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普通高中教科书
选择性必修
第二册普通高中教科书
选择性必修
第二册
主 编：陈 琳
北京主 编：陈 琳
副 主 编：张连仲
编 者：刘 晓 李陆桂 张京生 钱建源 徐 浩 雷传利
（按照姓氏笔画排序）
项目策划：王 芳 王 勇
项目负责：张黎新 郎 崧 张 涛
基础教育出版分社：
地 址：北京市西三环北路19号 外研社大厦 基础教育出版分社(100089)
咨询电话：(010)88819117/88819688
传 真：(010)88819423前 言
本教材是外语教学与研究出版社根据教育部制定的《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）》，在充分
调研和科学论证的基础上推出的中小学“一条龙”英语教材——《英语》（新标准）的高中部分。
本教材的主编为北京外国语大学陈琳教授，副主编为张连仲教授，编写团队包括国内高校的知名专家
学者、教研人员和一线教师。陈琳教授秉承周恩来总理提出的“一条龙”外语教学理念，总结自己从事
外语教育工作70年的经验，提出了符合中国外语教育实践的教育理论——辩证实践外语教育途径，并在
《英语》（新标准）教材中贯彻实施。
根据教育部2017年新课程标准的精神，我们启动了《英语》（新标准）高中教材的修订工作。本次
修订全面依托新课程标准要求，坚持陈琳教授的特色理论，由陈琳教授、张连仲教授指导编写团队，在充
分考虑我国英语教育实际学情和教情的前提下，进行了全面的框架重建和内容设计，保证了理论与实践的
紧密结合。
《英语》（新标准）高中教材共分10册：1—3册为必修课程教材，4—7册为选择性必修课程教材，
8—10册为选修课程中的提高类教材。
选择性必修课程教材与必修课程教材形成递进关系，进一步夯实基础，为学生的深度发展与进阶做好
准备，既适应今后高考的普遍要求，也能够适应学生今后人生和职业发展的语言需求。《英语》（新标准）
选择性必修课程教材的主要特色如下：
一、坚持立德树人根本任务。在教材的选材、内容、语言等各个方面突出学科的育人本质，帮助学生更好
地培育中国情怀，坚定文化自信，拓展国际视野，形成正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。
二、突出学科核心素养的重要性，全面培养学生的语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力，帮助学生
逐步形成正确的价值观念、必备品格和关键能力。
三、坚持理论与实践的辩证关系。从语言实践的角度设计教材的主题架构、内容结构直至每一项具体活
动，确保有实践、可实践，并通过实践促进提升，帮助学生形成素养，发展素养。
四、遵循“理解—发展—实践”的原则，以“主题”为纲设计单元任务，重要题材在各册教材中均得到体
现，且内容逐步扩展加深、螺旋式上升，符合语言教学规律。
五、语篇题材多样、体裁丰富，语言地道鲜活、难度适中，符合学生的兴趣特点，同时能够提升学生的语
篇意识，丰富语言感知与学习体验。
六、活动设计紧密围绕主题语境，更加突出综合技能的整合训练，充分体现了英语学习活动观；同时强调
交际情境的真实性和丰富性，帮助学生掌握语言技能、建构完善的知识基础，在实践中逐步形成交际
能力，培养在获取信息、处理信息、重构信息过程中的逻辑思维、多元思维和批判性思维。
七、强调学习策略的培养，鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作、探究等方式，利用各种学习资源完成
学习任务、解决学习中的困难；同时鼓励学生在学习过程中及时进行自我反思和评价，进一步提升自
主学习能力。
八、突出文化意识（尤其是跨文化意识）的建构与发展。通过介绍及比较中外文化，帮助学生更好地理解
文化异同，学会理解和包容不同文化，提升道路自信、文化自信，将文化知识内化为正确的文化价值
观和有利于国家和个人发展的跨文化态度与意识。
九、为教师编写了流程清晰、内容丰富的教师用书，帮助教师快速理解教材内容和相关背景知识，明确教
学目标，掌握教学节奏；同时开发了配套的网络教材和其他多媒体配套资源，丰富课程资源，拓展教
学模式。
我们希望，《英语》（新标准）高中选择性必修课程教材能够进一步培养学生的语言能力、文化意识、
思维品质和学习能力等英语学科核心素养，为他们继续学习英语和终身发展打下坚实的基础。
《英语》（新标准）系列教材
高中阶段编委会Scope and sequence
Using language
Understanding
Unit Starting out
ideas
Grammar Integrated skills
Video: The age of majority Future Memorable moments
Coming-of-age continuous Functions:
P1 ceremonies ･Expressing concerns
･Giving encouragement
Growing up
･ Making suggestions
Project: Creating a personal portfolio P73
Video: Social media detox Past perfect Improving behaviour
Time passive
Functions:
P13 management
･Clarifying what you
tips
Improving mean
･Giving examples
yourself
Project: Planning a 30-day challenge P74
Video: A new chapter Past continuous Into a new era
Which is better? passive
Functions:
P25 ･Comparing and
contrasting
Times change!
･Describing a place
Project: Interviewing older generations about their lifestyles P75
Video: My 100 days with MSF It as an empty The global village
Today’s world subject
Functions:
P37
･Showing interest
Breaking ･Describing a common
phenomenon
boundaries
Project: Taking part in an MUN conference P76
Video: Macquarie Island: from It as an empty Ecosystems
Connected chaos to conservation object
Functions:
together
･Expressing doubt
P49
･Responding to doubt
A delicate world
Project: Understanding the ecosystems around you P77
Video: The wild within Adverbial clauses Facing crisis
Living and with -ever and no
Functions:
P61 working in matter ･Asking for opinions
Antarctica
･Giving opinions
Survival
･Agreeing
Project: Making an island survival guide P78
Appendices Learning aid P81 Vocabulary P113
Words and expressions P105 Names and places P121Developing ideas
Presenting
ideas
Reading Writing
The little prince (excerpt) Writing a book review Making a one-year
self-improvement plan
Learning to learn:
Irony
Valuable values Writing a reflection Sharing your understanding of a
quote
Learning to learn:
Wordplay
Emojis: a new language? Writing about a change Describing changes in ways of
learning
Learning to learn:
Supporting evidence
The words that changed a Writing a speech Giving a presentation about breaking
nation a boundary in society
Video:
The face of slavery
Learning to learn:
Use of prepositions
Why Shennongjia? Drafting a lecture Sharing your understanding of a
quote
Video:
The beautiful landscapes of
Shennongjia
Learning to learn:
Lectures
Plan B: life on Mars? Writing a survival story Giving a presentation about change
and survival
Learning to learn:
Inferring
Reflection致 同 学
同学们，欢迎大家继续《英语》（新标准）高中教材的学习！
经过必修课程教材的学习，大家已经打下了更为扎实的英语基础，达到了高中英语学业质量水
平一的要求。现在大家应根据升学或就业的需要，对自己的学习目标提出更高的要求。由教育部制
定并颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）》明确规定：普通高中英语课程作为一门学习及
运用英语语言的课程，与义务教育阶段的课程相衔接，旨在为学生继续学习英语和终身发展打下良
好基础。普通高中英语课程强调对学生语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的综合培养。这
就是同学们在高中阶段学习英语的方向和目标。
要达到这个目标，需要大家的主观努力，也需要一套适应更高更广的语言学习需求的教材。《英
语》（新标准）高中选择性必修课程教材在延续了必修课程教材的基础上，为有升学要求或有个性化
发展需求的学生设计，在话题内容、语言理论、语言技能、跨文化意识、思维能力、学习能力等方
面，都提出了更高的要求，延伸出了如下特点：
一、作为必修课程教材的延续，选择性必修课程教材的话题选择更注意广度和深度，既关注话题的
现实意义，又关注语言学习的思想内涵，充分反映语言的发展和社会的进步，力求培养同学们
的文化意识和思维能力。
二、选择性必修课程教材具体语篇内容的选择将会引导大家进入英语语言学习的较高阶段。课文中
不但会出现更有挑战性的阅读篇章，同时还会根据每个单元的主题补充更多语篇供大家阅读并
赏析，提高语言水平和鉴赏能力。
三、思维方面，选择性必修课程教材对高阶思维做了更多要求，且对思维过程的启动、运行和开展
均做了更多的过程分解与清晰化设计，更强调基于同学们头脑中已有的内容及其再加工，与新
的语言和内容输入相结合，产生更丰富、更复杂的认知互动，深化思维发展活动。
四、在新课标规定的英语学习活动观的指导下，遵循“理解—发展—实践”的原则，对活动的要求
进一步提升，在“功能运用”板块中，将原有的词汇和听力部分整合成综合语言运用活动，通
过创设符合单元主题的话题，设计一系列首尾呼应、前后紧密关联的活动串，灵活融入听、说、
读、看、写等各项技能的训练，兼顾学习策略、功能和文化的引导与思考，帮助大家全方位提
升综合语言运用水平。
五、根据该阶段教学特点、教学内容和教学要求，充分遵循循序渐进的原则，强调对义务教育阶段
和高中必修阶段语言知识的复现、综合练习与重新认识，以形成内化的语用能力。
六、在呈现更为丰富多彩的文化现象的同时，更加强调中外文化对比，尤其是中国文化、中国故事、
中国传统价值观和世界问题的中国视角的介绍，让大家更好地理解文化异同，形成正确的文化
价值观和有利于国家、个人发展的跨文化态度与意识。
七、在单元学习的过程中帮助大家总结学习成果，发现问题并及时解决，最后通过对单元主题、语
言、文化思维等多方面提出问题，帮助大家写出自我反思日志，既完成了对学习目标、语言知
识和技能、思维品质、文化意识等维度的自我评价和总结，更显性体现了学习和思维的过程，
帮助大家进一步培养自主学习和反思总结的能力。
我们衷心希望，同学们能够通过学习本教材，了解到更加丰富的信息，在理解祖国文化、坚定
文化自信的同时，发展跨文化交流能力，更好地适应宽广的世界。愿《英语》（新标准）伴随同学们
度过有意义的高中时代！Growing up
1 Watch the video and answer the questions.
1 What is a coming-of-age ceremony? How
do people celebrate in the video?
2 Which celebration makes the greatest
impression on you? Why?
2 Listen and read the poem. Answer the
questions.
1 What is the poem about?
2 According to Kipling, what qualities does
his son need to “be a Man”? Tick those
mentioned in the poem and add your own
ideas.
self-belief honesty
confidence kindness
modesty pride
integrity patience
other _________________________
3 Which of these qualities are most important
to you as you grow up?
U
N
I
T
Starting out
If –
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or, being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise;
…
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with kings – nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run –
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,
And – which is more – you’ll be a Man, my son!
（Excerpts from If – by Rudyard Kipling）
1Understanding ideas
1 Discuss at what age you are allowed
to do the following things in China.
• Get a credit card.
• Get a driver’s licence. The Age of
• Get a full-time job.
• Get the right to vote.
• Get a bank loan. Majority
• Rent an apartment.
In most countries, turning 18 marks the start
of adulthood. But what does reaching this
milestone, the age of majority, really mean?
Will you be completely in charge of your own
2 Read the passage and find out life and able to express yourself in new and
the meaning of “the age of exciting ways? What new responsibilities will this
majority”. freedom bring? Here, three young people tell us
what turning 18 means, or meant, to them.
2 UNIT 11 I can’t wait to be 18. One reason is that although I’ve been working
ever since leaving school, I won’t be voting in the next general
election. Why? Because I still won’t be old enough. Surely, if you’re
old enough to earn a wage and pay taxes, you should be allowed
to have a say on how the government spends them! I’ve also been
taking driving lessons, and in fact I will be taking my driving test
Bethany
on the very day I turn 18. My mum worries about me being behind
16, Victoria, Australia
the wheel. As an ambulance driver, she’s seen a lot of car accidents
involving teenagers and thinks the legal age for getting a driving
licence should be 21. But I think I’m already mature enough to
understand that driving a car also means taking responsibility for
my life and the lives of other people.
