牛津高中英语必修一单元三语法讲练

牛津高中英语必修一单元三语法讲练

定语从句中关系代词的用法

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个名词、代词。用逗号和主句隔开的定语从句称非限制性定语从句。修饰整个句子的定语从句一般是非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当某个成分。如果定语从句修饰的名词或代词有更简洁的介词或副词短语修饰，则定语从句和主句出现分隔现象。

**关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等的用法：

that既可指物，也可指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。that不能作介词的宾语，只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：

A plane is a machine that can fly in the sky.

Do you know the girl that/who is standing over there?

He is not the person that he used to be.

This is the book (that/which) he borrowed from the library yesterday.

which指物，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语(介词后表物的宾语只用which)。which可引导限制性定语从句；也可引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面主句中的某个名词或整个句子。如：

Can you see the red house which is located behind the classroom building?

Show me the book (which) you bought yesterday.

This is the house in which/where he was born.

He is addicted to computer games, which are harmful to his studies.

He was seriously ill when he was young, which made him lose his sight.

who指人，在定语从句中作主语，引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语(介词后表人的宾语只用whom)，引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。如：

Do you know the teacher who is teaching my English?

Mary is one of the students who live in the countryside.

在前面没有介词的情况下，who可替代whom。如：

The headmaster is the person who/whom/that Mr. Lee is talking with. = The headmaster is the person with whom Mr. Lee is talking.

We will pay a visit to Mr. Wang, who still works for our school in his seventies.

whose指人和物，在定语从句中作定语，引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。whose后面的名词和前面的名词构成所属关系。如：

This is the girl whose mother is a singer.

I live in the room whose door faces the south.=I live in the room, the door of which faces the south.

关系代词as也可以引导定语从句。

1.as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same... as, such... as...,so... as...结构中，以区别“so…that…, such…that…”结构中that引导的结果状语从句。

(1) I never give my students such difficult homework as they can’t do.

(2) Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.

(3) This book was written in such easy English as beginners could understand.

对比：

This book was written in such easy English that beginners could understand it.(这句中的that引导的是结果状语从句，不是定语从句。)

2.as引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后, 也可放在主句中间，用来修饰整个句子。as引导的非限制性定语从句通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect等。

(1) As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid－term examination.

(2) Pingchao is a beautiful town, as we all know.

注意：which和as一样，也可以修饰整个句子，但有区别：

(1) 当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which引导。

Tom drinks a lot everyday, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

(2) which引导的修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句只能放在句尾，而as引导的修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句可放在句首、句尾或句中。

①Li Ping is good at English, as we all know.

②As is known to all of us, the Great Wall is a pride to the Chinese people.

③Most people in China play ping－pong, which makes it popular in China. 

(3) which在引导的修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句中一般作行为动词的主语。

Mr. Lee teaches English in a lively and interesting way, which benefits his students greatly.

**way后面的限制性定语从句的特殊关系词。way在后面的限制性定语从句中作状语，可以不用关系词，也可以用that，也可以用in which。way在后面的限制性定语从句中如果不作状语而作主语或宾语，就只能用关系代词that或关系代词which。如：

I don’t like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother.

I don’t like the way (that/which) you used in solving the problem.

另外，way后面可以跟to do…或of doing作定语，和限制性定语从句并用时的用法需要注意。如：

This is the best way he can think of to solve the problem.= This is the best way he can think of of solving the problem.

**关系代词that的特殊用法：

1．先行词为something, everything, anything, nothing, all, much, little, few, none，one等不定代词时，引导限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?

Shanghai is the only one of the cities that belongs to China.

2.当先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时，引导限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

This is the only job that is fit for you.

3.当先行词被序数词和最高级形容词修饰时或先行词是名词化的序数词和最高级形容词，引导限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.

When we talk about the tourist attractions in Hangzhou, the first that comes into our minds is the West Lake.

4.当先行词被any, all ,no, much, little, few,修饰时，引导限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

Any girls that knew him were English students.

