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2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points）
①Trust is a tricky business. ②On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many
worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. ③On the other hand, putting your 2 in the
wrong place often carries a high 3 .
① 4 , why do we trust at all? ②Well, because it feels good. ③5 people place their trust in
an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable
feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to 7 with one another.
④Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : ⑤In a
Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were
ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who
inhaled something else.
① 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. ②A
Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible
person and a dishonest one. ③ Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a
plastic container. ④The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container,
smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” ⑤ Each subject was then invited to look 15 . ⑥Half of
them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty — and realized the tester had
17 them.
①Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate
with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. ② 19 ,
only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A] Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D] to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D] supporters
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)
Text 1
①Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go
unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their
jobs?
①Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. ②About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being
automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately
squeezed. ③Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. ④But many
middle-class occupations — trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their
interest, or soon will. ⑤he rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
①This isn't to be alarmist. ②Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited
workers in the past. ③The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were
displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs
than it destroyed. ④ Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate
demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. ⑤But in the medium
term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
①The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine
Age, should be rethinking education and job training. ②Curriculums — from grammar school to
college — should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex
communication. ③Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills
and helping students work alongside robots. ④Online education can supplement the traditional
kind. ⑤It could make extra training and instruction affordable. ⑥Professionals trying to acquire
new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
① The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its
fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. ②In previous eras of
drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to
combine labor and machines. ③ The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been
invented yet. ④The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
①Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor
income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. ②Taxes on low-wage labor need to be
cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would
boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.①Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this
will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.
②Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. ③But policies to help
workers adapt will be indispensable.
21. Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22. Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _________.
[A] creative potential
[B] job-hunting skills
[C]individual needs
[D]cooperative spirit
24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _________.
[A] encouraging the development of automation
[B] increasing the return on capital investment
[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor
[D] preventing the income gap from widening
25. In this text, the author presents a problem with _________.
[A] opposing views on it
[B] possible solutions to it
[C] its alarming impacts
[D] its major variations
Text 2
① A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans
disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. ② The implication is that Millennials prefer
news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media
platform.
①Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. ②Yet as distrust has risen
toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. ③Such a trend is
badly needed. ④During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared
by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the
University of Oxford. ⑤ And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of
Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
①Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact
from fiction in cyberspace. ②A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people betweenages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. ③They cross-check sources
and prefer news from different perspectives — especially those that are open about any bias.
④“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves
and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
①Such active research can have another effect. ②A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,
Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s
reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
① Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately
while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. ②This
forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. ③ A survey by
Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is
“reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. ④About a third say
the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social
media. ⑤In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.
⑥“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says
Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
① So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental
discipline in thinking skills — and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on _______.
[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms
[C] the administration’s ability to handle information
[D] social media as a reliable source of news
27. The phrase “beef up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _______.
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people _______.
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace
[B] verify news by referring to diverse sources
[C] have a strong sense of social responsibility
[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _______.
[A] readers outdated values
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ made-up stories
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3
①Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health
Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.
② DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. ③ The
potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further
concentration of power in the tech giants. ④ It is against that background that the information
commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital
trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015
on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their
expectations of privacy.
① DeepMind has almost apologized. ② The NHS trust has mended its ways. ③ Further
arrangements — and there may be many — between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully
scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all
unnecessary data has been cleaned. ④There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.
⑤But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. ⑥Ms Denham
chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data
and DeepMind merely “processed" it. ⑦But this distinction misses the point that it is processing
and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
①The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives
now generate. ②Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable
knowledge about them. ③That misses the way the surveillance economy works. ④The data of
an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions
more.
①The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.
② This practice does not address the real worry. ③ It is not enough to say that the algorithms
DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. ④What matters is that they will belong
to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. ⑤If software promises to
save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as big pharma has
done. ⑥We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to
have gigantic consequences later. ⑦ A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital
feudalism. ⑧Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.
31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with ______.
[A] empty promises
[B] tough resistance
[C] necessary adjustments
[D] sincere apologies
33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that ______.[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is ______.
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants
35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is ______.
[A] ambiguous
[B] cautious
[C] appreciative
[D] contemptuous
Text 4
①The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. ②It reported a net loss of
$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.
③ Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health
and retirement costs. ④There are many reasons this formerly stable federal institution finds itself
at the verge of bankruptcies. ⑤ Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between
technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,
first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its
operations to the new reality.
① And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-
interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer — Congress — insisting that whatever else
happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. ②This is
why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service
unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
①Now comes word that everyone involved — Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service,
the unions and the system's heaviest users — has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.
②Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over
five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. ③Most of the
money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal
retirees into Medicare. ④ The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually
pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its
union.
① If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate — where
someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the
Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. ②There’s no change to collective bargaining at
the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s
costs. ③ Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. ④ That
common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year.
⑤But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. ⑥The emergingconsensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically
embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. ⑦ It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting
serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by ________.
[A] its unbalanced budget
[B] its rigid management
[C] the cost for technical upgrading
[D] the withdrawal of bank support
37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to ________.
[A] the interference from interest groups
[B] the inadequate funding from Congress
[C] the shrinking demand for postal service
[D] the incompetence of postal unions
38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by ________.
[A] removing its burden of retiree health care
[B] making more investment in new vehicles
[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism
[D] attracting more first-class mail users
39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with ________.
[A] respect
[B] tolerance
[C] discontent
[D] gratitude
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them
into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and
cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider
possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who
expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the
White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett wasselected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of
1871.
[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its
elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's
office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy
Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling
and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive
Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the
nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the
twentieth century — the period when the United States emerged as an international power.
The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and
has been the scene of many historic events.
[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have
taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William
Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W.
Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President. It has housed 16 Secretaries
of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once
walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull
after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the
national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising
Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the
growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best
examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was
finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and
white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of
wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite
with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and
two stained glass rotundas.
[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive
offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the
British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury
Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated
the demolition of the State Department building.
41. C 42. 43. F 44. 45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and
achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the
religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and
comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but
in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was
threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval,
literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals
in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a
grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to
Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For
a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were
written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however,
gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their
permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters
as offering a means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and
Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that
crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage —
where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been
created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions
had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional
interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,
blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at
the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same
time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the
dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably
there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an email to all international experts on campus, inviting them to attend the graduation
ceremony. In your email, you should include the time, place and other relevant information about
the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)参考答案
Section Ⅰ Use of English (10 points)
1. C 2. A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.B 10. A
11. B 12. B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.A 20. C
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. D 22.C 23.A 24.D 25.B 26.D 27.A 28.B 29.C 30. A
31. B 32. C 33.D 34.D 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.A 39.C 40. D
Part B (10 points)
41. E 42. G 43.A 44.B 45. D
Part C (10 points)
46.在他出生之前，宗教戏剧在欧洲正在消亡，而受到古典悲剧和喜剧的激发，新的戏剧形
式得以创建。
47.任何在文法学校就读的学生都不会不了解，戏剧是一种文学形式，它曾为希腊和罗马带
来荣誉，也仍然能为英格兰带来荣耀。
48.但是职业剧团在他们永久性的剧院蓬勃发展，于是怀有文学抱负的大学生迅速投身到这
些剧院中，以此作为维持生计的方法。
49.本土文学戏剧得以产生，它与已经建立起来的公共剧院紧密结合，至少一些伟大传统已
经初具雏形。
50.要领略戏剧活动多么伟大，我们就必须要进一步认识到，很多戏剧已经不复存在，而名
家之作或许也难以完整留存。
