’t mean we should use it all the time. While deliberate doubt can be a valuable tool
for generating creative ideas and exploring complex problems, it can also be counterproductive if it is not practiced
in the right way.
It’s important to keep in mind that deliberate doubt is not constant doubt. If we’re continuously doubting our
own ideas, we’ll be less likely to pursue them and see them through to completion. 38 We spend so much
time doubting everything and end up not doing anything.39 We can become self-critical and unsure of our abilities, which can undermine our self-esteem.
As a result, we may be too afraid to try new things or take risks.
To avoid these traps, it’s important to strike a balance between doubt and certainty, and to use doubt as a tool
to stimulate creative thinking and exploration, rather than as a means of undermining ourselves or others.
A．Deliberate doubt can also lead to a lack of confidence.
B．But when we doubt, we’re forced to consider other perspectives.
C．In this case, deliberate doubt can prevent us from making decisions.
D．When practiced all the time, deliberate doubt can lead to a different belief.
E．By turning doubt into a deliberate process, we open ourselves to new possibilities.
F．Deliberate doubt is the practice of actively questioning our beliefs and assumptions.
G．Deliberate doubt can help us to develop a more open-minded approach to the world.
Passage 03
【2024年人大附中高三三模】My, what a big beak you have!
For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-
designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. 35
In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University,
shows that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bodies of many animal species, giving them
bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears.
In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since
1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. 36
All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary theory. “Allen’s rule”, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who
suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in
temperate (温带的) regions. 37 Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks
make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert,
have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.
Ms. Ryding is not the first researcher to take that approach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual
species, to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors,
from changes in prey to the evolving reproductive preferences of males or females, might have been driving the
changes. 38 The team combined data from different species in different places. Since they have little in
common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation.
39 That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-
offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, for instance.
Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.
A．However, looking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer.
B．For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.
C．Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors.
D．It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to.E．Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies.
F．Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat.
G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings.
Passage 04
【2024年北京交通大学附中高三三模】Public speaking and critical thinking
What is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it’s a matter of logic (逻辑) — of being able to spot weaknesses
in other people’s argument and to avoid them in your own, it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact
from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence. In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized
thinking — the ability to see clearly their lationships among ideas. 35 The greatest thinkers, scientists, and
inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new
ideas.that, too, is critical thinking.
36 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your
speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical (机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical
thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking. If the structure of
your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also discovered and confused. If, on the other
hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter of
arranging the ideas your already have. 37
What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 38 As you work on expressing
your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will Improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. 39 As
you learn to listen critically to speeches in class,You will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety
of situations.
If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in
many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the
days of ancient Greece.
A．Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves.
B．This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it.
C．It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech.
D．It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas.
E．If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.
F．The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways.
G．As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speech making, you will see how they can be used in other
forms of communication as well.
Passage 05
【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】In most adults, learning and thinking begin to decline as early as age 30.
People start to perform slightly worse in tests of cognitive abilities such as the rate at which someone does a mental
task. 35
These changes are often considered normal aging. But they may instead represent something more like the
“summer slide” that some schoolchildren experience in academic progress during summer break. Recent researchsuggests that a pause of learning is indeed a problem causing cognitive reduction. 36
In a three-month intervention, the researchers provided an encouraging learning environment for 24 older
adults. They took at least three classes to learn three new skills. They also discussed issues related to learning
barriers and motivation. Over the course these participants’ cognitive scores for memory and flexibility
significantly improved. In a follow-up study, the researchers discovered amazingly that they had improved further:
37 In other words, giving these seniors a multicourse routine seemed to bring up their abilities to levels similar
to those of college students.
The researchers are still investigating why cognitive scores continued to climb after the program’s end, but one
possibility is that the experience encouraged these older participants to continue learning and practicing new skills.
Older adults are often assumed to be on a downward slide with unrecoverable loss. “Use it or lose it,” the saying
goes. 38 Decline, as we so often see it, may not be certain. That’s why we need to create enriched learning
environments for adults after their formal education and job training end.
39 Educators know how to educate children and adolescents, and we can adapt that knowledge to
develop learning opportunities for adults. Societies could also provide resources and paths toward lifelong learning
to ensure that everyone can benefit. Let’s shift the conversation about adults from avoiding loss and decline to
learning and growing.
A．But this decline can be addressed.
B．The slide becomes sharper in their mid-60s.
C．Interrupted learning may not only affect children.
D．The question now is how society can maximize adult’s chances to keep learning.
E．Their cognitive abilities after one year were close to those of adults 50 years younger.
F．Older adult research tends to emphasize skill learning only after daily functions start to decline.
G．However, the research suggests they can increase both skills and cognitive abilities over a long term.
Passage 06
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】The beginning of the Year of the Dragon has foreshadowed a “Song of
Ice and Fire” with the emergence of Sora, a text-to-video AI model. Videos generated by Sora display strong
consistency when it comes to characters and backgrounds, and support continuous shots of up to 60 seconds,
including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles. 35
However, film insiders noted that currently, AI-generated 60-second videos cannot support the creation of a
full-length movie, and the idea that AI tools will “bomb” the film and television industry is so far unfounded.