2 I celebrated my 18th birthday just before I went to university.
I expected to feel instantly different, as if I had closed the door on
my childhood and stepped into a whole new adult world. But it
wasn’t like that. When I woke up the next day, there were still rules
to obey and lessons to attend. In fact, the change has been more
subtle and gradual than I imagined. Instead of being the selfish
Lin Ning
teenager I used to be, I have begun to feel more aware of other
19, Shanghai, China
people and to develop a stronger sense of social responsibility.
To give an example, I will be signing an organ donation agreement
this time tomorrow. This was a big decision for me and I made it
without asking my parents (although I knew they would approve).
Turning 18 also changed the way that society viewed me. I was
really surprised when a bank contacted me with a credit card offer.
Of course, I would like to have more freedom with money and no
doubt I will be getting a credit card at some point, but I currently
don’t have a steady income, so getting a credit card might tempt
me to spend more money than I have!
3 People say that 18 marks a new chapter in our lives, and that we
should become more independent. I used to believe this, but the
reality for me has been very different. I assumed I’d already have
a well-paid job and that I’d be moving into a rented apartment as
soon as I turned 18, but how wrong I was! My librarian’s salary
means that I’ll be living at home with my parents for a while
Morgan
longer. Because I contribute to the household bills and my commute
20, Florida, the US
to work is quite expensive, I find it hard to save any money. I’ll
be starting a new job next month, however, so maybe things will
get easier. I know I could get a bank loan to pay the deposit on
my very own apartment, but I don’t feel ready to make that kind
of commitment, and I do like my mom’s cooking. I guess some
responsibilities are more about attitude than age.
Growing up 33 Choose another suitable title for the passage and give your reasons.
1 Eighteen – the Age of Indecision
2 Teenagers’ Hopes for the Future
3 The Right to Vote – Your Views
4 Turning Eighteen – What Does It Mean?
4 Organise information from the passage and complete the table.
Bethany Lin Ning Morgan
16, Victoria, Australia 19, Shanghai, China 20, Florida, the US
I think it’s strange that I can At 18, I can do things like getting I thought that once I was 18
now take 1_________________, a credit card. More importantly, and in a full-time job I’d be able
yet I still can’t vote – I don’t I can act on my desire to to 7_________________, but
think that’s fair, given that help others, for example by my salary is not high enough.
2_________________. 5_________________. But I also find it hard to save money
I should have a say on although a lot of doors have because of 8_________________
3_________________. opened for me, there are still and high commuting costs.
I’m mature enough to 6_________________.
4_________________.
5 Read the sentences from the passage and decide if they are facts (F) or opinions (O).
1 Surely, if you’re old enough to earn a wage and pay taxes, you should be allowed to
have a say on how the government spends them! _____
2 … I will be taking my driving test on the very day I turn 18. _____
3 When I woke up the next day, there were still rules to obey and lessons to attend. _____
4 I guess some responsibilities are more about attitude than age. _____
Now look for more opinions in the passage and talk about whether you agree
with them.
Think & Share
1 Do you think the minimum age limits in the passage are sensible?
Why or why not?
2 What right are you most looking forward to having as an adult? Why?
3 What do you think it means to be a responsible adult?
4 How can you use the language you have learnt in the passage to express your
ideas clearly?
4 UNIT 1Using language
Future continuous
1 Look at the sentences and answer the 3 Complete the email with the correct form
questions. Sentence (a) is from the reading of the verbs in brackets. Use the future
passage. continuous tense where possible.
a … I will be signing an organ donation
agreement this time tomorrow.
From: Diana
b … I will sign an organ donation agreement To: George
Subject: Plans for the future
tomorrow.
1 Which sentence signifies an activity in progress Dear George,
at a particular time in the future?
2 Why does the author choose to use sentence (a) It’s great to hear from you. Thanks for the
instead of sentence (b)? birthday card!
Now look for more sentences with the future You asked if I have been thinking a lot about
continuous tense in the reading passage, and the future now that I’m 17. The answer is
summarise its use in your own words. yes! Things change so quickly, don’t they?
I mean, in just a year’s time, I 1____________
2 Work in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer (be) an adult. And this time next year,
questions based on the information in I 2____________ (take) my final school exams.
the schedule. Hopefully I 3____________ (pass) them! Then,
in a couple of years’ time, I 4____________
SSUUMMMMEERR CCAAMMPP (study) at university. It seems like no time at
all! I 5____________ (choose) law, I think.
DAY
1 SCHEDULE After graduation, I 6____________ (look) for
a job related to law. In the long term, I hope
08:45–09:00 welcoming ceremony
that 20 years from today, I 7____________
09:10–11:30 archery lessons
(work) as a judge. Let’s see how things go.
12:00–13:00 lunch
13:30–15:30 treasure hunt
What are you hoping to do in the future?
16:00–18:00 swimming
Tell me about your plans.
18:30–19:30 dinner
Kind regards,
Diana
A: What will you be doing at 8:50?
B: I’ll be attending the welcoming ceremony.
What will you be doing at 9:30? 4 Write a reply to Diana to tell her about your
A: … own plans for the future.
Growing up 5Memorable moments
5 Read the passage and answer 7 Listen again and complete the table.
the questions.
Concerns Suggestions
Think how it will
Like a musical symphony, life
I’ve never been away from help you prepare for
has high and low moments, and
home, so I don’t know how to 2_________________,
somewhere in between are those
1_________________. and ask others
moments we call “bittersweet”.
3_________________.
As students, it’s likely that those
moments are mainly about school I might have a different routine
When living in a group,
life, such as sitting a major exam, to 4_________________ and
6_________________ are
giving a presentation, or becoming they might not be very pleasant
really important.
a boarder for the first time. But as to 5_________________.
life continues, we’re presented with I will no longer be able to
Try joining some clubs.
more varied experiences: starting 7_________________ as much
You might make
university, getting a job and raising
as before if I have to follow a
8_________________.
a family. Whatever our choices are,
strict dorm schedule.
we should cherish and embrace
Speak to them regularly
these moments in life. After all, I suppose that I will
over the phone or via
each step we take is one more step 9_________________.
10_________________.
forward to becoming a stronger
and better person.
Now work in pairs. Talk about other difficulties the girl
may face and make suggestions.
8 Complete the boxes with the expressions from the
conversation.
• I’m afraid I can’t… • I’m concerned that…
• Don’t be afraid! • Perhaps you could…?
• I’m worried that… • How about…?
• What if…? • Good luck with…
• It’s a good idea to…
1 What is your understanding of the
first sentence?
Expressing concerns
2 What is the author’s attitude
towards life? Do you agree with it?
Giving encouragement
6 Listen to the conversation and
answer the questions.
Making suggestions
1 What is the relationship between
the speakers?
2 What are they talking about?
9 Work in pairs. Discuss a challenging moment in your life.
6 UNIT 110 Listen to the conversation and tick the 11 Complete the online message board with the correct
words and expressions mentioned. form of the words and expressions in Activity 10.
Share your special moments with us!
1 I’ve been working for 40 years and am going to
learn to walk next month. I’m going to practise
calligraphy in my free time.
2 I’ll this June, and leave the
campus I’ve lived on for four years.
start school
3 We in our early 20s. We’ve had our
ups and downs, but we’ve now been married for ten
mostly happy years!
4 I was a little scared when I at six
graduate from
years old. But I soon made a lot of new friends and fell
college
in love with school!
5 I first when I was 16 years old.
Serving customers at a restaurant is hard work
but I managed to stick at it.
get a job
6 I before I was one. Mum said I was
curious about everything around me and caused a lot
of trouble!
7 is the greatest thing that’s happened
leave home to us. They bring us so much happiness, despite the
hard work.
8 When I got a full-time job, I decided to and
rent my own apartment. I enjoy the freedom and the sense
get married of independence.
12 Work in pairs. Share a most memorable moment
from your life using the words and expressions in
have children
this section.
Now think about your performance. How well
did you understand your partner and give an
effective response?
retire
Growing up 7Developing ideas
1 Read the introduction to Antoine The Little Prince
de Saint-Exupéry and answer the
questions.
Antoine de Saint- 1 Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent
picture in a book, called True Stories from
Exupéry (1900–
Nature, about the primeval forest. It was a picture
1944) was a French
of a boa constrictor in the act of swallowing an
writer and pilot.
animal. Here is a copy of the drawing.
As a young boy, he
was obsessed with
aeroplanes, riding
in one for the first time at the age of
12. He spent much of his life flying
and writing about his adventures. 2 In the book it said: “Boa constrictors swallow
their prey whole, without chewing it. After that
Saint-Exupéry’s most successful work,
they are not able to move, and they sleep through
The Little Prince, is one of the best-
the six months that they need for digestion.”
selling books ever published. The story
was probably inspired by his plane
crash in the desert in 1935. Saint- 3 I pondered deeply, then, over the adventures of
the jungle. And after some work with a colored
Exupéry nearly died, and wandered
pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing.
around for four days before being
My Drawing Number One. It looked like this:
rescued. In 1944, Saint-Exupéry left
on a wartime mission over occupied
France, from which he never returned.
Although the remains of his plane
were discovered in 2000, Saint- 4 I showed my masterpiece to the grown-ups, and
asked them whether the drawing frightened them.
Exupéry’s body has never been found,
and the cause of his death remains
unknown. 5 But they answered: “Frighten? Why should anyone
be frightened by a hat?”
1 What experience made the author 6 My drawing was not a picture of a hat. It was
write The Little Prince? a picture of a boa constrictor digesting an
2 What kind of person do you think elephant. But since the grown-ups were not able to
Saint-Exupéry was? understand it, I made another drawing: I drew the
inside of the boa constrictor, so that the grown-
2 Look at the three drawings and ups could see it clearly. They always need to have
predict what the story is about. things explained. My Drawing Number Two
looked like this:
Now read the passage and check
your prediction.
8 UNIT 17 The grown-ups’ response, this time, was to 10 Whenever I met one of them who seemed to
advise me to lay aside my drawings of boa me at all clear-sighted, I tried the experiment of
constrictors, whether from the inside or showing him my Drawing Number One, which
the outside, and devote myself instead to I have always kept. I would try to find out, so,
geography, history, arithmetic and grammar. if this was a person of true understanding. But,
That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what whoever it was, he, or she, would always say:
might have been a magnificent career as a
painter. I had been disheartened by the failure 11 “That is a hat.”
of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing
Number Two. Grown-ups never understand 12 Then I would never talk to that person about
anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for boa constrictors, or primeval forests, or stars.
children to be always and forever explaining I would bring myself down to his level. I would
things to them. talk to him about bridge, and golf, and politics,
and neckties. And the grown-up would be
8 So then I chose another profession, and learned greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man.
to pilot airplanes. I have flown a little over all
parts of the world; and it is true that geography (Excerpt from The Little Prince by Antoine
de Saint-Exupéry)
has been very useful to me. At a glance I can
distinguish China from Arizona. If one gets lost
in the night, such knowledge is valuable.
9 In the course of this life, I have had a great
many encounters with a great many people
who have been concerned with matters of
consequence. I have lived a great deal among
grown-ups. I have seen them intimately, close
at hand. And that hasn’t much improved my
opinion of them.
Growing up 93 Choose the author’s attitude towards grown-ups and find evidence to support
your choice.
1 Grown-ups are more practical than children. They want to teach children knowledge
that will be useful in the future.
2 Grown-ups are no better than children. They lack imagination and only care about
matters of consequence.
3 Grown-ups are more knowledgeable than children. They can understand everything
by themselves.
4 Read the sentences from the passage and answer the questions.
… I have had a great many encounters with a great many people who have been
concerned with matters of consequence.
And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man.
1 What does the author really mean by these sentences?
2 What figure of speech does the author use? How does this figure of speech help to
express the author’s attitude?
Learning to learn 5 Work in groups. Give a talk about your attitude
towards grown-ups.
