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初中英语语法----形容词和副词专题

初中英语语法----形容词和副词专题

形容词和副词专题

中考考点

考查频率

新课标要求

形容词

★★★

掌握形容词词义辨析、语法功能以及词形转换,掌握形容词的比较等级,并能在语境中正确运用。

副词

★★★

掌握副词的句法功能、分类、构词规律以及副词的比较等级,并能在语境中正确运用。

形容词和副词是中考英语的重要考点,整体在中考英语中占分比重约为 8%-12%,因地区和试卷结构而异。从题型来看,单项选择常考查形容词和副词的词义辨析、比较等级;完形填空侧重于在语境中考查形容词和副词对语义的准确表达;语法填空和短文填空可能涉及形容词、副词的词形转换及等级变化。

一、形容词

形容词,常翻译为“……的”,通常置于名词之前,也可以置于系动词或代词之后,在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语的作用,可以用来修饰名词、代词等,也可以单独使用。

1.形容词的分类

分类

说明

性质形容词

用于表示人或物所具有的性质,多数有比较级和最高级,有程度大小的区别,可以使用程度副词修饰。

funny滑稽的;lovely可爱的;healthy健康的

类别形容词

用于阐明人或事物所属的特定类别。这一类形容词往往没有程度大小的区别、没有比较级和最高级,而且不使用程度副词修饰。

financial经济的;mental脑力的;cultural文化的

颜色形容词

用于表示事物颜色的形容词。这一类形容词没有比较级和最高级。

blue蓝色的;green绿色的;white白色的

叙述形容词

这类形容词只能作表语,又称为表语形容词,没有级别变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。

afraid害怕的;alone单独的;asleep睡着的;worth值得的

分词形容词

英语中有些表情感态度的动词,如excite,worry,其过去分词和现在分词可形容词化,即相当于形容词。

worried担忧的,worrying令人担忧的;excited感到兴奋的,exciting令人兴奋的

复合形容词

由几个词共同构成并起形容词作用的词。

three-year-old三岁的;ordinary-looking相貌普通的;middle-aged中年的

2.形容词的句法功能

(1)作定语:形容词作定语一般位于被修饰的词的前面。由“形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”构成的形容词短语作定语时要后置。

My mother tells me a funny story. 妈妈给我讲了一个非常有趣的故事。

It is a problem difficult to solve. 这是一个难解决的问题。

(2)作状语:形容词作状语用来说明主语的情况,可位于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号将其与其他部分隔开。形容词作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。

Light­hearted and optimistic, she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile. 她无忧无虑、积极乐观,是那种用微笑给别人带来快乐的人。

(3)作表语:形容词作表语位于系动词be, feel, get, become, turn, prove, seem等之后

She is popular with her classmates. 她受同学们的欢迎。

(4)作补足语:

Doing regular exercise can help to make one energetic.

规律运动有助于让人精力充沛。

【注意】

(1)形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。

Would you like something hot to drink? 你想喝点热的东西吗?

(2)表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。

The bridge is about two hundred metres long. 这座桥长约两百米。

(3)多个形容词作定语时,一般排列顺序为:(限定词)→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质、材料的形容词→名词。

【巧记顺口溜】限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。

There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village. 村子附近有一座有名的古石桥。

3.形容词的词形转化规则

(1)形容词后缀变化规律:名词、动词加后缀构成形容词

后缀

示例

名词+-y

health-healthy; noise-noisy; sun-sunny; rain-rainy; snow-snowy

名词+-ful

power-powerful; peace-peaceful; beauty-beautiful; wonder-wonderful;

help-helpful; faith-faithful; shame-shameful;thank-thankful

名词+-less

care-careless; hope-hopeless; use-useless; wire-wireless

名词+-ic

energy-energetic; base-basic

名词+-en

wood-wooden; gold—golden; wool-woolen

名词+-al/-ial

nation-national; education—educational; nature—natural; addition—additional

名词+­ish

fool-foolish; self-selfish; boy-boyish; child—childish

名词+­ous

danger-dangerous; courage-courageous; fame-famous; envy-envious

名词+­ly

friend-friendly; order-orderly; time-timely; month-monthly; year-yearly; day-daily

名词/动词+­able/-ible

advise-advisable; comfort-comfortable; afford-affordable; value-valuable; horror-horrible;sense-sensible