5.当先行词为人和物的混合体时，引导限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

The house fell and hurt a woman and her dog that were just passing by.

They had a long talk about the persons and the things (that) they both knew.

6.有时为避免重复，引导限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

Who is the scientist that is going to give us a talk on space this Sunday?

要注意的是：以上都是讲的关系代词that的特殊使用，如果定语从句中使用的不是关系代词，不能因为思维定势而犯错误。如：

This is the only bookstore where you can buy an English dictionary.

Is there a bookstore around where I can buy an English dictionary？

**在初中基础英语里，定语从句可以使用介词短语来简化。如：

I prefer to stay in a hotel room which has a sea view.=I prefer to stay in a hotel room with a sea view.

Do you know the girl who is holding two books in her hand?=Do you know the girl with two books in her hand?

The man who wears a blue shirt is our English teacher.=The man in a blue shirt is our English teacher.

**定语从句和强调结构搭配，常出现which, where引导的定语从句和强调that的搭配以及其它介词加关系代词引导的定语从句和强调that的搭配。如：

It was in the stone house which was built as a school by local villagers that the boy finished his primary school. (为避免重复，which一般不改用that。)

It was from the river where he often did some fishing that he saved the girl.

It was the activities organized by the school in which/where they gained experience for growth that shaped their lives.

巩固练习：

一.阅读下面的短文，用正确的关系代词填空。

Titanic

You may have heard the sad story about “Titanic” (1)____ sounded very sad, but it is true.

The story happened on the ocean where the great ship set off on her first voyage, but also her last one. The ship sank at the waters where there were not many icebergs. The ship sank on the night when there were stars in the sky. None of the people on the ship knew the reason why the great ship should sank.

Now evening came quietly. Suddenly, a strange sound came from down below the ship (2)_____ was flying forward like a great bird. Captain Smith did not find there was something wrong until the engine had stopped and he was told that the ship was flooded.

Thomas Andrews might be the last man on the ship. When a seaman asked him if he was going to leave, he gave no reply. The “Titanic” is to him what a child to his mother. He really did not know whether he should leave the ship or not. Andrews designed “Titanic”. Generally speaking, he was the man (3)_____ people would blame. It was a great ship (4)_____ could carry over 1000 passengers. But this great ship (5)_____ the famous designer was proud of had a life of four days.

Captain Smith was another man (6)_____ people would blame. Was he the right man (7)_____ task was to pilot the ship of dreams?

1.that/which2.which/that3.who/whom/that4.that/which5.that/which6.whom/who/that7.whose

二．用合适的关系代词或“介词+关系代词”完成短文填空。

Hawaii is the only U.S. state   1   is made up completely of islands. It has 1.67 million square kilometers with a population of almost 1 million, a third   2   are white people and the rest are Polynesian, Philippines, Chinese and Korean.   

Honolulu,   3   is the capital of Hawaii, is situated on Oahu. It plays a role of business, commercial and cultural center of Hawaii,   4   about 80% of the population of Hawaii live. 

About five centuries ago, the Polynesian from the south Pacific moved to the beautiful islands. In 1795 most islands were controlled by the kingdom of Hawaii. In 1893, when the kingdom was overthrown(推翻), the Republic of Hawaii was set up with the support of the US. However, in 1898, Hawaii came to the control of the US. 

In 1941 Japanese,   5   had fights with many Asian countries including China, bombed (轰炸) Pearl Harbor,   6   led the USA into World War II, since when Hawaii became a major naval station (海军基地). 

Hawaii became the 50th state of the USA in 1959. Now Hawaii,   7   largest industry is tourism, is a major tourist destination in the world,   8   attracts more than five million visitors a year. 

Hawaii is one of two states   9   do not observe (遵循) daylight saving time (夏令时); the other is Arizona. It is also one of two states   10   are not within the mainland of the United States; the other is Alaska.

1.that 2. of which 3. which 4. in which  5. who 6. which 7. whose 8. which 9. that/which 10. that/which