Irony is a subtle figure of speech that refers
1 Decide whether you agree with the author’s attitude
to things one says that are the opposite of
towards grown-ups and why.
what one really means. It has a humorous,
emphatic or sarcastic effect. For example: 2 Think of some examples to support your opinions and
Fine, don’t buy me an airline ticket. I’ll just swim make notes.
across the ocean!
Opinions: Examples:
Think & Share
1 What were the
grown-ups’ responses to the
author’s Drawing Number One and
Drawing Number Two? Why do you
think they responded in this way?
3 Organise your talk following the steps below.
2 According to the author, what is a
• Explain the author’s attitude towards grown-ups.
child’s most valuable trait? Do you
• State your own opinions.
agree with him?
• Give supporting examples.
3 After reading the two passages
• Conclude by summarising your opinions.
in this unit, think about what you
4 Give your talk to the class.
may acquire and lose as you grow
up. Share your ideas with the class.
Now think about your performance during the group
discussion. How well did you actively participate and
contribute ideas?
10 UNIT 1Writing a book review
6 Read the book review and find the information
on the right. • the title of the book
• the name of the author
The Little Prince
• the genre
• a memorable character
BOOK REVIEW
• a quote from the book
The Little Prince was written and illustrated by the
7 Read the book review again and answer
French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry during
the questions.
World War II. It is a children’s fantasy book, but it
1 What is the plot of the book?
is also enjoyed by adults.
2 What is the key message of the book?
3 What does the reviewer think of the book?
It tells a story about a pilot who has crashed in
the desert. While he is trying to fix his aeroplane,
8 Choose a book that means a lot to you. Plan
a little prince comes to him. Visiting from another
a review of it and make notes.
planet, the little prince recounts his adventures to
the pilot, and the two become friends.
The book talks about the importance of looking General facts about the book:
beneath the surface of things to uncover their real
meanings. I like it because it is simple, and yet it
really made me think a lot about life and death,
love and responsibility, friendship and loneliness. Plot of the book:
One of the most memorable characters in the
book is a rose, which the little prince fell in love
with. I was really touched by the line – “It’s the
time you spent on your rose that makes your rose Comments:
so important.” – because it shows how we form
special bonds with others by caring and taking
responsibility for them.
Conclusion and recommendation:
Personally, I think this is a touching
book that everyone should read,
whatever their age.
Now write your book review.
9 Work in pairs. Make improvements to each
other’s book reviews and share them with
the class.
Growing up 11Presenting ideas
1 Work in groups and discuss how to make a one-year
self-improvement plan. Consider the following:
• what you have learnt from the past
• what you plan to achieve
• what you plan to avoid
• what you plan to overcome
2 Complete the table to help you draft your plan.
Goals What to do
Eat more fruit and vegetables.
healthy living Drink more water. Do exercise
three times a week.
positive thinking
3 Share your draft with your group and suggest ways to make
improvements to each other’s plans.
4 Prepare a short presentation about your plan. Consider the following:
1 the structure of your presentation
2 useful words, expressions and structures
5 Give your presentation to the class. Check your self-improvement
plan one year from now to see if you have achieved your goals.
Reflection
Write a reflection after completing this unit. Consider the following:
1 What is your understanding of growing up?
2 What text types have you learnt about? What are their features?
3 What words, expressions and structures have you learnt?
4 What improvement have you made in understanding different cultures?
5 What improvement have you made in using learning strategies and exploring effective ways
of learning?
6 What improvement have you made in analysing and solving problems?
12 UNIT 1Improving yourself
1 Watch the video and answer
the questions.
1 What is the video about?
2 What other tips are there to
make full use of your time?
Share your ideas with the class.
2 Complete the questionnaire
and find out how good your
self-control is.
U
N
I
T
SELF-CONTROL
Starting out
Questionnaire
1 Do you ever lose your temper with your family, friends,
or classmates?
a Never. b Sometimes. c Always.
2 Do you find it difficult to resist temptations such as
junk food?
a Never. b Sometimes. c Always.
3 Do you have any bad habits that you cannot break?
a None whatsoever! b Some. c Where do I start?
4 Do you sometimes fail to get work done because you
cannot concentrate?
a Never. b Sometimes. c Always.
5 Do you ever offend people by speaking carelessly?
a Never. b Sometimes. c Always.
Turn to Page 88 to find out your result.
13Understanding ideas
1 Read the facts and answer
the questions.
Today marks the last day of the Social Media
Detox, Brenton High’s fundraising campaign
for new sports equipment. At the start of the
detox, over 100 students had been persuaded
Moderator
to stop using social media, in ANY form, for
• On average, Chinese Internet
seven days. This meant no messaging friends, no posting
users each spend two hours a day
photos, no blogging – nothing. They had been promised
on social media: a total of 730
money by family and friends for each day spent without
hours each year.
using social media. They were excited. They were nervous.
But could they do it?
• The average age of social media
users in China in 2017 was 33.1
years old, as against 32.4 in 2016 With the detox now finished, they’ve switched on their
and 31.2 in 2015. devices and they’re back online. I bet you’re as eager as
I am to find out just how many have been motivated
• The top four negative aspects of enough to last the full seven days! And what, if anything,
social media as ranked by Chinese
has been learnt from the experience?
users are: reduced time for reading
printed books, poorer eyesight,
privacy and information security
concerns, and reduced sleep time.
I lasted two days. The detox was more
difficult to tolerate than I had expected.
I felt like I had lost an arm! Not eating for
1 What conclusions can you draw
Anna two days would have been easier! But on
from the facts?
17 reflection, I can see how much of my time had
2 How much time do you spend
been occupied with checking my phone. I’m
on social media each day? What
now trying to spend less time online and more
negative effects does this have
time picking up my hobbies.
on you?
2 Look at the title of the passage I lasted four days. On Monday, my classmate
and the pictures. Predict what the and I spoke about what we did at the
passage is about. weekend – it felt really strange not to already
Devon know what he had done. We would usually
16 have posted pictures and updated our profiles.
Now read the passage and check
Doing the detox meant we had to talk and
your prediction.
explain what we were doing and thinking!
It made me realise the value of real contact
that I had forgotten.
14 UNIT 2SOCIAL MEDIA DETOX
I managed the whole week! At first, I’m embarrassed to say that I threw in
I really felt I was missing out. Then, the towel on the first day! I knew there
instead of messaging my friend, was a party happening that evening,
Cindy I went round to her house. Without Max but without access to social media
18 our phones, we had a proper 17 I couldn’t remember where it was! In
conversation for over two hours, the end, I turned on my phone to check,
without being distracted by messages but couldn’t resist having a quick look
from other people. It felt so good! at my social media accounts. What’s
Then I decided to visit a different worse, I then spent so much time
friend every day. By the fifth day, catching up on news, I almost missed
I wondered – was I really missing out the party!
by not constantly checking my phone
to see what everyone else was up to?
The detox raised a total of
I did all seven days, too! To be honest,
£1,632.82 for new school sports
I didn’t find the detox too difficult,
equipment! Well done, everyone
but I did give my phone to my dad to
Moderator who took part! After reading the
George avoid giving in! My brother thought
posts on this forum, it seems that
16 I should make full use of the time
something other than money has also been raised
without my phone, so he took me to
through the detox. Awareness of just how much
check out our local sports centre.
we rely on social media can help us step away
An hour’s sport each day left me tired
from it and communicate with each other better.
out and wanting to go to bed early.
The detox made me healthier!
Improving yourself 153 Choose the benefits of the social media detox and find evidence to support
your choices.
1 It helped students learn how to best communicate using social media.
2 It raised money for school sports equipment.
3 It made students want to spend even more time on social media.
4 It made students realise how much time they had been spending on social media.
5 It encouraged students to find new ways to communicate and try new activities.
4 Organise information from the passage and complete the summaries.
Anna 2 D ays Devon 4 Days Cindy 7 Days
Reaction: It was more Reaction: When he saw a classmate on Reaction: At first, she
difficult than she had Monday, he felt 3____________ not to really felt 5____________.
expected. She felt like already know what his classmate had
Result: Without their
1____________! done at the weekend.
phones, she and her friend
Result: She can now see Result: They had to talk and explain 6____________ for over
how much time had been what they were doing and thinking! two hours. By the fifth
taken up with checking It made him realise 4____________. day, she realised that she
her phone. She is now hadn’t been missing out
trying to spend more time on anything.
Social
2____________.
Media
Detox
George 7 Days
Max Less than 1 Day
Reaction: He didn’t find the detox too difficult,
but he did give his phone to his dad to avoid Reaction: He 9____________ on the first day. He
7____________. used his phone to check where a party was.
Result: An hour’s sport each day left him tired Result: He spent so much time using his phone to
out and ready for bed early. The detox made him 10____________ on social media, and he almost
8____________! missed the party.
Now work in pairs. Choose the person that you most identify with and give advice
on what they should do next.
1 What is your understanding of “something” in “After reading the
Think & Share
posts on this forum, it seems that something other than money
has also been raised through the detox”?
2 Do you think the detox was worthwhile? Why?
3 What would you do if you had to give up social media for a week?
4 Have you encountered any difficulties in understanding the main idea of the
passage? Share them with the class and ask for advice.
16 UNIT 2Using language
Past perfect passive
1 Look at the sentences and answer the questions. Sentence (a) is from the reading passage.
a At the start of the detox, over 100 students had been persuaded to stop using social media,
in ANY form, for seven days.
b At the start of the detox, people had persuaded over 100 students to stop using social media,
in ANY form, for seven days.
1 Were the students in sentence (a) persuaded before the detox started, or afterwards?
2 What is the difference between sentences (a) and (b)?
3 Why does the author choose to use a passive form instead of an active form?
Now look for more sentences with the past perfect passive in the reading passage, and summarise
its use in your own words.
2 Complete Jack’s blog post with the correct form of 3 Work in pairs. Describe the pictures
the verbs in brackets. using the past perfect passive.
Jack started the habit of cleaning his
Before I turned over a new leaf, room last week. This is what his room
I had always been a very lazy looked like yesterday morning.
student. I was careless about Yesterday morning
handing in my homework, and none
of my assignment deadlines 1____________ (meet).
Indeed, I would deliberately “lose” my homework
in my incredibly messy room, so that I could put off
2____________ (do) it! My parents soon worked out this
trick, though, and one day I came home to find that
my room 3____________ (clean), and my homework
But two weeks ago, Jack’s room was like
4____________ (put) right in the centre of a spotlessly
this:…
clean desk! A present 5____________ (leave) on the
Two weeks ago
desk, too (I think Mum did that): a book called The Art
of Procrastination.
The author, John Perry, said that procrastination was
about 6____________ (avoid) the hardest and most
important tasks. So, 7____________ (make) sure you
do your homework, put it second or third on your
to-do list, not at the top. Then put one or two really
hard things you don’t want to do at the top of the list. 4 Work in pairs. Talk about what had
You will procrastinate to avoid the hard stuff – by doing happened before you started a new
your homework! habit of your own. Use the past
perfect passive where appropriate.
Posted by Jack at 13:34
Improving yourself 17Improving behaviour
5 Match the sentences to the signs. Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
1 Do not litter.
2 Do not talk loudly in public.
3 Do not spit in public.
4 Do not walk on the grass.
5 Do not smoke.
6 Do not take photos.
a b c
d e f
6 Complete the conversations with the correct form of the words and expressions in
Activity 5.
1 A: What do you do when people __________________?
B: I put my headphones on. I don’t want to hear other people’s conversations.
2 A: How can we stop people __________________?
B: We should tell them it’s dirty and it can spread diseases.
3 A: What would you do if you saw people __________________?
B: I would go up to them and ask them to put the litter into a rubbish bin.
4 A: How can we prevent people from __________________?
B: If we keep the grass looking really neat, maybe people will realise they shouldn’t
walk on it.
5 A: What would you do if you saw someone __________________ where it’s not allowed?
B: I’d politely remind them it’s not permitted, and that they should be considerate
of others.
