文档内容
作业 13 人与动植物类说明文
A
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific
research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for
example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees
were shown to be 15% more ①productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step further
—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual
functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re
short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.“We’re thinking
about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day，”
explained Michael Strano，a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光) in experiments using some
common vegetables.Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half
hours.The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start.The
technology，Strano said，could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-
powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto
plant leaves in a ②one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.The engineers are also
trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is
often far removed from the power source—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps
on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during ③transmission.Glowing plants could reduce
this distance and therefore help save energy.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
2．What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A．To detect plants’ lack of water.
B．To change compositions of plants.
C．To make the life of plants longer.D．To test chemicals in plants.
3．What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A．They will speed up energy production.
B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption.
D．They could take the place of power plants.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Can we grow more glowing plants?
B．How do we live with glowing plants?
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D．How are glowing plants made ④pollution-free?
语境猜词
①productive(派)＝product＋ive
②one-off(合)＝one＋off
③transmission(派)＝transmi(t)＋ssion
④pollution-free(合)＝pollution＋free
B
(2023·全国甲)
Grizzly bears，which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg，occupy a
conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening
dreams.Ask the tourists from around the world that ①flood into Yellowstone National Park what
they most hope to see，and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range，” says bear biologist
Chris Servheen.As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a
century or more，they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U．S.was full of grizzlies when Europeans came，with a rough
number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans.By the early 1970s，after centuries
of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers,600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of
their former range in the Northern Rockies.In 1975，grizzlies were listed under the Endangered
Species Act.
Today，there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U．S.Their recovery has been so
successful that the U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to ②de-list grizzlies，
which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.Both efforts were ③overturned
due to ④lawsuits from conservation groups.For now，grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，
sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food
and ⑤attractants from their yards and campsites ， grizzlies will typically pass by withouttrouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly
effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hope is to have a clean，attractant-free place where bears
can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel，longtime biologist who
manages bears in and around Missoula.
5．How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
6．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A．The European settlers’ behavior.
B．The expansion of bears’ range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
7.What has stopped the U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers’ advocates.
8．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
语境猜词
①flood熟义：n.洪水，水灾
生义(文义)：v.
②de-list(派)＝de＋list
③overturn(合)＝over＋turn
④lawsuit(合)＝law＋suit
⑤attractant(派)＝attract＋ant
C
(2024·江苏连云港高三二模)
The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down.Popular
theories propose that moths and other insects navigate(确定方向) by the moon and mistake lampsfor moonlight，or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger.Now researchers
believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories，insects are not attracted
to light from far away，but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian ， study co-author and Imperial College London
①entomologist，moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt(倾斜) their backs to
wherever is brightest.For hundreds of millions of years ， this was the sky rather than the
ground.The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level.But then came
artificial lighting.Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps.This caused them to
circle around the lamps endlessly，the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues ②filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab.The videos
reveal that time and again，moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights，which
appeared to greatly change their flight paths.“If the light is above them，they might start orbiting
it，but if it’s behind them，they start tilting backwards and may climb up and up until they
fall，” Fabian said.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline
in insect populations.Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily
caught by bats.The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime，causing them
to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are，Fabian believes，helpful lessons from the research.“What this tells us is that the
direction of artificial light matters.Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects? For
we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world，and artificial light at night is one of
the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline，” Fabian said.
9．What do the underlined phrase “nailed down” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．③Popularized widely. B．Discussed openly.
C．Defined accurately. D．Explored academically.
10．Why do moths circle around the lamps endlessly according to Fabian’s study?
A．Because they can’t keep their balance.
B．Because they use improper flight attitude.
C．Because they lose track of which way is up.
D．Because they are attracted to lights from far away.
11．What is the significance of the research finding?
A．It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B．Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C．Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D．It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
12．What is the text mainly about?
A．Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.B．Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C．How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D．How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
语境猜词
①entomologist(派)＝entomolog(y)＋ist
②film熟义：n.电影，影片
生义(文义)：v.
③popularize(派)＝popular＋ize
语境猜词答案
A．①多产的，高效的 ②一次性的 ③传输，传送 ④无污染的
B．①大量涌入 ②除名 ③推翻，撤销 ④诉讼，起诉 ⑤引诱物，引诱剂
C．①昆虫学者 ②录制，拍摄 ③宣传，推广；使普及
答案精析
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了绿色植物的积极作用，因此麻省理工学院的工程
师们研发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优
势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
1．D [段落大意题。根据第一段的主题句(第二句)“Recent studies have found positive
effects.”并结合下文“A study...with houseplants.”可知，最近的研究发现了植物的积极作
用。故选D。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“These include plants that have sensors printed onto
their leaves to show when they’re short of water...”可知，叶子上的传感器用来显示植物什
么时候缺水。故选A。]
3．C [推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“The technology，Strano said，could one day be
used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.”可知，有朝一日新技
术能够让植物为房间提供照明，甚至使街道两旁的树木变为自我供电的路灯。又根据最后一
段最后一句“Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”可知，
发光植物可以避免远距离输电带来的损耗，从而节省能源。综上可知，发光植物可以降低能
源消耗。故选C。]4．C [标题归纳题。本文重点介绍了发光植物对生活照明的影响，预测发光植物有可能取
代路灯，达到节约能源的效果。故C项“发光植物会取代灯吗”是本文的最佳标题。故选
C。]
语篇解读 本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到了 2 000多头，但也带来了一
些问题。
5．A [细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，美国人对灰熊既害怕又敬畏。故选A。]
6．C [推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句以及第四段第一句可推知，自1975年起，有了法
律的保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。]
7．A [细节理解题。根据第四段倒数第二句可知，是保护组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野
生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。]
8．B [推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推知，灰熊数量增长虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是
如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。]
9．C [词义猜测题。根据画线短语下文可知，对于昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围这一
问题没有标准答案，只有一些理论猜想，而且科学家仍在探索这一现象，故可推知画线短语
所在句意为“关于为什么昆虫在夜间会围绕着灯这一科学问题从未得到准确解释”，由此推
测画线短语意为“准确解释”，与C项意义相近。故选C。]
10．B [细节理解题。根据第二段可知，正常情况下飞蛾将背向最亮处即天空倾斜，以此保
持水平飞行，而当飞蛾背向路灯倾斜，由于路灯的光源是散射的，而它飞行的角度仍然采用
与在月光下的飞行相同的角度，这就使它围着路灯散射的光源打转，故是不正确的飞行姿势
导致飞蛾无休止地绕着灯转。故选B。]
11．A [推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这项研究结果的意义是告诉我们可以改变人造
光的方向，使昆虫不被困住，从而更好地保护昆虫。故选A。]
12．B [主旨大意题。根据全文内容尤其第二段可知，文章主要介绍了研究发现昆虫因进化
而在夜间无休止地围绕人造光转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，更好地保护昆虫，所
以B项“为什么人造光和进化会困住昆虫？”符合题意。故选B。]
