114-2018年军队文职人员招聘考试《英语语言文学》真题-137702_军队文职(1)_01.军队文职真题-专业课_（全）版本一（历年真题+章节练习+模拟题）_英语言文学(军队文职)_历年真题_纯题目

2018年军队文职人员招聘考试《英语语言文 学 》真题 即刻题库 www.jike.vip 1 、 单选题 Which of the following is not one of "the Lake Poets"? —— A ： William Wordsworth B ： Samuel Taylor Coleridge C ： Robert Southey D ： Walter Scott 2 、 单选题 In the history of English literature，the second half of the 18th century is sometimes called —— A ： Pope B ： Dryden C ： Johnson D ： Defoe 3 、 单选题 is sometimes called "the world's biggest farm". —— A ： Australia B ： New Zealand C ： Canada D ： the United States 4 、 单选题 The word meaning in the dictionary is called the meaning. —— A ： connotative B ： denotative C ： collocative D ： stylistic5 、 单选题 In cross-cultural communication, mistakes is not so obvious as grammatical ones —— but are even more disastrous. A ： semantic B ： pragmatic C ： phonetic D ： stylistic 6 、 单选题 Transcendentalism is movement started in the US by —— A ： Washington Irving B ： Ralph Waldo Emerson C ： Henry David Thoreau D ： Nathaniel Hawthorne 7 、 单选题 The Economist is one of the most important in Britain. —— A ： weekly reviews B ： quarterly reviews C ： daily newspapers D ： Sunday newspapers 8 、 单选题 is the highest juridical officer in Britain. —— A ： The Lord Chancellor B ： The Home Secretary C ： The Attorney General D ： The prime minister 9 、 单选题 During the reign of ,the church in England asserted its independence from the —— Roman Catholic Church. A ： Edward VI B ： King John C ： King Jams l D ： Henry Ⅷ 10 、 单选题Which of the following is in the southwest of America? —— A ： Maine B ： Colorado C ： Arizona D ： Both A and B 11 、 单选题 Engines to machines hearts to animals. —— A ： like B ： as C ： what D ： when 12 、 单选题 The committee can't come to a decision, because at odds. —— A ： they are B ： it is C ： it has D ： they have 13 、 单选题 We went to the nightclub last night, and we asked the waiter for and . —— —— A ： two cups of tea ; four coffee B ： two teas; four coffee C ： two teas; four coffees D ： two cup of tea; four cup of coffee 14 、 单选题 Stephen Hawking has made another wonderful discovery, of great importance to —— science. A ： which I think it is B ： I think which is C ： of which I think D ： which I think is 15 、 单选题 with the size of the country,the number of population does not seem large at all. —— A ： Compared B ： Be compared C ： ComparingD ： Compare 16 、 单选题 Apart from philosophical and legal reasons for respecting patients’wishes，there are several practical reasons why doctors should to involve patients in their —— medical care decisions. A ： enhance B ： enforce C ： endeavor D ： struggle 17 、 单选题 Rain is welcome, but a(an) large amount of rainfall will cause floods. —— A ： extensively B ： extremely C ： specially D ： constantly 18 、 单选题 To save gas, people should be encouraged to join the car instead of fining —— them when found in such activities. A ： pool B ： club C ： group D ： service 19 、 单选题 As my exams are coming next week, I will take advantage of this week to on some —— reading. A ： catch up B ： clear up C ： make up D ： pick up 20 、 单选题 Reports say that carlier this year, the suspect was taken to a hospital for medical treatment but remained in police . —— A ： curfew B ： custody C ： detainmentD ： bail 21 、 单选题 Although the disease threatens the lives of several thousand people every year,the of supplies and equipment has hampered the progress of medical —— research for a cure. A ： rarity B ： scarcity C ： infrequency D ： poverty 22 、 单选题 Despite his wealth and position, he has an personality. —— A ： unassuming B ： unprecedented C ： undermining D ： uncouth 23 、 单选题 Their happiness was very . —— A ： crisp B ： brittle C ： delicate D ： fragilc 24 、 单选题 My grandfather，a retired worker,often the past with a feeling of longing —— and respect. A ： contemplates B ： contrives C ： considers D ： contacts 25 、 单选题 The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. —— A ： transports B ： transfers C ： transcend D ： transforms26 、 单选题 He worked as a builder in Chicago and half his monthly wage to his family in —— the Philippines. A ： refunded B ： remitted C ： reposed D ： rebuffed 27 、 单选题 Citizens who refuse or evade in times of war are to be sentenced to two years —— of fixed-term imprisonment if the situation is serious. A ： tax B ： confiscation C ： working D ： conscription 28 、 单选题 We hadn't realized that there would be a power cut so we are astonished when the whole house was into the darkness. —— A ： dropped B ： dived C ： drowned D ： plunged 29 、 单选题 The in Janet's character has hindered her from advancement in her career. —— A ： deficiency B ： demerit C ： defect D ： shortcoming 30 、 单选题 My idea of a holiday is to book myself into a five-star hotel and just in the luxury for —— a week. A ： bellow B ： burrow C ： fallow D ： wallow31 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man most probably in order to —— A ： point out affinities between Rosenblatt's method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism B ： clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage C ： qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt's book made in the first paragraph of thepassage D ： give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt 's work 32 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt's books book EXCEPT: ——A ： Rhetorical questions B ： Specific examples C ： Comparison and contrast D ： Definition of terms 33 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as —— A ： Pedantic and contentious B ： Critical but admiring C ： Ironic and deprecating D ： Argumentative but unfocused 34 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt —— A ： Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction B ： Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors C ： Explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction througnout its history D ： Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically 35 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works likeJames Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. The author of the text is primarily concerned with —— A ： Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B ： Comparing various critical approaches to a subject C ： Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D ： Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism 