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2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
① Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ a bodily exercise
precious to health.”②But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has
little influence on physical fitness. ③Laughter does 2 short-term changes in
the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen
consumption. ④But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is
unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
① 6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter
apparently accomplishes the 7 . ② Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate
that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the
laugh dies down.
① Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of
psychological stress. ②Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of
10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. ③ 11 one
classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical
reactions. ④ It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry
13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
①Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can
flow 15 muscular responses. ② In an experiment published in 1988, social
psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to
16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their
lips, which would produce a（n） 17 expression. ③Those forced to exercise
their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those
whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence
emotions rather than just the other way around. ④ 20 , the physical act of
laughter could improve mood. （295 words）
1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like
2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce
3. [A] stabilizing[B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining
4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe
5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable
6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition[D] In brief
7. [A] opposite [B] impossible[C] average [D] expected
8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes
9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] moderate [D] enhance
10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal
1 / 1111. [A] Except for[B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for
12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at
13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because
14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses
15. [A] into [B] from [C] towards [D] beyond
16. [A] fetch [B] bite [C] pick [D] hold
17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful[D] indifferent
18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted
19. [A] suggesting[B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing
20. [A] Eventually[B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] Conversely
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
①The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music
director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden
announcement of his appointment in 2009. ② For the most part, the response has been
favorable, to say the least. ③“Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-
sided classical-music critic.
①One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that
Gilbert is comparatively little known. ② Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s
appointment in the Times, calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the
formidable conductor about him.”③ As a description of the next music director of an
orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,
that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.
①For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good
one. ②To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is
not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting
orchestral music. ③All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer
and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
① Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live
performance are missing the point. ②For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving
public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes,
theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great
classical musicians of the 20th century. ③ These recordings are cheap, available
everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;
moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.
2 / 11④ The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the
institution of the traditional classical concert.
①One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music
that is not yet available on record. ② Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been
widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is
capable of turning the Philharmonic into “ a markedly different, more vibrant
organization.”③But what will be the nature of that difference? ④Merely expanding the
orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. ⑤ If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to
succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and
the new audience it hopes to attract.
21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has __________.
[A] incurred criticism [B] raised suspicion
[C] received acclaim [D] aroused curiosity
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is __________.
[A] influential [B] modest
[C] respectable [D] talented
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers __________.
[A] ignore the expenses of live performances
[B] reject most kinds of recorded performances
[C] exaggerate the variety of live performances
[D] overestimate the value of live performances
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
[A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B] They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C] They help improve the quality of music.
[D] They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels __________.
[A] doubtful [B] enthusiastic
[C] confident [D] puzzled
Text 2
① When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his
explanation was surprisingly straight up. ② Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual
vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of
running a company.”③ Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,”
McGee says. ④ Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of
Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September
29.
①McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what
kind of company he wanted to run. ②It also sent a clear message to the outside world
about his aspirations. ③And McGee isn’t alone. ④In recent weeks the No. 2 executives
at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a
CEO post. ⑤ As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,
executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. ⑥ A turbulent business
3 / 11environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their
reputations.
① As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more
willing to make the jump without a net. ②In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down
23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to
Liberum Research. ③ As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring
leaders.
①The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.
②For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive
CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. ③ Says Korn/Ferry senior partner
Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not
instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”
①Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.
② Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a
CEO. ③ It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities
exchange. ④Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. ⑤He
finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.
①Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. ②The financial
crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ③“The
traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally
inverted,” says one headhunter. ④“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those
who’ve stayed too long.”
26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being
__________.
[A] arrogant [B] frank
[C] self-centered [D] impulsive
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by __________.
[A] their expectation of better financial status
[B] their need to reflect on their private life
[C] their strained relations with the boards
[D] their pursuit of new career goals
28. The word “poached”（Line 3, Paragraph 4） most probably means __________.
[A] approved of [B] attended to
[C] hunted for [D] guarded against
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.
[A] top performers used to cling to their posts
[B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated
[C] top performers care more about reputations
[D] it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A] CEOs: Where to Go?
[B] CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C] Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D] The Only Way Out for Top Performers
4 / 11Text 3
①The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.
② No longer. ③ While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and
print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative
forms of media. ④ Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media
by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by
sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.
⑤The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that
marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
①Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.
② For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. ③ But in
some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—for
instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. ④We define such
sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their
content or e-commerce engines within that environment. ⑤This trend, which we believe is
still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines
and hotels and will no doubt go further. ⑥Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created
BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even
competitive products. ⑦Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes
the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about
the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all
companies concerned.
①The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more
（and more diverse） communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate
consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging
ways. ② Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign
becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative
allegations about a brand or product. ③ Members of social networks, for instance, are
learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created
them.