动词+­ive

act-active; impress-impressive

(2)形容词前缀变化规则

前缀

示例

extra-超出,特别

extraordinary非凡的;extra-large特大的 

anti- 反;抗

antinuclear反对使用核武的;anti-Japanese war抗日战争

un- 不,非

unable不能的;unhappy不快乐的

in- 不,非

inactive不活动的;inconvenient不方便的 

im- 不,非

impossible不可能的;impolite不礼貌的 

ir- 不,非

irregular不规则的;irresponsible无责任感的

il- 不,非

illegal非法的;illogical不合逻辑的

non- 不,非

nonviolent非暴力的;nonprofit非盈利的

4.形容词的比较等级

(1)形容词比较级和最高级的规则变化

构成法

原级

比较级

最高级

单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est

great

greater

greatest

单音节词以­e结尾,只加­r和­st

brave

wide

braver

wider

bravest

widest

闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,需先双写这个辅音字母,再加­er和­est

big

hot

bigger

hotter

biggest

hottest

以辅音字母加­y结尾的词,先变­y为­i,再加­er和­est

happy

happier

happiest

多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most

difficult

expensive

more difficult

more expensive

most difficult

most expensive

少数以­er,­ow结尾的双音节词,加­er和­est

clever

cleverer

cleverest

narrow

narrower

narrowest

(2)形容词比较级和最高级的不规则变化

原级

比较级

最高级

good, well

better

best

bad, ill

worse

worst

many, much

more

most

little

less

least

far

farther

farthest

far

further

furthest

old

older/elder

oldest/eldest

(3)形容词比较等级的重要表达

①修饰比较级的词有:much,even,far,a lot,a little,a bit,still等及序数词修饰,表示程度或顺序。

The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.

这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。

The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.

目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的。

②the+比较级+of表示“两者中更……的”

  He is the taller of the two boys. 他是两个男孩中较高的。

③the+比较级+主语+谓语,the +比较级+主语+谓语,表示“越……就越……”

 The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.

你越认真,犯的错误就越少。

④否定词与比较级连用表示最高级

  I have never heard a better voice.

我从来没有听过比这更好听的声音。

1.(2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)An ________ boy, Li Wen, works hard and gets good grades in his final exam.

A. eighteen-year-oldsB. eighteen-year-oldC. eighteen years old

【答案】B

2.(2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)I like playing tennis. I think nothing is ________ than playing tennis.

A. enjoyableB. more enjoyableC. less enjoyable

【答案】B

3.(2024·四川泸州市·中考真题)—Can you teach me how to improve spoken English?

—The more you practice, ________ it becomes.

A. the worseB. the worstC. the betterD. the best

【答案】C

4.(2024·湖北省武汉·中考真题)My neighborhood is very ________ because it’s near the shopping center and the bus station.

A. smartB. peacefulC. friendlyD. convenient

【答案】D

5.(2024·江苏省连云港市·中考真题)Huaguoshan Airport will open up international flights. It will make it _________ for us to travel abroad.

A. happierB. easierC. closerD. safer

【答案】B

6.(2024·安徽·统考中考真题)In summer, the trees we planted in the school are ________ with green leaves.

A. thickB. softC. clearD. light

【答案】A

7.(2024·河北·统考中考真题)Jianshe Road is the ________ road in our city, especially around 8:00 am.

A. busierB. busiestC. widerD. widest

【答案】B

8.(2024·江苏省扬州市·中考真题)Our monitor is ________. He always spends a lot of time helping with our class projects.

A. generousB. humorousC. nervousD. curious

【答案】A

9.(2024·天津·中考真题)Many people think eating at home is ________ than eating in the restaurant.

A. healthyB. healthierC. healthiestD. the healthiest

【答案】B

10.(2023·辽宁丹东·统考中考真题)Jim can carry the heavy box because he is much ________ than the others in his class.

A. strongerB. thinnerC. smallerD. weaker

【答案】A

二、副词

副词通常修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词或句子,在句中可作状语、表语、宾语补足语等。

1.副词的句法功能与位置

(1)副词在句子中用作状语时,修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子,常位于动词的后面、形容词的前面、句首等位置;

Besides, we can absorb all kinds of resources to learn more efficiently.

此外,我们可以吸收各种资源来更有效地学习。

(2)副词作表语多表示主语的方位、方向、动作或状态等,位于系动词之后。如:in, on, out, back, down, up, away, off, downstairs等。

From now on, you’re going to have to stay away from salty food.

从现在起,你不能吃咸的食物了。

(3)有些地点副词和时间副词可以作定语,位于所修饰或限制的修饰词之后。

The people here are extremely nice. 这儿的人都好极了。

The room upstairs if for you. 楼上的房间是给你的。

(4)副词在句子中作宾语补足语时位于宾语的后面。

(谚语)An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一个苹果,医生远离我。

【注意】

enough作副词时,总是置于被修饰的词之后。

She is old enough to go to school.她已经到上学的年龄了。

2.副词的分类

按词汇意义,副词可分为:

(1)时间副词:today, early, soon, now, then, recently, still等

►It’s beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了!

