文档内容
2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points）
①Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are
all available on our smartphones. ② 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a
phone. ③But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. ④ 3
you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help
you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
①When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you
have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the
nearest water source? ②Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.
③ 9 if you head downhill, and follow any H O you find, you should 10 see signs of
2
people.
①If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11
how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
①Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. ② 13 , even
in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and
other paths people carve 15 the woods. ③Head toward these 16 to find a way out. ④At
night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the
glow of light pollution.
① 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we
leave on the landscape. ②Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to
civilization.
1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All
2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come
3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until
4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally
5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away
6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along
7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar
8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place
9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides
10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually
11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused
12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result
13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example
14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate
15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under
16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited
18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally
19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings
20. [A] restrict [B] adapt [C] lead [D] expose
SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)
Text 1
①Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big
banks. ②Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if
their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. ③The main purpose of this “clawback” rule
is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial
institutions. ④Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making
not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
①“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded
companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. ②He quotes a giant of
classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like
“children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them
aside to be eaten last.
①The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has
dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. ②Transient investors, who demand
high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research
or to build up customer loyalty. ③This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.
①In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker
use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. ②“There seems to be a
predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner
Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.
①In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer
performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-
termism.” ②In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial
part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
①Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code
and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. ②In France, shareholders who hold onto a company
investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
①Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to
think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. ②Britain’s new
rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short
term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to____.
[A] enhance banker’s sense of responsibility
[B] help corporations achieve larger profits
[C] build a new system of financial regulation
[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate____.
[A] the conditions for generating quick profits
[B] governments’ impatience in decision-making
[C] the solid structure of publicly traded companies
[D] “short-termism” in economic activities
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be____.
[A] indirect
[B] adverse
[C] minimal
[D] temporary
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____.
[A] the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”
[B] the significance of long-term thinking
[C] the approaches to promoting “long-termism”
[D] the prevalence of short-term thinking
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
[B] Patience as a Corporate Virtue
[C] Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
[D] Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
Text 2
①Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (Grade-point averages) over the
past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which
students are treated like customers to be pleased. ②But another, related force — a policy often
buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness—is helping raise GPAs.
①Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,
and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's
overall GPA.
①The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue
to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation
rates. ②When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give
them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to
college-level courses. ③ But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all
undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
① College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the
grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program
and graduation without incurring a big penalty. ②“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio StateUniversity’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do
better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
①That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well.
② For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as
graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean
more money. ③And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the
day, are paying the bill — feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is
another big concern for colleges.
① Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to
consumers’ expectations for higher education. ② Since students and parents expect a college
degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as
qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. ③On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem
to be aligned.
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
[A] The change of course catalogs
[B] Students’ indifference to GPAs
[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs
[D] The influence of consumer culture
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
[A] To help freshmen adapt to college learning
[B] To maintain colleges’ graduation rates
[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future
[D]To increase universities’ income from tuition
28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to___.
[A] obtain more financial support
[B] boost their student enrollments
[C]improve their teaching quality
[D] meet local governments needs
29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
[A] To counterbalance each other
[B] To complement each other
[C] To be identical with each other
[D]To be contradictory to each other
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by___.
[A] assessing its feasibility
[B] analyzing the causes behind it
[C] comparing different views on it
[D] listing its long-run effects
Text 3
① This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The
Modern Prometheus”, by Mary Shelley. ②Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the
author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethicalquestions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
①Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What
is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”
①What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way
humans think, continues to evade scientists. ②Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of
robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on
popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.
①Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says
David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. ②“We are just in a situation where there
are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a
machine to get there.”
①But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. ②The coming
use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. ③Human drivers
sometimes must make split-second decisions. ④Their reactions may be a complex combination
of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in
that moment. ⑤AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. ⑥And to
anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.
① Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical
questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the
government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. ②Along with Singapore, other
governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. ③Britain is
setting up a data ethics center. ④India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.
①On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,”
or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international
norms. ②It also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human
rights.
① While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. ②So does the idea that
decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
①To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines
reflects humanity’s highest values? ②Only then will they be useful servants and not
Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it____.
[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world
[B]has remained popular for as long as 200 years
[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today
[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies
32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness____.
[A] helps explain artificial intelligence
[B] can be misleading to robot making
[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series
[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it
33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles____.
[A] can hardly ever be found[B] is still beyond our capacity
[C] causes little public concern
[D] has aroused much curiosity
34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one of____.
[A] affirmation
[B] skepticism'
[C] contempt
[D] respect
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
Text 4
①States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases
under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big
financial win for states.
① The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that
states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. ②The decisions made it more
difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
①The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase
to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the
business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. ②Customers were generally responsible for
paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they
owed it and few paid.
①Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. ②“Each year
the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in
significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.
③Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has
prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
①The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually
collect sales tax on online purchases already. ②Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they
hadn’t before. ③Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have
physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. ④Amazon.com, with its network
of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who
use the site don’t have to.
①Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states
have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.
②Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been
collecting sales tax nationwide. ③Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-
of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
①Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online
businesses. ②The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especiallysmaller ones. ③Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.
④The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small
businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”
36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ____.
[A] better business’ relations with states
[B] put most online business in a dilemma
[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax
[D] forces some states to cut sales tax
37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ____.
[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce
[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years
[C] were widely criticized by online purchases
[D] were considered unfavorable by states
38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ____.
[A] hindered economic development
[B] brought prosperity to the country
[C] harmed fair market competition
[D] boosted growth in states revenue
39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling ____.
[A] Internet entrepreneurs
[B] Big-chain owners
[C] Third-party sellers
[D] Small retailers
40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ____.
[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making
[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them
[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them
into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your
opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why
they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of
arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain
mutual respect and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an
argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse
opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large
part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by
opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to
recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the
opposite side.
C. None of this will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your
position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your
argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a
reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.
Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like
physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no
better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions—
like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges
from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to
avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is
only one way…to get the best of an argument—and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments
is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our
personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or
competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to
convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant
they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that
divide you, but they can help you win—in one way.
G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage
in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We
neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In
contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in
poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force
businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions
and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
41→42→F→43→44→C→45
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read
scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature
frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to
show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely thanthose who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anemia. (46) There is a great deal of this
kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,
generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad
Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this
intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad
science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is
important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a
kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to
have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only
10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some
measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the
famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the
scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one
of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily
arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return
for similar favours.
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal
impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term
costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.
(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we
must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write
an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the
project.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2019年试题精读透析
答案速查表
Section Ⅰ Use of English (10 points)
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D
11. A 12. B 13. D 14 .C 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. C
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. B
31. C 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. A
Part B (10 points)
41. E 42.D 43. G 44. B 45. A
Part C (10 points)
46. 在其他医学期刊中，存在大量诸如此类的无稽之谈，经广播公司和非专业媒体
报道后，既会引发大众对健康方面的恐慌，也会导致短期食疗热潮。
47. 如今，任何人申请研究职位所需发表的论文数量，相当于十年前所需数量的两
倍。
48. 人们已经试图遏制这种趋向，例如，尝试将质量以及数量作为某种衡量标准，
纳入对申请人发表论文的评估之中。
49. 若科学家们不轻易在未来出版物中引用自己的论文，或让同事这样做以换取类
似的好处，那么该索引将是合理的。
50. 若严格确保科研成果既有意义，又具有再生能力，就必须确保我们的体制对此
类科学研究进行鼓励。
