文档内容
2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on
the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
①People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual
decisions. ②At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments
which are unbiased by 2 factors. ③ But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to
consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information
they were working with. ④ 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6
crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other
defendants only to forced community service on that day.
①To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. ②In theory, the 9 of
an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day,
but DrSimonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .
①He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. ②The
interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. ③This scale 14 numerous factors
into consideration. ④The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the
Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800
points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
①DrSimonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was
0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant
would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. ②This might sound small, but to 19 the effects
of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20
.
1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers
2. [A] minor [B] objective [C] crucial [D] external
3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment
4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all
5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless
6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless
8. [A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test
9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10 [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified
.
11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
12 [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured
.
13 [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged
1/12.
14 [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took
.
15 [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather
.
16 [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced
.
17 [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below
.
18 [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate
.
19 [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard
.
20 [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful
.
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or
D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
①In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,
scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. ②Priestly explains
how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to
departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
①This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with
the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.
②In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,
H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. ③Quicker
turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. ④These labels
encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,
although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. ⑤By offering on-
trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an
industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
①The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. ②For H&M to offer a
$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas
labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
①Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael
Pollan’sThe Omnivore’s Dilemma. ②“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need,
yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. ③Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion
garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess
leads to waste.
①Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah
Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. ②But as Cline is
the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
2/12①Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the
environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting
change can only be effected by the customer. ②She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates
of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. ③Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping
more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her_____.
[A] poor bargaining skill
[B] insensitivity to fashion
[C] obsession with high fashion
[D] lack of imagination
22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to_____.
[A] combat unnecessary waste
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world
[C] resist the influence of advertisements
[D] shop for their garments more frequently
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to_____.
[A] accusation [B] enthusiasm [C] indifference [D] tolerance
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
①An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one
knows which half. ②In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. ③ By
watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those
most likely to buy.
①In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-
grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral
ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
①In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not
track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be
followed. ②Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due
to do so this year. ③In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the
industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
3/12①On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. ②It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to
appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
①Advertisers are horrified. ②Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default
settings. ③Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. ④Bob Liodice, the chief
executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry
cannot collect information about their preferences. ⑤People will not get fewer ads, he says.
⑥“They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
①It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. ②Getting a DNT signal does not oblige
anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. ③Unable to tell whether
someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some
may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
①Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. ②After all, it has an ad business too, which it
says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. ③If it is trying to upset
Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no
guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. ④DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling
point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with
Google’s on that count before. ⑤Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We
believe consumers should have more control.” ⑥Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to ______.
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D] provide better online services
27. “the industry” (Line 4, Para.3) refers to ______.
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysts
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ______.
[A] may cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.
30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ______.
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciation
[D] skepticism
4/12Text 3
①Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means
uniformly—glowingly positive. ②Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading
to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
①Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of
threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. ②You might even be
tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
①But such gloominess is misplaced. ②The fossil record shows that many species have endured
for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? ③Take a broader look at our species' place in the
universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds,
of thousands of years. ④Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the
International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN),and you will read: “Listed as Least
Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no
major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
①So what does our deep future hold? ②A growing number of researchers and organisations are
now thinking seriously about that question. ③For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its
flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
①Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more
immediate future. ②The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is
dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore
the many possibilities we can envisage. ③That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new
publication dedicated to the near future.
①But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable
assurance. ②As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the
long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts
about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
①This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a
passing fad. ②To be sure, the future is not all rosy. ③But we are now knowledgeable enough to
reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those
to come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by _________.
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggeststhat human being are _________.
[A] a sustained species
[B] a threat to the environment
[C] the world’s dominant power
[D] a misplaced race
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
5/12[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to _________.
[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
[C] draw on our experience from the past
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
Text 4
① On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law
Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. ②But on the more important matter
of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance
of power between the federal government and the states.
①In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of
Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. ② The
Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of
Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. ③Arizona had attempted
to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
①Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled
that the state flew too close to the federal sun. ②On the overturned provisions the majority held that
Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”, and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s
privileged powers.
①However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of
people who come in contact with law enforcement. ②That’s because Congress has always envisioned
joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share
information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
① Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this
Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. ②The
only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of
state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
① The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his
objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. ② The White House argued that
Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal
statutes to the letter. ③In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise
legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
①Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and
the borders is among them. ②But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources
to check immigration status, it could. ③It never did so. ④The administration was in essence asserting
6/12that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to
do so either. ⑤Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they______.
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.
[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts______.
[A] violated the Constitution
[B] undermined the states’ interests
[C] supported the federal statute
[D] stood in favor of the states
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement______.
[A] outweighs that held by the states
[B] is dependent on the states’ support
[C] is established by federal statutes
[D] rarely goes against state laws
40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most
suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,
which do not fit in any of the blanks. Markyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional
social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to
the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by
about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including
climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary
agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.
Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence
in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical
innovation without creative destruction.
7/12Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly
debates,rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including
the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.
(43)____
When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested
mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example.And whether the community’s work
contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)____This is an adequate
amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of
funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long
had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that the system be
changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category. This has
resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather,the
complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop
projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented
and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing
elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers
published globally included one of these keywords.
[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health
and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient
energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its
main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from
scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social
innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as
much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about
developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in
Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science
research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of
all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and
corporate —varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
Part C
Directions:
8/12Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the
need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create,
express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) y et when one looks at
the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,
these gardens speak o f various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative
expression.
One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a“still point of
the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it
may be, is a distinct ly human need , as opposed to shelter, which is a distinct ly animal need . This
distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former
becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s
relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless , which are in effect homeless gardens ,
introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In
so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we
are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees,
(49)most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological
conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic . In
most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so
the compositions often seem to represent attempts tocall forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if
only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small
pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here
are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is
this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden , though in
a“liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning
for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to
be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
9/121) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
10/12答答案案速速查查表表
Section Ⅰ Use of English (10 points)
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. A
11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. C 19.B 20. C
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. D
31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. C 36. C 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. D
Part B (10 points)
41. E 42. F 43.B 44. G 45. C
Part C (10 points)
46. 然而，当看到由无家可归者所建造的花园的照片时，人们会突然间意识到，尽管
这些花园风格各异，但它们不仅显示出人们装饰与创意表达的需求，还显示出其
他种种基本需求。
47.那是一片宁静的圣土，无论多么粗陋，都是人类特有的需求，它不同于遮风挡雨
的栖息之所，那是动物特有的需求。
48.无家可归者的花园实际上就是无家之园（没有住所作为依托的临时花园），它将
其形式引入都市环境中，而这种形式以前在都市中要么不存在，要么不那么容易
辨识。
49.大部分人会变得萎靡不振，我们往往将这种消沉归咎于某些心理状况，直到有一
天我们发现自己置身于花园中，并感到那些苦闷神奇地消失了。
50.正是这种对自然界或含蓄或明确的参考，充分印证了用“花园”一词描述这些人
造建筑的合理性，尽管“花园”一词的语义被拓宽了。
11/12