6 A: What would you do if you saw someone __________________ in a museum?
B: I’d ask them to stop, because it can damage the exhibits.
Now work in pairs. Think of more types of inappropriate behaviour and talk about
what you think is the right thing to do when faced with them.
18 UNIT 27 Listen to the interview and choose a topic for it. 9 Complete the boxes with the
1 How to promote values education. expressions from the interview.
2 How to inspire students to work hard.
• I can give a couple of examples.
3 How to introduce school programmes.
• That is…
4 How to fairly distribute books and umbrellas.
• Let me clarify…
• For instance, …
8 Listen again and complete the newspaper report.
• I mean…
• Take… as an illustration.
• To put it another way, …
Clarifying what you mean
A school in our city came up with an innovative
programme to promote the traditional value of
1_________________. School principal Ms Wu gave
several examples of how the programme works.
To begin with, the school introduced an activity
called the “unsupervised examination” for some of
Giving examples
the classes. That means during this examination,
there is no teacher 2_________________. Before
taking this examination, students first need
to 3_________________. Students generally
expressed that it’s good to feel 4________________
and they quite enjoyed 5_________________
in the examination. In turn, they developed
6_________________.
The school also introduced what is called the
7“_________________”. Printed on each umbrella
was a short statement about 8_________________.
At the end of the term, all the umbrellas were 10 Work in groups. Discuss how to
returned 9_________________. None of them had promote values education at
been lost or damaged.
your school using the words and
expressions in this section.
Now Ms Wu and her colleagues plan to introduce
the programme to 10_________________. Everyone
needs to work together to build a culture of Now talk about how well you did in
honesty. They hope more teachers and students offering effective advice or ideas and
will get involved.
developing effective solutions in the
group discussion.
Now work in pairs. Talk about the significance of
promoting values education in schools.
Improving yourself 19Developing ideas
1 Look at the chart and answer the questions.
Spending habits of students at V aluable
No.1 Senior High School
Values
snacks sports
clothes parties
computer games films and concerts
school supplies presents
books and magazines other 1 The spending power of young people
5.8% 10.7% varies from person to person. Each,
9.7% however, is faced with the same question:
what to do with their money? Some handle
1.9%
this less well than others. Recent headlines
3.9% 15.5%
have seen more and more teens maxing
out their parents’ credit cards on games or
5.8%
other online activities.
11.7% 2 In contrast to these big spenders, there are
also teens that prove age is no barrier to
17.5%
making good use of money. With the help
of her grandmother, eight-year-old Khloe
17.5%
Thompson started making “Kare Bags” for
1 What are the top three things students from
the homeless people in her district. Inside
this school spend their money on? the bags are necessities such as toothpaste,
2 What else do you think students often spend soap and socks, bought first with her
their money on? pocket money and then through crowd
funding. These items helped to make the
lives of poor and homeless people a little
Now think about what you spend your
bit easier. On receiving a Kare Bag, one
money on. Draw a chart to show your
woman said, “You make me feel like a
spending habits and share it with the class.
human being.”
2 Read the passage and find out the meaning
of the title.
Learning to learn
Wordplay uses the sounds and meanings of similar
words in an amusing or clever way, for example:
I was trying to discover how lightning worked, and then
it struck me! It can also be used to reinforce the
meanings of themes: in the title The Importance of
Being Earnest, “Earnest” is an adjective as well as Spending
a character’s name.
20 UNIT 23 However people intend to use their money, opportunity to buy something you like. After
managing it seems to be unprecedentedly all, it’s OK to be nice to yourself!
important to younger generations. A 2016
study said 17 states of the US require high 6 While the Spending jar is about the here and
school students to take courses in personal now, the Saving jar gives you a vision for the
finances. For those who have no access to future. This could involve saving for university,
courses, help might be at hand thanks to but it could also mean saving for that special
Jerry Witkovsky and his method of using something you’ve seen in the stores – it’s up
four jars to teach teenagers how to spend to you.
their money wisely.
7 The Investing jar not only represents a vision
4 When Jerry’s grandchildren turned 13, his for the future, but gives the opportunity to
present to each of them was three jars: one build for the future. Although this could
for Spending, one for Saving, and another likewise involve putting aside money for your
for Giving – he has since added a fourth jar university education, it also means investing
for Investing. It was from then on that his in yourself.
grandchildren started to be in control of what
to do with the money they receive: spend, save, 8 The Giving jar is all about kindness and
invest or give? Jerry’s birthday present to his helping. Whether you want to help out a
grandchildren is, however, much more than friend, give money to an animal charity or to
money and a few jars – he is giving them the children in another country, it’s your money
opportunity to learn lifelong values. to give to whatever cause you believe in.
5 The value taught with the Spending jar is that 9 The wider aim of the jars is to encourage
you are responsible for your own happiness. teenagers to think more objectively about
Money gives you independence and the money and the things that it can do, so that
they grow up understanding, if you like, the
value of the valuable. In this way, they will be
better equipped in their adult lives to make
informed choices about how they use the
money they have. Indeed, the small
change inside their jars could mean
a big change in how they manage
their money.
Saving
Giving
Investing
Improving yourself 213 Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
Spending jar Saving jar
You are responsible for It gives you a vision for
1_________________. Money gives you 3_________________. This could involve
independence and 2_________________. saving for university or saving for
4_________________.
Valuable
Values
Investing jar Giving jar
It represents a vision for the future and It is all about 7_________________.
the opportunity to 5_________________.
Whoever or whatever the recipient,
In addition to putting money aside
it’s your money to give to
for university education, it also means 8_________________.
6_________________.
Think & Share
1 Why does the author use the example of Khloe Thompson?
2 How does the passage inspire you to improve your spending habits?
3 If you were given 1,000 yuan, how much money would you put in each jar?
Give your reasons.
4 What methods of self-management have you learnt in the two reading passages in
this unit? What else do you need to improve?
4 Work in groups. Give a talk about your understanding of the values represented by
the four jars.
1 Read the passage again and think about which jar you believe is the most important.
2 Organise your ideas by completing the notes.
The most important jar:
Reasons: Supporting examples:
3 Share your ideas with the group.
4 Choose a group member to summarise your group’s opinions to the class.
Now think about the method Jerry Witkovsky used to give advice. How did it help
you to better understand the topic?
22 UNIT 2Writing a reflection
5 Read the story and answer the questions.
There once was a little boy who had a bad temper. His
father gave him a bag of nails and told him that every time
he lost his temper, he must hammer a nail into the back of
the fence.
The first day, the boy hammered so many nails into the
fence that his father had to give him a whole new bag.
Over the next few weeks, as he learnt to control his anger,
he hammered fewer and fewer nails into the fence each
day. He had learnt that it was easier to hold his temper than to hammer nails into the
fence. Finally, the day came when the boy didn’t lose his temper all day, not even once.
He told his father, who said that now the boy should pull out one nail for each day that
he was able to hold his temper.
The days passed by and the boy was finally able to tell his father that all the nails were
gone. The father took his son and led him to the fence. He said, “You’ve done well, son,
but look at all the holes in the fence! That fence will never be the same. When you say
something in anger, it leaves a hole in someone’s heart, just like your nails have left holes
in the fence. It doesn’t matter how many times you say sorry. The hole is still there.”
1 What aspect of self-management is the passage about?
2 What message do you think the story conveys?
6 Make notes about the story in Activity 5.
Summary of the story:
My thoughts:
Conclusion:
Now write your reflection.
7 Work in pairs. Make improvements to each other’s reflections and share them with
the class.
Improving yourself 23Presenting ideas
a 1 Work in groups. Talk about the meanings of the quotes and
The superior man must be watchful complete the table.
over himself when he is alone.
Zeng Zi Quotes Meanings
君子必慎其独也。
a
曾子
b
b
c
Procrastination is like a credit
card: it’s a lot of fun until you get
d
the bill.
Christopher Parker
e
c 2 Choose one quote and make notes.
No man is free who is not
master of himself.
Epictetus What is the main message of the quote?
d What can you learn from this quote?
Change your thoughts, and you
change your world.
Norman Vincent Peale What example(s) can you find to support this quote?
e
Don’t say you don’t have enough
time. You have exactly the same 3 Prepare a short presentation about the quote. Consider the
number of hours per day that
following:
were given to Helen Keller,
1 the structure of your presentation
Pasteur, Michelangelo, …
Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas 2 useful words, expressions and structures
Jefferson, and Albert Einstein.
H. Jackson Brown Jr
4 Give your presentation to the class.
Reflection
Write a reflection after completing this unit. Consider the following:
1 What is your understanding of self-management?
2 What text types have you learnt about? What are their features?
3 What words, expressions and structures have you learnt?
4 What improvement have you made in understanding different cultures?
5 What improvement have you made in using learning strategies and exploring effective ways
of learning?
6 What improvement have you made in analysing and solving problems?
24 UNIT 2Times change!
1 Watch the video and answer the
questions.
1 What is the video about?
2 Which do you prefer, a faster pace
of life or a slower pace of life?
2 Look at the pictures and answer
the questions.
1 What kinds of changes do the
pictures show?
2 What else can you think of that
has changed in recent decades?
3 Imagine you could travel 40 years
back in time. What would you
want to experience? Why?
U
N
I
T
Starting out
25150
Understanding ideas
100
50
1 Lo0ok at t 20 h11e c 2 h 01 a 2 rt 2 s 0 1 a 3 nd 20 1 a 4 ns 20 w 15 er 2 0 t 1 h 6 e 2 q 01 u 7 estions.
2017
Sales made by physical bookstores in China A
(hundred million yuan)
500
344
400 New
338 335 330 343 344 336 344
300
Chapter
200
100
2017 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1 The day I heard that the Rainbow Bookstore
was closing after 50 years of business, I was
heartbroken. The bookstore, which was a
Sales made by online bookstores in China
legendary fixture in the neighborhood, was
(hundred million yuan)
500 350
a
3 3
p
8
lac
3
e
3 5
wh
33
e
0
re 3a4n3yo3n44e co
33
u
6
ld 3d44rop in and
459 connect through their love of books.
300
400 365 2 When I hurried to the store, I saw that the
250
books were already being packed into boxes.
I had a long chat with Casey, the store’s
300 280 200
elderly owner. Sighing deeply, he told me
210 150 how it was becoming difficult to run an
200 170 independent bookstore. Most young people
130 100 preferred reading e-books on tablets. More
100 90 and more customers were being attracted by
50 chain stores and online discounts. I tried to
think of some words of sympathy, but
0
0 I2 0h11ad2 t01o2 a2d0m13it2 0t1h4at2 0t1h5e R201a6in2b01o7w Bookstore
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
couldn’t stay in business much longer.
1 What information do the charts show?
2 What conclusions can you draw from 3 Childhood memories came back to me
350 500 so clearly, as if the events had happened
these charts?
only yesterday. A bunch of us kids would
345 344 344 frequently drop by the store after school.
2 Look at the title of the 34 p 3 assage and the 400
We’d look at the new books, or just chat
p3i4c0tures. Think about what the title means.
w
33
i
8
th
3
O
35
ld
3
C
30
ase
3
y
4
.
3
H
3
e
4 4
kne
33
w
6
ev
34
e
4
ry book in
338
336 300 the store and would always pick the perfect
335
N3o35w read the passage and check your answer. one for us from a dusty shelf. We spent
200
330
330
100
26 325 UNIT 3
320 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017hours reading, seated on the store’s old but 6 I was told that the community had decided
comfortable furniture. Casey encouraged us to to work together on a campaign to save the
share our ideas and comments on the books, Rainbow Bookstore. The campaign had been
by writing them on a large board in one corner led by Jennifer Oakley, a saleswoman who had
of the store. grown up in the neighborhood and who had
now taken over the bookstore from Casey.
