ARTICLE · 1069775
初中英语知识点:被动语态
一、被动语态概念：
英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。当主语为动作的执行者时, 谓语的形式为主动语态; 当主语为动作的承受者时, 谓语要用被动语态。
e.g. Many people speak English.
（主动语态, 句子的主语many people是动作speak的执行者）
Englishis spoken by many people.
（被动语态, 句子的主语English是动作speak的承受者）
二、被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比：
时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
一般现在时 am / is / are + P.P. | （1）Do they speak French ? （2）They don’t use the room . | Is French spoken by them? The room isn’t used by them . |
一般过去时 was / were + p.p. | （1）The hunter killed a tiger . （2）He wrote many stories last year . | A tiger was killed by the hunter. Many stories was written by him last year . |
现在进行时 am / is / are +being +p.p. | （1）These workers are building a new bridge . （2）He is mending his car . | A new bridge is being built by these workers. His car is being mended by him . |
过去进行时 was / were + being + p.p. | （1）He was selling books . （2）They were discussing the plan at that time . | Books were being built by him. The plan was being discussed by them at that time . |
现在完成时 have / has + been + p. p. | （1）She has learned many English words . （2）He has finished the work . | Many English words have been learned by her. The work has been finished by him. |
过去完成时 had + been + p.p. | （1）They has solved the problem . （2）We had told him the news by then . | The problem had been solved by them. The news had been told to him by us . |
一般将来时 shall / will be + p.p. | （1）I shall make a plan . （2）They are going to fix the radio in an hour . | A plan will be made by m . The radio is going to be fixed by them in an hour. |
过去将来时 would be + p.p. was/ were going to be + p.p. | （1）He told me they would paint the room . （2）They were going to put on a play the next week . | He told me the room would be painted by them. A play was going to be put by them the next week . |
情态动词 can / may / must / should + be + p.p. | （1）We should hand in our homework . （2）You must answer the question in English . | Our homework should be handed in by us. The question must be answered in English by you . |
歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
三、主动语态被变动语态的方法
WeVisitedthat factorylast summer
主动语态
主语谓语宾语状语
That factorywas visitedby uslast summer
被动语态
主语谓语宾语状语
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。
Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.
歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
四. 如何正确使用被动语态
1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词“to”。
 |
usinterestingstories. （主动语态）
（被动语态）
▲常带双宾语的词有：tell , show , lend , pass等。
2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to还要还原。
eg. I often hear hersing this popular song. （主动语态）
She is often heard to sing this popular song.（被动语态）
▲ 有这种用法的常用动词有：使役动词make , let ,have和感官动词 see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。
3. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”
比较：（1）
（2）
4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。
eg. 
五、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
例： This kind of cloth washes well.
This book sells well.这本书畅销。
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较： The door won’t lock. (指门本身有毛病)
The door won’t be locked. (指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.表示“发生，进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印出来的呢？
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident happened yesterday.
What happened to Mr. Brown?布朗先生发生了什么事？
3.系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
特殊句式
在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：
据说……It is said that …
据报导……It is reported that …
据推测……It is supposed that …
希望……It is hoped that …
众所周知……It is well known that …
普遍认为……It is generally considered that …
有人建议……It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.