① If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott
products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. ② In such a case, the
company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve
has been steep. ③ Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its
recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media
response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such
as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. （443 words）
31. Consumers may create “earned” media when they are __________.
[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them
[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products
32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature __________.
5 / 11[A] a safe business environment [B] random competition
[C] strong user traffic [D] flexibility in organization
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media __________.
[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers
[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing
[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition
[D] deserve all the negative comments about them
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of __________.
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media
[B] persuading customers into boycotting products
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
①It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story,
“I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people
talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,
life-enriching experience. ② Rather than concluding that children make parents either
happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of
it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider
being happy as a past-tense condition. ③Even though the day-to-day experience of raising
kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment
dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
① The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly
the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. ② There are also stories
about newly adoptive—and newly single—mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual
“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. ③ Practically every week features at least one
celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
① In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that
admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?
②It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the
childless. ③ Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had
kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the
single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of
the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
① Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and
People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like
Bullock. ② According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than
childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. ③No shock there, considering
6 / 11how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and
Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own”（read: with round-the-clock help） is a
piece of cake.
① It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just
because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a
baby is not a haircut. ②But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week
of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way
contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a
small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like
Jennifer Aniston. （447 words）
36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring __________.
[A] temporary delight
[B] enjoyment in progress
[C] happiness in retrospect
[D] lasting reward
37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that __________.
[A] celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip
[B] single mothers with babies deserve greater attention
[C] news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining
[D] having children is highly valued by the public
38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks __________.
[A] are constantly exposed to criticism
[B] are largely ignored by the media
[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities
[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life
39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is __________.
[A] soothing [B] ambiguous
[C] compensatory [D] misleading
40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
[B] Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
[C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
[D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into
the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.
You can, Mr Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But
the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly,
7 / 11up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These
are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in
business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American
universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every
educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education”
should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been
read”—they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered
graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to
produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English
departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.
Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many
humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been
trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across
the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional
education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience
both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,
medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts
degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have
professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the
process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours
fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree
into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors
did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the
knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable.”
So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the
production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which
“the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think
dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and
criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and
more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the
American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral
degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in
8 / 11American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured
it skillfully.
G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and
outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth
exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.
（46） Alle n ’ s contribution wa s to tak e a n assumption w e al l shar e — tha t becaus e w e
are not robots we therefore control our thoughts — and reveal its erroneous nature. Because
most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be
hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However,
Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,
and （47） while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the consc ious
mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do
this or achieve that? ”
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord
with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”
Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you
don’t “get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make
a person, they reveal him.”（48） This seems a justification fo r neglec t o f those in
need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and t he
inferiority of those at the bottom.
This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of
circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances
always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have
progressed. In fact, （49） circumstance s seem t o b e designe d t o brin g ou t th e bes t i n us ,
and if we feel that we have been “ wronged ” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious
effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s
early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our
present condition except ourselves. （50） The upside is the possibilities contained in
knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of
limitations , now we become authorities of what is possible . （405 words）
Section Ⅲ Writing
9 / 11Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1） recommend one of your favorite movies and
2） give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. （10 points）
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you
should
1） describe the drawing briefly,
2） explain it’s intended meaning, and
3） give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）
10 / 11答答案案速速查查表表
Section Ⅰ Use of English (10 points)
1. C 2. D3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. D9. C 10. A
11. B12. C13. D14. C15. B16. D17. A18. D19.A20. C
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. C22. B23. D24. B25. A26. B27. D28. C29. A30. C
31. D32. C33. B34. A35. A36. C37. D38. A39. D40. B
Part B (10 points)
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. C 45. F
Part C (10 points)
46. 詹姆斯·艾伦的贡献是抓住了我们所有人都认同的一个假设——因为我们不是机
器人，所以我们能够控制自己的思想——并揭示它的错误本质。（也可分译
为：我们都认为，因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能够控制自己的思想。詹姆
斯·艾伦的贡献就在于他研究了这一假设，并揭示出其错误的本质。）
47.尽管我们也许能够仅凭借显意识来维持控制（思想）的错觉，但事实上我们却一
直面临一个问题：“为什么我不能让自己完成这件事情或者实现那一目标呢？”
48.这似乎证明了忽视需要帮助的人是合理的，剥削别人、上层人优越、底层人卑微
的现象也是合理的。（也可进一步意译为：这一观点似乎证明了坐视不救合理，
剥削无过，上层的人自然优越，底层的人就该卑微。）
49.环境似乎旨在激发我们表现出最好的一面，如果我们觉得环境待我们不公，那么
我们就不可能自觉地努力摆脱现状。
50.（这个观点的）积极的一面在于，既然我们知道一切取决于自己，那么我们就拥
有无限的可能；以前我们可以熟练应付种种局限，而现在我们则主宰各种可能。
11 / 11