4 When I left the bookstore, it was becoming cold
and dark outside. I turned to wave goodbye 7 Under Jennifer’s leadership, the bookstore was
to Casey, but both he and his bookstore were being turned into a place for literature-loving
already hidden in a thick mist. It made me members of the community to get together.
realize that the bookstore and all that Old It had a café selling organic food, and there
Casey had given to the community could soon were now more community events such as
disappear for good. book readings, poetry recitals and even jazz
concerts and movie nights, where people could
5 A few months later, I was back in the gather to share an experience that couldn’t
neighborhood during my spring break and was be downloaded.
surprised to see that the Rainbow Bookstore
was still there and open for business. Its old 8 I joined Casey, who was looking up at the
brick exterior hadn’t changed, but inside it screen on which readers’ comments kept
was like a different world. In one area, a book popping up. “Well, as you can see, corporate
reading was being delivered. Nearby, customers knowledge combined with creativity has
were poring over shelves selling stationery, brought my humble bookstore into the 21st
posters and other best-seller-themed gifts. The century! I’m so pleased to see that everything
large board in the corner had been replaced by I wanted it to offer to the community is
a big screen, where customers’ comments on still here.”
the month’s best-seller were being displayed.
Clearly, the Rainbow Bookstore was in good,
creative hands.
Times change! 273 Choose the ideas conveyed in the passage and find evidence to support
your choices.
1 Traditional bookstores can’t compete with large bookstore chains.
2 People’s love of reading never changes.
3 Technology has been a key factor in bringing the Rainbow Bookstore back to life.
4 Creativity plays an important role in the new Rainbow Bookstore.
4 Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
Old Bookstore Similarities New Bookstore
• owned by Casey • sells books • owned by Jennifer
Now describe the author’s feeling towards the Rainbow Bookstore in your
own words.
Think & Share
1 Do the author’s childhood memories make the passage more
appealing? Why or why not?
2 What do you think of the changes made to the bookstore?
3 What changes do you think will happen to the bookstores around you?
4 How does the diagram help you to better understand the passage?
28 UNIT 3Using language
Past continuous passive
1 Look at the sentences and answer 3 Look at the two groups of pictures and describe
the questions. Sentence (a) is from the changes in the news industry using the past
the reading passage. continuous passive where appropriate.
interview / do / face to face interview / do / online
a When I hurried to the store,
I saw that the books were
already being packed into boxes.
b When I hurried to the store,
I saw that the books were
already packed into boxes.
1 What is the difference between
news / edit / pen news / edit / computer
sentences (a) and (b)?
2 Which sentence emphasises
process and which emphasises
result?
Now look for more sentences with
the past continuous passive in the
reading passage, and summarise news / print / paper news / release / the Internet
its use in your own words.
2 Rewrite the passage using the past
continuous passive.
Walking home a few days ago,
I saw that people were doing
reconstruction work on the old newspaper / deliver / at the door news / read / online
market. It would be turned into
a modern shopping mall. Some
people were tearing down the old
gate. Some were removing the
wooden stands. Some were clearing
away rubbish from the floor. While
all this was going on, a journalist
Yesterday, I watched a documentary about the news
was taking photos. The resulting
industry in the past. I saw that an interview was being done
story in the local newspaper divided
face to face. But now, interviews can be done online…
the people of the town: some were
in favour of the new shopping mall,
4 Describe the changes in another industry using the past
and some were against it.
continuous passive where appropriate.
Times change! 29Into a new era
5 Read the passage and answer the 6 Complete the speech with the correct form of the
questions. Pay attention to the expressions in Activity 5.
expressions in bold.
Dear friends,
More than 40 years ago, China
began to implement the reform and Thank you for coming together to celebrate the first
opening-up policy, starting out on a anniversary of Tech-Hub Business Park. It’s great to
journey that would pave the way for see so many of you representing the many different
China to become a fully-modernised companies that have made the park their professional
socialist country. The policy has home. What started as an idea by local entrepreneurs
had a great influence on Chinese 1_____________________ for this town to become
society. It has allowed China to known as a centre of technology and formed a solid
accomplish in just four decades what basis for future business development.
took Western industrialised countries
more than 200 years to achieve, Like everyone else in this town, we are proud
breaking new ground in the history that the Tech-Hub companies continue
of human achievement. This ongoing 2_____________________ in technology.
journey is allowing China to share Such innovation will, without doubt,
the fruits of its success and develop 3_____________________ of technological
further alongside other countries. discovery. What’s more, it seems that Tech-Hub
What’s more, the Belt and Road 4_____________________ on local schools, with
Initiative will mean a new dawn more students than ever applying to study Computer
for trade and investment between Science at university. Tech-Hub remains thankful to the
countries, leading into a new era community and promises 5_____________________ of
of prosperity. our success with the town.
Thank you!
7 Listen to the interview and choose its purpose.
1 To find out what changes Shenzhen has undergone
after the introduction of the reform and opening-up
policy.
2 To understand how people feel about the way life has
changed in Shenzhen this century.
3 To show what the first special economic zone looks
1 What is the passage about? like now.
2 Can you explain the meaning of 4 To figure out how life is different for the older and
the expressions in bold in your own younger generations in Shenzhen.
words?
30 UNIT 38 Listen again and complete the interview record. 9 Complete the boxes with the
expressions from the interview.
• … has undergone rapid
INTERVIEWEE No.1
development…
• At that time…
Personal information • … was only a small town…
• There’s been a huge change!
Has lived in Shenzhen for 1_________________
• It has developed into… with…
Occupation: 2_________________
• Compared with the past, …
• In the past, …
Impression of Shenzhen
• But now…
• … is a very special place.
In the past
• It’s full of…
Shenzhen was a small town 3_________________. There
• … is a place where…
were not many people living there and there were
no 4_________________. People made a living from
Comparing and contrasting
5_________________.
In the present
It has developed into 6_________________ with modern
skyscrapers and a population of 7_________________.
Life in Shenzhen
Describing a place
In the past
People stayed in the same area, and one day
8_________________.
In the present
Each day brings something new. 9_________________
keep coming.
Life is 10 _________________ and it’s certainly interesting!
10 Work in pairs. Describe the changes
Comments on Shenzhen today
in your home town using the
Shenzhen is a special place full of 11_________________. expressions in this section.
It is a place where young people can 12_________________.
Now think about how well you can
use the language you have learnt
to express yourself.
Now talk about the changes in Shenzhen in your
own words.
Times change! 31Developing ideas
1 Look at the messages and answer
the questions. 1 While waiting outside the cafeteria,
I received the following message from
13:34 PM 20%
my friend:
Messages Max Details
Today 9:44 AM
HBD! Won’t tell ppl
how old U R!
We’re what to have 4
I but J wants U?
2 It took me a minute before I realised what
it meant. The signs he used were to say
that he’d be running late and would be
there soon. Instead of replying with
13:34 PM 20%
a simple “OK, don’t rush”, I searched for
Messages Max Details
emojis on my phone that would express
Today 9:44 AM the same message:
Happy birthday! I won’t tell
people how old you are! Ha! Ha!
We’re thinking about what to
have for dinner. I love sushi, but
Jason wants pizza. What would
you like? 3 This was my attempt to follow the trend
of communicating with emojis. Emojis
are used everywhere, from text messages
to emails, blogs and other social media
1 Which message is easier to understand?
networks. With the rapid development
Which message do you prefer? Why?
of social media, emojis are becoming an
2 Which way do you use to send messages?
integral component of the language we use
to express ourselves.
2 Look at the title of the passage and predict
the author’s attitude towards emojis. 4 The word “emoji” comes from Japanese,
literally meaning “picture character”.
Now read the passage and check your
prediction.
32 UNIT 315:55 PM 80%
Emojis: a new language?
Emojis are small symbols representing ideas, 7 The use of emojis has even spread to classical
emotions or feelings. They come in different literature. A Shakespeare series for young
categories, such as faces and people, plants and readers has taken William Shakespeare’s
animals, and food and drink. popular plays and replaced some words with
textspeak and emojis. The intention of these
5 When first introduced in Japan in 1999, emojis adaptations is to make the classics more
were limited to 176 simple designs. Now there accessible to young readers. Some people,
are more than 3,000 emojis that expand upon however, believe that these new versions
the way in which we communicate. Due to have taken away the heart and soul of
their popularity, the Oxford Dictionaries Word Shakespeare’s plays.
of the Year in 2015 was, for the first time ever,
a pictograph instead of a traditional word. 8 As we can see, emojis have a tendency to
pop up all over the place. Users of emojis
6 In today’s world, emojis have become more say that they facilitate the way in which we
and more popular. It seems that emojis have communicate and express ourselves. But this
clear advantages over written language. People makes others, especially educators, worry
like them because they add emotional meaning, that we are losing the ability to communicate
and are quick and easy to use. In fact, this is properly using the written word, or even the
similar to the gestures we use when we speak. spoken word. After all, how many of us today
With a smiling or sad face added to a message would rather send a message packed with
or post, your reader can “see” your facial emojis than make a telephone call? Perhaps
expression while reading your words. Emojis people will one day choose to communicate
can also help people express their feelings in pictures, and forget how to write properly.
when they cannot find the appropriate words. On that day, emojis will have become a real
For instance, if your friend is moving across pictorial “language”. But, for now, maybe it’s
the country, you may just send them a string best that we just enjoy using them.
of crying faces to express your sadness over
your separation.
Times change! 333 Choose the author’s purpose in writing the passage and give your reasons.
1 To guide readers to use emojis properly.
2 To discuss the development and influence of emojis.
3 To criticise the increased use of emojis.
4 To entertain readers with examples of how emojis have been used.
Think & Share
1 Do you think the Shakespeare series with emojis is an effective way
to encourage young readers to read the classics? Give your reasons.
2 What do you think about the way people use emojis?
3 What lifestyle changes does each reading passage in this unit focus on? What is the
common message conveyed in both passages?
4 Work in groups. Give a talk about the sentence from the passage.
Perhaps people will one day choose to communicate in pictures, and forget how to
write properly.
1 Read the sentence and decide whether you agree or disagree with it.
2 Provide three reasons to support your ideas and give evidence for each reason. Make notes.
Reasons: Evidence:
3 Give your talk to the class.
Learning to learn
When you give your opinion, your argument will be stronger
if it is supported by evidence. Evidence can come from
primary sources, such as original documents and interviews,
or secondary sources, such as books and magazines.
Now think about what you have learnt from the
opinions of your classmates. Have they helped to
change your opinion in any way?
34 UNIT 3Writing about a change
5 Read the passage and answer the questions. 6 Think about something that might
Lifestyle disappear in the future and complete
Where Does the table.
Something that will not be around
SSUUPPEERRMMAANN
in the future
Get Changed
These Days?
I was watching a superhero film the other day and
a thought occurred to me: where does Superman get
changed these days? In the comics and earlier films,
Reasons
Clark Kent would pop into a phone box to change into
his Superman costume. But these days, phone boxes are
hard to find. The main reason for this is simply that we
don’t need them anymore. Almost everyone these days
carries a mobile phone with them. It is certainly more
convenient to take out a mobile and make a call at the
touch of a button than to press a series of long numbers
on a telephone. And anyone who happens to leave their
mobile phone at home will still have no use for a phone
box. Why? Because they are unlikely to remember the Supporting arguments
number they want to call – that’s something that our
mobile phones do for us these days. And even if we could
remember a number and needed to call it urgently, it
would still be more convenient to borrow a mobile phone
from someone else than walk around looking for a phone
box. So, the phone box is becoming a thing of the past.
Poor Clark Kent will have to find somewhere else
to change!
1 Why does the author start the passage by writing
Now write your passage.
about Superman?
2 What will disappear in the future according to
7 Work in pairs. Make improvements to
the passage? What is the major reason for this
each other’s passages and share them
phenomenon?
with the class.
3 What supporting arguments does the author give
to make the point convincing?
Times change! 35Presenting ideas
1 Work in groups. Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
1 What can you see in the pictures?
2 What changes in our ways of learning do the pictures show?
2 Think about how learning will change in the future and
complete the table.