Meanwhile, experts say not to worry excessively, as the integration of AI will help optimize certain occupations,
attract more innovative talents and bring new possibilities to the film and television industry. 36
From the age of film stock to the digital age, from practical effects to digital effects, from 2D to 3D, Sora, like
any technological revolution in the century-long history of film, will improve production efficiency, update
production and may even create new genres and trends in filmmaking. 37 Students learning film production
can view Sora as a helpful assistant to unleash their sci-fi imagination.
Facing the panic signals that AI tools will threaten the global film industry, film insiders argued that the
fundamental DNA of film is art and that human creativity cannot be replaced. 38 Many directors,screenwriters, and actors achieve great works by continuously integrating personal emotions and life experiences.
This kind of individual creativity cannot be imitated by machines like Sora.
39 However, just as the invention of printing did not replace literature or the invention of photography
did not replace painting, Sora and its subsequent updates and upgrades will not replace film because the core of
these art forms is creativity, which is a unique aspect of human thought.
A．With OpenAI’s iteration speed, producing AI videos dozens of minutes long is not far off.
B．It is also likely to be incorporated into film and television education and training in the future.
C．Film and television are closely linked to technological advancements, which stimulate creativity.
D．Sora will undoubtedly prompt changes in existing industrial production and may even replace some jobs.
E．Sora is undoubtedly “more of an opportunity than a challenge” for the global film and television industry.
F．Creativity and film production requires the integration of emotional experiences and individual memories.
G．This implies that with just a text description, ordinary people using Sora may be able to become “great
directors”.
Passage 07
【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】Do you want to be a cognitive superager when you are old? Just as you
take steps towards a future-proofing body, you can enhance your brain’s resilience to age-related disease by
boosting cognitive reserve.
Andrew Sommerlad, an associate professor of psychiatry, discovers the power of cognitive reserve in studies
of older people who show signs of Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症) in their brains. 35 Actually, three years
ago, colleagues of Sommerlad had also published findings from Study of Ageing. They showed that higher levels of
cognitive reserve are associated with lower levels of dementia.
36 The strong cognitive reserve is helpful to stave off symptoms of brain changes associated not just
with dementia but with other brain diseases. It also helps you to function better for longer when facing unexpected
life events as you get older.
How do you improve it? The younger you implement things that will bolster it, the better. For example, you
can do tasks that challenges your brain ability, like crosswords, reading, giving impromptu speech and critical
thinking. 37 So, do mind-body practices like yoga, Tai Chi or meditation to reduce stress is also
important. This can help you balance the periods of mental demand and relaxation.
38 ideally, seven to nine hours is optimal for enhancing cognitive reserve. Start by improving your
sleep hygiene with steps such as avoiding electronic screens.
Cognitive reserve is developed through a lifetime of education, curiosity and persistence. 39
A．Its effects are wide reaching.
B．Additionally, maintain regular sleep patterns.
C．So plan ahead to make sure you keep cognitively busy and engaged!
D．There are ways you can improve sleep, for both young and old people.
E．It suggests that developing a good cognitive reserve can be powerfully protective.
F．However, thinking too hard for too long may wear you out, hurting cognitive reserve.
G．They cope better with pathological (病理上的) changes, the higher their powers of cognitive reserve.Passage 08
【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】When you get in a car, you expect it will have functioning brakes.
When you pick up medicine at the drugstore, you expect it won’t be polluted. But it wasn’t always like this. The
safety of these products was terrible when they first came to market. It took much research and regulation to figure
out how users can enjoy the benefits of these products without getting harmed. 35
Social media risks are everywhere. The dangers that algorithms designed to maximize attention represent to
teens have become impossible to ignore. Other product design elements, often called “dark patterns,” designed to
keep people using for longer, also appear to tip young users into social media overuse. 36 They say it’s their
users’ fault for engaging with harmful content in the first place, even if those users are children or the content is
financial trickery. They also claim to be defending free speech.
37 Under the Digital Services Act, which came into effect in Europe this year, platforms are required
to take action to stop the spread of illegal content and can be fined up to 6 percent of their global incomes if they
don’t do so. If this law is enforced, maintaining the safety of their algorithms and networks will be the most
financially sound decision for platforms to make.
Despite these efforts, two things are clear. First, online safety problems are leading to real, offline suffering.
Second, social media companies can’t, or won’t, solve these safety problems on their own. 38 Even safety
issues like cyberbullying that we thought were solved can pop right back up. As our society moves online to an
ever-greater degree, the idea that anyone, even teens, can just “stay off social media” becomes less and less
realistic. 39
A．And those problems aren’t going away.
B．The current issues aren’t really about offline suffering.
C．Platforms already have systems to remove violent or harmful content.
D．Similarly, social media needs product safety standards to keep users safe.
E．It’s time we should require social media to take safety seriously, for everyone’s sake.
F．Internet platforms, however, have shifted blame on the consumers whenever criticized.
G．Some authorities are taking steps to hold social media platforms accountable for the content.