36 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue.They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text? A ： An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given B ： A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced C ： The results of recent research are introduced and summarized D ： Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated 37 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, seniormanagers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. The text provides support for which of the following statements ? A ： Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis B ： Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions C ： Managers’intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills D ： Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently 38 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis ? A ： Manager X analyzes first and then acts:Manager Y does not B ： Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis: Manager Ydoes not C ： Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem: Manager Y does not D ： Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem:Manager X does not 39 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they cananalyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2? A ： They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decisionanalysis B ： They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers C ： They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on whatmanagers do D ： They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions 40 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausiblesolution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to? A ： Speed up of the crcation of a solution to a problem B ： Identify a problem C ： Bring together disparate facts D ： Stipulate clear goals 41 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis andcomputer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. It can be inferred from the passage that —— A ： of all the stars discovered so far, Kepler-452b is the most similar to the Earth B ： previously found the Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'"habitable zones' are suitable forlife C ： if Kepler-452b is rocky, it could have gravity twice as strong as what exists on Earth' 'ssurface D ： now people have found 12 Earth-like planets circling sun-like stars 42 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance ofbeing rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. It's very possible for life to rise on Kepler-452b because of all of the following reasonsEXCEPT. —— A ： It takes Kepler-452b 385 days to complete its orbit B ： Its parent star is very similar to the sun C ： It's been orbiting its parent star for about 6 billion years D ： It is rocky and has liquid water 43 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance ofbeing rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. According to paragraph 4, Kepler 452b —— A ： is very likely to be rocky B ： has a very slim chance of being rocky C ： is very unlikely to be rocky D ： has an average chance of being rocky 44 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis andcomputer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. What does the passage say about the Kepler space telescope? A ： The telescope changes its measures every minute B ： computer programs and ground-based observations are used to determine whether a planets potted by Kepler has a parent star C ： The most important mission of the telescope was to survey a sampling of nearby stars D ： The telescope needs to wait for a new generation to discover whether Kepler-452b has an atmosphere 45 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With arations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is TRUE? A ： A planet very similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting the sun B ： The planet is about 160 percent the size of the Earth C ： It would take a spaceshuttle about 1400 years to get to the planet D ： The planet circles a star that is about the size, temperature and age of the sun 46 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work? A ： Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture B ： Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain C ： Bailyn's description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect D ： Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America 47 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the manythousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England? A ： High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England B ： The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians C ： The colonists imitated the high culture of England， and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own D ： The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England 48 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasinglymigrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's fourth proposition? A ： It is totally implausible B ： It is partially acceptable C ： It is highly admirable D ： It is controversial though persuasive 49 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to —— A ： give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England B ： describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States C ： take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land D ： relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States50 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text? A ： A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land B ： Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successfulat making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans C ： Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century D ： By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers 51 、 单选题 My idea of a holiday is to book myself into a five-star hotel and just——in the luxury for a week. A ： bellow B ： burrow C ： fallow D ： wallow 52 、 单选题 The——in Janet's character has hindered her from advancement in her career. A ： deficiency B ： demerit C ： defect D ： shortcoming 53 、 单选题 We hadn't realized that there would be a power cut so we are astonished when the whole house