Learning activities Changes
homework
exam
3 Prepare a short presentation. Consider the following:
1 the structure of your presentation
2 useful words, expressions and structures
4 Give your presentation to the class.
Reflection
Write a reflection after completing this unit. Consider the following:
1 What is your understanding of the driving force behind the changes to our lifestyles?
2 What text types have you learnt about? What are their features?
3 What words, expressions and structures have you learnt?
4 What improvement have you made in understanding different cultures?
5 What improvement have you made in using learning strategies and exploring effective ways
of learning?
6 What improvement have you made in analysing and solving problems?
36 UNIT 31 Watch the video and answer the
questions.
1 Which statistic surprises you most?
2 What message do you think the
video conveys?
2 Look at the pictures and answer
the questions.
1 What kind of problem do the
people have in each picture?
2 Which of these problems have you
experienced? Give an example.
U
N
I
T
Breaking boundaries
Starting out
37Understanding ideas
1 Read the information about MSF
and answer the questions.
MY 100 DAYS
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF),
or Doctors Without Borders in
WITH MSF
English, was founded in Paris in
1971 by a group of doctors and
journalists. It is an independent,
non-profit organisation whose
mission is to provide medical care
to those affected by conflict, 22 March 2015
epidemics, disasters or a lack of
access to health care. It assists
1 Today we celebrate. It’s exactly one month since the
people based on need, regardless last reported case. But it is vital not to take any chances.
of which country they are from. So, 20 health care workers from almost as many
The top priority goes to those in countries, comrades in arms, raise virtual glasses to
the most serious and immediate each other.
danger. Today, MSF has
2 I arrived in Liberia with MSF almost three months ago.
over 67,000 team
When I saw the tragic scenes on the news, I felt it was
members from
my duty as a doctor to go there and offer my help.
over 150 countries
I knew I was putting my life at risk, but I thought,
and regions.
“If I don’t do it, who will?” It is important to remember
that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries. There
are no borders for doctors, for patients or for anyone
1 When was MSF founded and what else involved in combating this terrible disease.
does it do?
2 What is the top priority of MSF? 3 My mission was to relieve Emma, a Canadian specialist
in infectious diseases at the end of her posting. Emma
3 What else do you know about it?
spent an hour with me in the staff room talking me
through the daily routine. As she talked, I could hear
2 Read the journal of an MSF doctor
at least three different languages being spoken at the
and find out what problem he was
tables around us. Later, Emma introduced me to some
involved in tackling.
of the others working for or alongside MSF: Wilton,
a young local man, who helped carry the very sick into
the treatment clinic and who disinfected clothing and
surfaces; Maisy, a retired public health official from
Darwin, Australia, whose local team of volunteers
educated people on preventing infection; Alfonso,
a soft-spoken Argentinian doctor in his 50s, who
had previously worked on Ebola outbreaks in Sierra
Leone and Guinea. The list went on. I found that I
was the only Chinese doctor among people of all ages,
38 UNIT 4colours and beliefs, from every continent except Antarctica. With
each person I met, I felt a growing sense of pride as part of this
extraordinary team, whose devotion to the cause shone from
their eyes.
4 In the few weeks since then, I have come to know these people
very well. We have worked together, surrounded by blood, vomit
and death. But, although the death rate is very high, we will never
give up on a patient, and our efforts do sometimes end in miracles.
5 Just after my arrival, a family of six were brought here in the back
of a van. All of them were infected. The twin girls and their parents
soon died. We knew there was little hope for the brothers, but we
did everything we could to save them. When we visited the ward
the next morning, we were amazed to see that against all odds,
both boys were still alive. Pascal and Daniel have since made a full
recovery. This small but unexpected success compensated for many
other less fortunate cases.
6 To be caught up in such a crisis creates powerful bonds between
people, not only between carers and patients, but also between all
those who have come from different parts of the world and joined
together in a common cause. It is so inspiring to have colleagues
like Wilton, Maisy and Alfonso, not to mention all the others I
have worked with.
7 Now my time is almost up. In a few days, someone else will arrive
to step into my shoes, and the tireless work that the MSF members
do in more than 70 countries and regions around the world will
go on. In a world still facing so many problems, it is absolutely
essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community
with a shared future of peace and prosperity.
Breaking boundaries 393 Choose the ideas conveyed in the passage and find evidence to support your choices.
1 It is not the first time the author has worked with MSF.
2 The work with MSF in Liberia is life-threatening.
3 The author enjoyed working together with all his colleagues.
4 The author always felt frustrated with the high death rate.
Now use five adjectives to describe the spirit of MSF doctors and give your reasons.
4 Organise information from the passage and complete the table.
Time Experiences Feelings
Before
How I made up my mind: _____________________________
arrival
What I did on arrival: _________________________________
What my daily work was like: __________________________
My 100
___________________________________________________
days
An unforgettable case: _______________________________
___________________________________________________
What is special about today: _______________________
Now
What we are doing: __________________________________
Now read the information and answer the questions.
We call on the people of all countries to work together to build a community with a
shared future for mankind, to build an open, inclusive, clean, and beautiful world that
enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity.
From Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th CPC National Congress
1 What is your understanding of “a community with a shared future for mankind”?
2 How is the idea reflected in the MSF doctor’s journal?
Think & Share
1 What is your understanding of the first sentence in Paragraph 6?
2 What difficulties do you think the author might have faced during his work?
3 Do you know of any other similar organisations? What do they do?
4 What have you learnt from the passage that can help you talk about “a community
with a shared future”?
40 UNIT 4Using language
It as an empty subject
1 Look at the sentences and answer the questions. 3 Describe the city using the
Sentences (a) and (c) are from the reading passage. information provided and it as
an empty subject.
a But it is vital not to take any chances.
b But not to take any chances is vital.
c It is important to remember that Ebola doesn’t respect
national boundaries.
d To remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national
boundaries is important.
1 What does “it” refer to in sentences (a) and (c)?
2 What is the difference between the sentences in each
group? Why does the author choose to use sentences (a)
and (c) instead of (b) and (d)?
Beijing
Now look for more sentences with this structure in
• not a surprising thing / students
the reading passage, and summarise its use in your
see different skin colours in the
own words.
same class
2 Rewrite the underlined parts using it as an empty subject. • possible / people hear many
different languages and dialects
According to the “2017 Hollywood Diversity Report”,
• easy / people find products from
to get roles in American film and television is no
all over the world
longer quite so difficult for women and minorities.
• not difficult / foreigners settle
This is another small but important advance against
down and find a job
gender and racial discrimination.
• a common thing / people from
different countries work in the
The report analysed 200 films released in 2015 and
same company
1,206 TV shows from 2014 to 2015, and discovered
that to become a leading actor in Hollywood is now
a more realistic hope for minority actors. In more Beijing today is multicultural. It is not a
good news, to write and direct Hollywood films is surprising thing for students to see…
more common than before for women.
4 Describe one of the cities using
The bad news is that there is still a long way to go.
it as an empty subject where
Leading roles are more likely to be given to white
appropriate. Do online research
actors. Asian American actors, in particular, still face
if necessary.
problems. Even now, to cast white actors as Asian
• Toronto
characters is seen as acceptable by film studios. But
• Shanghai
at least the report shows that things are moving
• London
slowly in the right direction.
• Sydney
Breaking boundaries 41The global village
5 Read the passage and answer the questions. 6 Complete the letter with the correct form of
Pay attention to the expressions in bold. the expressions in Activity 5.
Nowadays, people Dear Editor,
all over the world
Your article about living in a global village
are becoming
really struck a chord with me because I’ve just
more and more
returned from a teaching project in Cambodia
connected, as if
and Thailand. I had been worried about the
the world were
1______________, but fortunately the other
getting smaller – as
volunteers and local teachers were really
if we were living in a
welcoming. We were able to 2_____________
“global village”.
each other as well as our students.
Technology is largely responsible for Throughout, we made 3______________ to
bringing people together. Channels of make our classes a success, so that we could
communication, such as the mobile phone all enjoy the 4______________ of working well
and the Internet, have made it possible together. It was rewarding to see how our
to speak instantly with someone on the work helped 5______________ from different
other side of the planet, enabling us to cultures. Before I went, TV and the Internet
form close connections with people of were my 6______________, but being there in
completely different cultures. The television, person was even better. I think the experience
meanwhile, is a window on the world, has taught me to 7______________ and I can’t
giving us quick and easy access to other wait to do it all over again.
cultures and lifestyles.
Paul
Cultural exchange helps us to be more
inclusive and to overcome culture shock.
But inclusiveness doesn’t mean that our 7 Listen to the conversation and choose the
cultures will merge into one another. main idea.
Rather, it’s about countries and people 1 More and more foreign words and expressions
making a joint effort to come together are entering the English language, especially
to create a more harmonious and those about food.
understanding world, so that we can 2 Chinese food is popular in the UK, and many
all enjoy the mutual benefits. Chinese words and expressions are entering
English dictionaries as a result.
3 Intercultural communication is increasing,
1 What phenomenon does the passage and people all over the world have a better
describe? understanding of each other.
2 What effect does technology have on 4 World sports are bringing people together in
cultural exchange? the same way that food is.
42 UNIT 48 Listen again and complete the table.
Phenomena Examples
From Devon: grockle
More and more 1____________________ into
From Chinese: wok, chow mein,
dictionaries these days.
2____________________ and chop suey
In a large Asian supermarket, there are
4____________________ from Asia.
Besides words, changes also happen to
There are 5____________________ in the male
3____________________.
speaker’s city, such as 6____________________.
Many European people can 7____________________.
It is not a surprise to see 9____________________
while watching the UEFA Champions League
Sports also play an important role in
live and not unusual to find people enjoying
8____________________.
10____________________ on the other side of
the world.
Now talk about more examples of each phenomenon.
9 Complete the boxes with the expressions 10 Work in pairs. Talk about another
from the conversation. phenomenon of the global village using
the expressions in this section.
• Really?
• That’s interesting.
Now think about any difficulties you
• Is it really?
encountered during your discussion and
• It is really amazing…
what you did to overcome them.
• I also find it interesting to see…
• No wonder it isn’t a surprise to see…
• It is not unusual to find…
Showing interest
Describing a common phenomenon
Breaking boundaries 43Developing ideas
1 Watch the video and answer the
questions.
The Words That
1 How did slave owners regard their
slaves?
Changed A Nation
2 What was a slave’s life like?
1 On a grey afternoon on 19 November 1863,
a tall, thin man mounted a platform in a field in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and began to speak.
The place was the site of a recent battle where
thousands of soldiers had died. The man was
Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States
of America, and he was there in memory of the
soldiers who had died. The speech he gave was
just 268 words long and lasted two minutes. But
this address to the crowd changed the minds of his
people and helped shape a nation.
2 At that time, America was bitterly divided. For
two years, its people had been deep in a civil war
between the slave-owning Confederate Southern
States and the “free” Northern States of the Union.
The worst battle lasted three days and took place
at Gettysburg in 1863. The Union side won, but at
a great cost. Over 50,000 soldiers were killed or
wounded, and people lost hope and purpose.
What was all this suffering for?
2 Look at the title and skim the passage.
3 Lincoln understood the feelings of the civilian
Choose the book in which you would
people. His speech gave them hope, belief and a
most likely find the passage.
reason to look to the future. He gave them a new
1 The Power of Speech
vision of what the United States of America should
2 Famous US Presidents
be, based on the ideals set down by its Founding
3 Great Battles in History
Fathers 87 years before. It was what the soldiers
had died for. Now it was up to the living to
remove not only the divisions between North
and South, but the boundaries between black and
white, and work step by step towards the equality
of humankind.
44 UNIT 44 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
5 Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
or any nation, so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this.
6 But in a larger sense, we can not dedicate – we can not consecrate –
we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add
or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say
here, but can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living,
rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have,
thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to
the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last
full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of
freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
(“The Gettysburg Address” by Abraham Lincoln)
Breaking boundaries 453 Organise information from the passage and complete the notes.
How did Lincoln describe the founding of the US?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
What challenges did the Civil War bring to the nation?