(2)地点副词:here, there, out, somewhere, abroad, home等

►She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。

【注意】一些与介词同形的副词,后跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:

up作副词:Stand up!起立!

up作介词:A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。

(3)方式副词:well, fast, slowly, carefully, quickly等

①方式副词说明行为方式(回答how的问题):

►How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳得真美。

②一些方式副词表示某些情绪:

►She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。

(4)程度副词:very, much, enough, almost, rather, quite

(5)频度副词:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never

(6)疑问副词:where, how, why

(7)否定副词:no, not, neither, nor

(8)其他副词:also, too, only

3.副词的构词规律

形容词变副词构词规律

类别

例词

形容词+后缀-ly

clear→clearly, great→greatly, loud→loudly, sudden→suddenly, sincere→sincerely

以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词,把y变成i再加-ly

happy→happily, heavy→heavily, angry→angrily, lucky→luckily, noisy→noisilyshy→shyly

词尾为­ble/­le的形容词,去掉e,再加-y

terrible→terribly, possible→possibly, gentle→gently, probable→probably, comfortable→comfortably, responsible→responsibly, suitable→suitably 

词尾为-ic的形容词,加-ally

basic→basically,scientific→scientifically, specific→specifically, historic→historically

词尾为-ll的形容词,直接加-y

full→fully, dull→dully

特殊情况

true→truly

whole→wholly

4.副词的比较等级

(1)副词比较级和最高级的规则变化

构成法

原级

比较级

最高级

单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est

hard

harder

hardest

以­e结尾的单音节词,词末只加­r和­st

wide

late

wider

later

widest

latest

以辅音字母加­y结尾的词,先变­y为­i,再加­er和­est

early

earlier

earliest

多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most

happily

dangerous

more happily

more dangerous

most happily

most dangerous

(2)副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化

原级

比较级

最高级

well

better

best

badly

worse

worst

much

more

most

little

less

least

far

farther/further

farthest/furthest

(3)副词比较等级的重要句型

①as+副词原级+as...“和……一样”;not as/so+副词原级+as...“不如……”。

John plays football as well asDavid.

约翰踢足球和大卫一样好。

②比较级+than...“比……更”;less...than“不如……”。

He rises earlier than anyone else in his class.

他比班里其他人都起得早。

③the+比较级,the+比较级,“越……越……”。

It's believed that the harder you work, the better result you'll get.

人们相信,工作越努力,得到的结果将越好。

1.(2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)I could ________ understand what he was saying because it’s ________ to follow a quick speaker.

A. hard; hardlyB. hard; hardC. hardly; hard

【答案】C

2.(2024·天津·中考真题)The teacher speaks ________ and carefully so that we can understand her better.

A. hardlyB. onlyC. slowlyD. nearly

【答案】C

3.(2024·云南省·中考真题)—Which kind of movies do you prefer, action movies or comedies? 

—I like action movies ________.

A. wellB. betterC. the betterD. the best

【答案】B

4.(2024·安徽·统考中考真题)—Your grandpa climbed the hill so ________ that I couldn’t keep up with him. 

—He takes exercise every day.

A. quicklyB. difficultlyC. patientlyD. differently

【答案】A

5.(2024·甘肃白银·中考真题)________ but surely we’re making progress. Every small step forward brings us closer to our dream.

A. HappilyB. CarefullyC. SlowlyD. Lively

【答案】C

6.(2024·江苏省连云港市·中考真题)UNICEF helps build a better world for everyone, _________ children all over the world.

A. probablyB. luckilyC. especiallyD. closely

【答案】C

7.(2024·江苏省扬州市·中考真题)Teamwork doesn’t happen ________ in the workplace or school. It needs training.

A. naturallyB. correctlyC. wildlyD. especially

【答案】A

8.(2023·辽宁营口·中考真题)ChatGPT can make a plan ________ than we do.

A. much quicklyB. more quickC. even quickD. far more quickly

【答案】D

9.(2023·山东东营·统考中考真题)Short-form videos can ________ catch people’s eyes. That’s one reason why lots of people spend hours on Douyin.

A. easilyB. widelyC. luckilyD. seriously

【答案】A

10.(2023·四川遂宁·中考真题)—Give me a hand, Jim. I have to climb up the tree to get my kite.

—Better not. You have to take your safety __________.

A. seriouslyB. completelyC. comfortablyD. slowly

【答案】A

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