was——into the darkness. A ： dropped B ： dived C ： drowned D ： plunged 54 、 单选题 Citizens who refuse or evade——in times of war are to be sentenced to two years of fixed-term imprisonment if the situation is serious. A ： tax B ： confiscation C ： working D ： conscription 55 、 单选题 He worked as a builder in Chicago and——half his monthly wage to his family in the Philippines.A ： refunded B ： remitted C ： reposed D ： rebuffed 56 、 单选题 The scene is so beautiful that it——my power of description. A ： transports B ： transfers C ： transcend D ： transforms 57 、 单选题 My grandfather，a retired worker,often——the past with a feeling of longing and respect. A ： contemplates B ： contrives C ： considers D ： contacts 58 、 单选题 Their happiness was very——. A ： crisp B ： brittle C ： delicate D ： fragile 59 、 单选题 Despite his wealth and position, he has an——personality. A ： unassuming B ： unprecedented C ： undermining D ： uncouth 60 、 单选题 Although the disease threatens the lives of several thousand people every year,the——of supplies and equipment has hampered the progress of medical research for a cure. A ： rarity B ： scarcityC ： infrequency D ： poverty 61 、 单选题 Reports say that carlier this year, the suspect was taken to a hospital for medical treatment but remained in police——. A ： curfew B ： custody C ： detainment D ： bail 62 、 单选题 As my exams are coming next week, I will take advantage of this week to——on some reading. A ： catch up B ： clear up C ： make up D ： pick up 63 、 单选题 To save gas, people should be encouraged to join the car——instead of fining them when found in such activities. A ： pool B ： club C ： group D ： service 64 、 单选题 Rain is welcome, but a（an）—— large amount of rainfall will cause floods. A ： extensively B ： extremely C ： specially D ： constantly 65 、 单选题 Apart from philosophical and legal reasons for respecting patients’wishes，there are several practical reasons why doctors should—— to involve patients in their medical care decisions. A ： enhance B ： enforceC ： endeavor D ： struggle 66 、 单选题 ——with the size of the country,the number of population does not seem large at all. A ： Compared B ： e compared C ： omparing D ： Compare 67 、 单选题 Stephen Hawking has made another wonderful discovery,——of great importance to science. A ： which I think it is B ： I think which is C ： of which I think D ： which I think is 68 、 单选题 We went to the nightclub last night, and we asked the waiter for——and——. A ： two cups of tea ; four coffee B ： two teas; four coffee C ： two teas; four coffees D ： two cup of tea; four cup of coffee 69 、 单选题 The committee can't come to a decision, because——at odds. A ： they are B ： it is C ： it has D ： they have 70 、 单选题 Engines to machines——hearts to animals. A ： like B ： as C ： what D ： when71 、 单选题 Which of the following is in the southwest of America?—— A ： Maine B ： Colorado C ： Arizona D ： Both A and B 72 、 单选题 During the reign of——,the church in England asserted its independence from the Roman Catholic Church. A ： Edward VI B ： King John C ： King Jams l D ： Henry Ⅷ 73 、 单选题 ——is the highest juridical officer in Britain. A ： The Lord Chancellor B ： The Home Secretary C ： The Attorney General D ： The prime minister 74 、 单选题 The Economist is one of the most important——in Britain. A ： weekly reviews B ： quarterly reviews C ： daily newspapers D ： Sunday newspapers 75 、 单选题 Transcendentalism is movement started in the US by—— A ： Washington Irving B ： Ralph Waldo Emerson C ： Henry David Thoreau D ： Nathaniel Hawthorne 76 、 单选题 In cross-cultural communication,——mistakes is not so obvious as grammatical onesbut are even more disastrous. A ： semantic B ： pragmatic C ： phonetic D ： stylistic 77 、 单选题 The word meaning in the dictionary is called the——meaning. A ： connotative B ： denotative C ： collocative D ： stylistic 78 、 单选题 ——is sometimes called "the world's biggest farm". A ： ustralia B ： New Zealand C ： anada D ： the United States 79 、 单选题 In the history of English literature，the second half of the 18th century is sometimes called—— A ： Pope B ： Dryden C ： Johnson D ： efoe 80 、 单选题 Which of the following is not one of "the Lake Poets"?—— A ： William Wordsworth B ： Samuel Taylor Coleridge C ： Robert Southey D ： Walter Scott 81 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered byastronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is TRUE? A ： planet very similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting the sun B ： The planet is about 160 percent the size of the Earth C ： It would take a spaceshuttle about 1400 years to get to the planet D ： The planet circles a star that is about the size, temperature and age of the sun 82 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." hesaid. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. What does the passage say about the Kepler space telescope? A ： The telescope changes its measures every minute B ： computer programs and ground-based observations are used to determine whether a planets potted by Kepler has a parent star C ： The most important mission of the telescope was to survey a sampling of nearby stars D ： The telescope needs to wait for a new generation to discover whether Kepler-452b has an atmosphere 83 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to bebelieved critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. According to paragraph 4, Kepler 452b—— A ： is very likely to be rocky B ： has a very slim chance of being rocky C ： is very unlikely to be rocky D ： has an average chance of being rocky 84 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size andtemperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. It's very possible for life to rise on Kepler-452b because of all of the following reasonsEXCEPT.