________________________________________________
The
________________________________________________
Gettysburg
How did Lincoln describe the men who fought in the war?
Address
________________________________________________
• Speaker: Abraham Lincoln ________________________________________________
• Setting (date & place): What was the “great task” that Lincoln described?
___________________________ ________________________________________________
___________________________ ________________________________________________
• Background event: Who would be responsible for carrying out this task?
___________________________ ________________________________________________
___________________________ ________________________________________________
4 Work in groups. Give a talk about the
Think & Share
1 What was Lincoln’s purpose in significance of abolishing slavery in
giving the speech? the US.
2 Lincoln talked about government “of the people, by 1 Organise your ideas by answering the
the people, for the people”. What does this mean? questions.
• What was the US like before
3 What other speeches can you think of that stress
slavery was abolished?
the importance of breaking boundaries?
• How was it different afterwards?
4 What efforts to break boundaries are described in
• In what ways did the abolition of
the two reading passages in this unit?
slavery help to break boundaries?
2 Do research to find more evidence to
support your ideas.
Learning to learn
3 Give your talk to the class.
In English, prepositions can be used to show ideas in a clear and
concise way. An example is within the speech: “government of
Now think about effective ways to find
the people, by the people, for the people”.
information to support your ideas.
46 UNIT 4Writing a speech
5 Read the speech on Edgar Snow and answer 6 Complete the table to organise your
the questions. own speech about another person who
has helped to increase understanding
Hello, everyone. Today,
between two countries.
I’m going to introduce
Opening
Edgar Snow. Edgar
Who the person is:
Snow was an American
journalist who wrote
influential books and
What boundary he / she has broken:
articles about China in
the 1930s. At a time
when relatively little
was known about our
country in the Western
world, his 1937 book Red Star over China broke Body
ideological boundaries by telling the stories of the How he / she achieved this:
Chinese communist movement from the inside.
Although Snow was not the only international
journalist to set foot in China during the early
decades of the 20th century, what set him apart
from the others was that he actually spent time
with the Chinese Red Army. He listened to their
stories and observed their day-to-day lives, as well as Summary
conducting interviews with Mao Zedong and other Comments on him / her:
leaders. His biographical accounts and depictions of
historical events, such as the Long March, therefore
captured the spirit of the period and the people living
through it with unprecedented authenticity. Snow is
considered “our American friend”.
I admire Snow’s special insight and bravery, risking
his life during the war to get to the heart of the story
Now write your speech.
and correct prejudice. For me, Snow’s writing, and
in particular Red Star over China, is a must-read for
7 Work in pairs. Make improvements to
anyone with an interest in that period.
each other’s speeches and share them
with the class.
1 Who was Edgar Snow?
2 What did he do and what boundaries did he break?
Now give your speech to the class.
Breaking boundaries 47Presenting ideas
1 Work in groups. Look at the pictures and make a list of
boundaries in society.
Boundaries in society:
2 Choose one of the boundaries you have listed and talk about
how to break that boundary by answering the questions.
• What led to the boundary?
• Who is affected by the boundary?
• What can be done to remove the boundary?
• How would society change if the boundary were removed?
3 Prepare a short presentation. Consider the following:
1 the structure of your presentation
2 useful words, expressions and structures
4 Give your presentation to the class.
Reflection
Write a reflection after completing this unit. Consider the following:
1 What is your understanding of breaking boundaries?
2 What text types have you learnt about? What are their features?
3 What words, expressions and structures have you learnt?
4 What improvement have you made in understanding different cultures?
5 What improvement have you made in using learning strategies and exploring effective ways
of learning?
6 What improvement have you made in analysing and solving problems?
48 UNIT 4A delicate world
1 Watch the video and answer
the questions.
1 Are humans part of Earth’s
ecosystems? Why?
2 In what ways can humans
affect ecosystems?
2 Look at the satellite images and
answer the questions.
1 What is happening to the
area according to the satellite
images?
2 What do you think a later
satellite image would show?
3 What do you think caused
these changes?
49
U
N
I
T
Starting out Satellite Images of Aral Sea, Central Asia
1990 2000 2010Understanding ideas
1 Look at the picture and answer the 1 I am standing on Macquarie Island, in the South-west
questions. Pacific Ocean, halfway between Australia and Antarctica.
Strong winds and stormy seas have helped sculpt its
long, thin shape. The green grass and bare rock of its
landscape contrast dramatically, giving it a wild and
natural beauty. No visitor would think it surprising that
the island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Nor would
they fail to imagine how its native inhabitants, including
royal penguins, king penguins, and elephant seals,
existed in perfect harmony with their natural habitat
for thousands of years.
2 But the island’s more recent history tells a different story.
It’s a tragic story that began in 1810 when humans
arrived on the island. In their ships they unknowingly
brought rats and mice. These small animals quickly took
over the island, eating the birds’ eggs and attacking baby
birds. Cats were brought to the island to control the rats
and mice. Unfortunately, the cats subsequently developed
an appetite for the birds, too.
1 What animals can you see in the
picture? 3 Meanwhile, rabbits were introduced to the island as a
2 What kind of changes would take source of food for humans. Loose on the island, they did
place if cats, rats and rabbits what rabbits do best – they multiplied rapidly and began
eating the native vegetation and digging holes, which
were introduced to an environment
caused soil erosion. The exploding rabbit population
like this?
provided plentiful food for the cats, meaning that the
number of cats also increased. This in turn led to more
2 Read the passage and find out what
cats hunting the birds. The end result was that parakeets,
happened to Macquarie Island.
once large in number and native to the island, died out
in 1891.
50 UNIT 5MACQUARIE ISLAND:
from Chaos to Conservation
4 Even after Macquarie Island became an they developed an immunity to the virus, and
official nature reserve in the 1970s, the their numbers exploded once again. Then, in
rabbits remained out of control. Experts felt it 2006, the rabbits’ digging caused some land
necessary to come up with a plan to remove all to collapse, and killed a substantial number of
the rabbits from the island. With this goal in penguins. This incident made it clear that the
mind, a virus was released onto the island. But rat, mouse and rabbit problem needed solving
although the virus caused the rabbit population once and for all.
to decrease from 130,000 to around 10,000,
it also meant less food for the cats. The cats in 6 So, I am here on Macquarie Island to
consequence turned their attention – and their participate in the programme to tackle this
stomachs – back to the native birds, killing very problem. The first step involved poison
up to 60,000 each year. In the 1980s, traps being dropped from helicopters. The next
and dogs were used to catch the cats. The last step is to remove the last remaining invading
Macquarie Island cat was caught in 2000. species, and that’s where I come in – with my
dogs. They have been trained to find every last
5 But as the saying goes, “While the cat’s away, one, without harming the native animals. This
the mice will play.” With the departure of intervention is a long, much-delayed ending to
the cats from the island, the mouse and rat a sad story, but we humans owe it to the island
population started to increase. And remember to give it a happy ending.
those 10,000 or so rabbits? It turned out that
Postscript: In 2014, Macquarie Island was
declared pest-free and the island’s ecology is
finally on the road to recovery.
A delicate world 513 Choose the author’s purpose in writing the passage and give your reasons.
1 To analyse how Macquarie Island was saved from destruction.
2 To inform readers of the chaos caused on Macquarie Island by humans.
3 To entertain readers with a funny story about what happened on Macquarie Island.
4 To suggest ways in which an ecosystem can be protected.
4 Organise information from the passage and complete the flow chart.
ACTION(S) PURPOSE(S) RESULT(S)
Humans arrived on Rats and mice were brought there by
To live there.
Macquarie Island. accident, and _____________________.
To control the rats and
mice.
Rabbits multiplied and caused soil
erosion, and ______________________.
Now talk about how human interference led to such severe consequences for
Macquarie Island.
Think & Share
1 What is your understanding of “… we humans owe it to the
island to give it a happy ending”?
2 Do you think it was right to eradicate the “pests” from Macquarie Island?
Give your reasons.
3 How could similar situations be avoided in the future?
4 What language can you use to talk about cause and effect? How would you
apply it to your reading and writing?
52 UNIT 5Using language
It as an empty object
1 Look at the sentences and answer the questions. 3 Look at the pictures of the Saihanba
Sentences (a) and (c) are from the reading passage. National Forest Park and describe its
changes using it as an empty object
a No visitor would think it surprising that the island
where appropriate. You may refer to
is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
the words and expressions in the table
b No visitor would think that the island being
for help.
a UNESCO World Heritage Site is surprising.
1960s
c Experts felt it necessary to come up with a plan to
remove all the rabbits from the island.
d Experts felt to come up with a plan to remove all
the rabbits from the island was necessary.
1 What does “it” refer to in sentences (a) and (c)?
2 What is the difference between the sentences in
each group?
present day
Now look for more sentences with this structure
in the reading passage, and summarise its use in
your own words.
2 Rewrite the underlined parts using it as an
empty object.
The red-eared slider, a species of freshwater turtle,
is native to the Southern United States and Northern
Mexico. Due to its cute appearance, many people think nouns / adjectives to do / that
keeping this turtle as a pet is a good idea. Recent years breakthrough grow
have seen more and more pet sliders escaping or being impossible investigate
released from homes, and some owners believe to release likely plant trees
them into the wild is no big issue. unrealistic transform
… …
These days, people have found to release these turtles
into the wild is a threat to other species. Experts consider
owners keeping their pets in an I think it a breakthrough to transform
enclosed area important, and a desert into a forest…
anyone unable to keep their
pets should take them to an 4 Describe how a place you know has
appropriate animal shelter. changed using it as an empty object
where appropriate.
A delicate world 53Ecosystems
5 Look at the diagram and answer the questions. Pay attention to the words and
expressions in bold.
Secondary consumers prey
Primary consumers rely
on primary consumers,
Producers absorb water and
on vegetation to provide as well as eating other
dissolved nutrients from the
energy. They feed on animal matter.
soil. They also make their own
green plants.
food by absorbing light from
the sun.
Decomposers break down dead animal and vegetable matter into nutrients. The dissolved
chemicals are then released back into the food chain, to be used by producers.
1 What does the diagram show?
2 What are the relationships between the living things?
6 Complete the passage with the correct form of the words and expressions
in Activity 5.
In a woodland ecosystem, trees and other plants are producers. They 1____________
water, and take in nutrients from the soil and energy from the sun. Insects are an
example of a primary consumer. They 2____________ the producers to provide food
for them, and are 3____________ by secondary consumers: small mammals and birds.
They 4____________ the primary consumers. Fungi and bacteria are decomposers.
They 5____________ animal waste and the remains of living things. The chemicals
these decomposers 6____________ fertilise the soil and give the plants the nutrients
they need to grow.
54 UNIT 5• One of the oldest species in the ecosystem, the honey bee
has been in existence for millions of years.
• A honey bee can fly as fast as 24 kilometres per hour and
its wings can beat 200 times per second.
• In just one journey to collect pollen and nectar, one single
honey bee can pollinate as many as 50 to 100 flowers.
Did You Know ?
7 Listen to the conversation and choose the true statements. 9 Complete the boxes with the
1 Bees are very important to our food supply because they expressions from the conversation.
provide honey.
• You must be kidding!
2 The bee population is declining.
• I don’t believe it!
3 Without bees, humans would die out.
• It’s a fact!
4 All human crops depend on bees for pollination.
• Don’t forget that…
5 If bees became extinct, other insects could pollinate
• Are you sure about…?
enough crops.
• Check it out for yourself…
6 Humans are responsible for the decline in the
• According to statistics…
bee population.
Expressing doubt
8 Listen again and complete the flow chart.
A combination of things damages bee habitats, mainly
1____________.
The bee population is 2____________. According to Responding to doubt
statistics, bee numbers in the US 3____________ in just
one year.
10 Work in pairs. Talk about what
would happen to the ecosystem
if another species died out. Use
the words and expressions in
this section.
Now think about how your
knowledge helped you contribute
Now talk about the importance of bees. to the discussion.
A delicate world 55
➟
➟
Animals that live on the crops
7_____________.