—— A ： It takes Kepler-452b 385 days to complete its orbit B ： Its parent star is very similar to the sun C ： It's been orbiting its parent star for about 6 billion years D ： It is rocky and has liquid water 85 、 单选题 A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so- called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earthsurface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. It can be inferred from the passage that—— A ： of all the stars discovered so far, Kepler-452b is the most similar to the Earth B ： previously found the Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'"habitable zones' are suitable forlife C ： if Kepler-452b is rocky, it could have gravity twice as strong as what exists on Earth' 'ssurface D ： now people have found 12 Earth-like planets circling sun-like stars 86 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they cananalyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to? A ： Speed up of the crcation of a solution to a problem B ： Identify a problem C ： Bring together disparate facts D ： Stipulate clear goals 87 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematicsituation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2? A ： They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decisionanalysis B ： They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers C ： They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on whatmanagers do D ： They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions 88 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers developthoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis ? A ： Manager X analyzes first and then acts:Manager Y does not B ： Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis: Manager Ydoes not C ： Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem: Manager Y does not D ： Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem:Manager X does not 89 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. The text provides support for which of the following statements ? A ： Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis B ： Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions C ： Managers’intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills D ： Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently 90 、 单选题 The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha- experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text? A ： n assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given B ： A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced C ： The results of recent research are introduced and summarized D ： Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated 91 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works likeJames Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. The author of the text is primarily concerned with—— A ： Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B ： Comparing various critical approaches to a subject C ： Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D ： Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism 92 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt—— A ： Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction B ： Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors C ： Explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction througnout its history D ： Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically 93 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as—— A ： Pedantic and contentious B ： Critical but admiring C ： Ironic and deprecating D ： Argumentative but unfocused 94 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt's books book EXCEPT:—— A ： Rhetorical questionsB ： Specific examples C ： omparison and contrast D ： efinition of terms 95 、 单选题 Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition， the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man most probably in order to—— A ： point out affinities between Rosenblatt's method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism B ： clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passageC ： qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt's book made in the first paragraph of the passage D ： give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt 's work 96 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text? A ： larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indenturedservants than as free agents interested in acquiring land B ： Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans C ： Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century D ： By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers 97 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to—— A ： give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England B ： describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States C ： take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land D ： relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States 98 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed upgood wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's fourth proposition? A ： It is totally implausible B ： It is partially acceptable C ： It is highly admirable D ： It is controversial though persuasive 99 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed upgood wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England? A ： High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England B ： The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians C ： The colonists imitated the high culture of England， and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own D ： The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England 100 、 单选题 Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his worksuggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work? A ： Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture B ： ailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain C ： Bailyn's description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect D ： Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America 101 、 问答题 请把下段文字翻译成英语:“让我们共建开放创新的世界经济。创新发展是引领世界经济 持续发展的必然选择。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革正处在实现重大突破的历史关 口。各国应该加强创新合作，推动科技同经济深度融合，加强创新成果共享，努力打破 制约知识、技术、人才等创新要素流动的壁垒，支持企业自主开展技术交流合作，让创 新源泉充分涌流。为了更好运用知识的创造以造福人类，我们应该共同加强知识产权保 护，而不是搞知识封锁，制造甚至扩大科技鸿沟。” 102 、 问答题 请把下段文字翻译成汉语: The word“winner”and“loser”have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsible, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather,they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance，maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don’t pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others;evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound or awed by them. Winners do not play“ helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.