Humans have nothing to eat and
die out.
➟
➟
Without bees, crops would 4_____________.
5___________ would not be able to compensate for the loss
of bees, because 6_____________ of the species of crops.Developing ideas
1 Watch the video and answer the 1 Good morning, everyone. It is my great pleasure to
questions. give a lecture here on behalf of the Be at One with
Nature Association.
1 Where is Shennongjia and what is
it famous for?
2 As we know, in 2016, Shennongjia made it onto the
2 What else do you know about
UNESCO World Heritage List. But there are so many
Shennongjia?
important places not yet on this list. So you might
ask: why Shennongjia? Is it its forests that stretch on
2 Look at the title of the passage
and on like great green seas? Is it the legendary father
and think about what it means. of Chinese herbal medicine, Shennong, after whom
the park is named? Or is it the mysterious creature
Now read the passage and check called “Yeren” (wild man) that has captured the
your answer. imagination of the world?
3 UNESCO awarded Shennongjia this status because
it meets two criteria required by the list. It contains
Learning to learn
a naturally-balanced environment that allows the
The lecture is one of the oldest
many and various species to live and prosper. It is
teaching methods, and is still widely
also one of the rare locations in the world where
used today. A typical lecture often starts
scientists can observe in real time the ecological and
with addressing the topic directly. Data,
biological processes that occur as the plants and
examples and comparisons are then
animals develop and evolve.
used to support the main ideas. Both
verbal and visual information is used in
order to maintain the audience’s interest.
The end of a lecture is often followed
by a short question-and-answer session.
56 UNIT 5Why Shennongjia?
4 For the first criterion, Shennongjia is Although endangered elsewhere in China due
apparently one of the most “complete” natural to the invasion of foreign species, the bees
areas in the world. The region rises from about of Shennongjia have coexisted with the local
400 metres to over 3,000 metres above sea people for centuries. By providing the bees
level, giving it the name the “Roof of Central with a secure home, the villagers collect their
China”. The vast range in altitude results in honey in return. This is just one of the ways in
a great variation in climatic conditions. This which people of Shennongjia live and work in
allows a wide variety of species to thrive. harmony with nature.
Some of the plants and animals have survived
millions of years, and are regarded as 8 All of this explains why Shennongjia earned –
living fossils. and deserves – its place on the UNESCO World
Heritage List, as well as highlighting how
5 For the second criterion, we can see that understanding, awareness and hard work have
Shennongjia has incredible biodiversity. Look contributed towards protecting a unique and
at this slide. According to official statistics, wonderful part of our natural world.
over 3,000 plant species have been recorded
there. This represents more than ten per cent 9 Thank you for listening. Now, does anyone
of China’s total floral richness. Shennongjia have any questions?
supports more than 600 vertebrate species,
including the Golden Snub-nosed Monkey and
the Clouded Leopard. Additionally, around
4,300 insect species have been recorded.
6 It is a challenge to look after so many species.
In winter, scientists brave heavy snow and
freezing temperatures to supply food to the
Golden Snub-nosed Monkey. Thanks to their
efforts, the monkey’s population has doubled
since the 1980s. Their number reached over
1,300 in 2015 and continues to grow.
7 But the most impressive aspect of Shennongjia
is the local people, who take things from
nature without causing damage. I visited
a local village which is known for its
home-made honey. What is special about the
honey is that it is produced by the earliest
species of Chinese bee. Every spring, the
villagers place beehives around their houses
to attract these wild bees from the forest.
A delicate world 573 Read the sentences from the passage and decide if they serve to give data (D),
examples (E) or make comparisons (C).
1 The region rises from about 400 metres to over 3,000 metres above sea level, …
_____
2 … over 3,000 plant species have been recorded there. This represents more than ten
per cent of China’s total floral richness. _____
3 Shennongjia supports more than 600 vertebrate species, including the Golden
Snub-nosed Monkey and the Clouded Leopard. _____
4 In winter, scientists brave heavy snow and freezing temperatures to supply food to
the Golden Snub-nosed Monkey. _____
5 Although endangered elsewhere in China due to the invasion of foreign species, the
bees of Shennongjia have coexisted with the local people for centuries. _____
Think & Share
1 What roles do the questions in Paragraph 2 play?
2 According to the passage, what has been done to protect the ecology of Shennongjia?
3 Which part of Shennongjia interests you most? Why?
4 Work in groups. Give a talk comparing Macquarie Island and Shennongjia.
1 Think about the similarities and differences between Macquarie Island and
Shennongjia and make notes.
Similarities: Differences:
• Both have unique animals. • Macquarie is an island, while
Shennongjia is a mountainous area.
2 Decide what conclusions you can draw from
comparing the two places and what you
would like to include in your talk.
3 Give your talk to the class.
Now think about how effectively you used the
language you have learnt to talk about the
similarities and differences.
58 UNIT 5Drafting a lecture
5 Read the passage and answer the questions. 6 Complete the outline to organise your lecture
draft based on the information in Activity 5.
If you haven’t already heard of Fanjing
Do online research if necessary.
Mountain, you soon will! A “must” for anyone
visiting Guizhou Province, Fanjing Mountain
Opening:
has now been added to the UNESCO World
Heritage List, bringing the total number of 1) greeting
UNESCO sites in China to 53. The main reason 2) introduction to the topic:
for its inclusion is its biological diversity, with
_____________________________________
approximately 50 endangered plant and animal
species found in its protected area. One of the
first national nature reserves in China, Fanjing Reason for selection:
Mountain represents one of the country’s _____________________________________
greatest achievements in environmental
_____________________________________
protection. It is also renowned for its
breathtaking scenery as a summer resort.
Other information:
1) __________________________________
__________________________________
2) __________________________________
__________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Q&A
Now draft your lecture about Fanjing Mountain.
7 Work in pairs. Make improvements to each
other’s lecture drafts and share them with
1 Where is Fanjing Mountain? Why is it the class.
significant?
2 Why was Fanjing Mountain selected for Now think about how well you understood the
inclusion in the UNESCO World features of a lecture, and what you should pay
Heritage List? attention to when drafting a lecture.
A delicate world 59Presenting ideas
1 Read the quote and answer the questions. 2 Work in groups. Talk about your understanding
of the quote. Find example(s) that can prove it
and make notes.
My understanding:
Clear Waters and Lush My example(s):
Mountains Are as Valuable as
Gold and Silver.
Conclusion:
Xi Jinping
3 Prepare a short speech. Consider the following:
1 the structure of your speech
2 useful words, expressions and structures
1 What is your understanding of “clear waters
and lush mountains” and “gold and silver”? 4 Give your speech to the class. Vote for the
2 What message is conveyed by the quote? best speech.
Reflection
Write a reflection after completing this unit. Consider the following:
1 What is your understanding of ecosystems and what should we do to protect them?
2 What text types have you learnt about? What are their features?
3 What words, expressions and structures have you learnt?
4 What improvement have you made in understanding different cultures?
5 What improvement have you made in using learning strategies and exploring effective ways
of learning?
6 What improvement have you made in analysing and solving problems?
60 UNIT 5Survival
U
N
I
T
Starting out
1 Look at the pictures and answer
earthquake
the questions.
1 What does each picture show?
2 What difficulties would people
disease outbreak
have surviving in these situations?
2 Watch the video and answer
the questions.
1 Where do the people in the
video live?
shipwreck
2 What difficulties do they face?
How do they overcome those
jungle
difficulties?
3 What part of the life there
would be most challenging for
you? Why?
space
water shortage
61Understanding ideas
1 Look at the pictures and answer 1 The crime took place in a seaside suburb of Cape Town.
the questions. Spotting the car with its window left open, the greedy
thief didn’t hesitate. Within seconds, he had reached
inside and run away with a bag of shopping. No
matter how many crimes he committed, the police were
powerless to arrest him. You see, this was no ordinary
criminal: it was a chacma baboon. Once almost unheard
of, scenes like this one in Cape Town are now common
all over the world. With foxes in London, mountain lions
fox
in San Francisco and wild pigs in Hong Kong, it is almost
as if our cities are being taken over by wild animals.
2 _______________________________________________
leopard
Most of us would assume that urban development and
climate change are responsible for pushing the animals
out of their natural habitats. However true this is, we
also need to consider that some of these so-called “urban
bear animals” have never moved at all – it’s we humans
who have moved into their territory. Wherever they
go, animals find towns and cities in their way. With
nowhere else to make their homes, they have no choice
racoon but to move in with us.
3 _______________________________________________
As our cities become greener, they offer increasingly
appealing spaces to animals looking for new habitats.
chacma baboon
Out of reach from many of their natural predators,
these newcomers often flourish in their new city lives.
Today, foxes can be seen all over London – one even
being found living on the 72nd floor of the Shard
hedgehog building when it was under construction! What’s more,
hungry animals are finding plenty to eat in our gardens
1 Where would you normally expect and in the leftovers we throw away.
to find these animals?
2 Would you be surprised to see these 4 _______________________________________________
animals in a city? Why or why not? There is evidence that urban racoons are more
3 What problems could they intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently
have to figure out difficult problems such as how to
encounter in cities?
open rubbish bins and other containers which they
would not find in the wild. Some animals have even
2 Look at the title of the passage
changed their living habits to fit in with their new
and the picture. Think about what
homes. Although naturally active at night, urban foxes
the title means.
come out in daylight if the reward is good enough.
Their city location also means that they are getting a
Now read the passage and check
taste for the multicultural cuisine on offer from the
your answer.
62 UNIT 6The
Wild
Within
garbage, such as hamburgers, lamb kebabs and routes that take them through cities with
even garlic bread! high-rise buildings.
5 ________________________________________ 6 However they adapt to our ways of urban
Unable to distinguish between blue sky and living, it’s important that we get a better
glass, birds crash into windows at speeds of understanding of and even learn to appreciate
about 50 kilometres per hour. Recent studies our wild neighbours. Only then can we look
estimate that between 400 million and 1 billion towards harmoniously sharing our urban
birds die from window impacts each year in habitats. Whatever the reasons behind these
the US alone. Shockingly, these deaths amount species entering our cities, one thing is for sure –
to around ten per cent of the total US bird as it’s often a means of their survival, they
population. Some species are more affected could be with us to stay.
than others. One theory behind this is that
these birds have yet to change their migratory
Survival 633 Choose the topic sentences for Paragraphs 2–5 and write them on the lines to
complete the passage.
a One thing crucial to the increasing number of “urban animals” is their ability to adapt.
b People often wonder about the reasons behind this mass urban migration.
c For those animals that don’t adapt, the city can be a dangerous or even deadly place.
d Yet, for its newest and wildest inhabitants, a city can offer many benefits.
4 Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
More and more wild animals are entering cities.
Reasons for Benefits of cities Animals’ adaption Dangers for some
migration: for animals: to cities: animals:
• Urban development • Appealing spaces as • Urban animals are • 7_________________
and climate change habitats. more 5____________ __________________
push the animals • 3_________________ __________________ __________________
1_________________. __________________ __________________. __________________
• 2_________________ __________________ • 6_________________ • 8_________________
__________________ • 4_________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
We should learn to better understand and
appreciate our wild neighbours, and 9______
________________________________________.
Now think about what people can do to achieve a balance between the need for
urban development and the protection of wild animals.
Think & Share
1 How would you describe the relationship between people and
urban animals in the passage?
2 What figure of speech is used in the first paragraph? Why does the author choose
to start the passage this way?
3 Some environmentalists argue that we should restrict urban development to leave
enough natural habitats for wild animals. Do you agree with this? Give your reasons.
64 UNIT 6Using language
Adverbial clauses with -ever and no matter
1 Look at the sentences and answer the questions. 3 Read the story and complete the
Sentences (a) and (c) are from the reading passage. sentences using adverbial clauses with
-ever and no matter.
a Wherever they go, animals find towns and cities in
their way. At age 12, Jane was diagnosed with
b Animals always find towns and cities in their way a rare and deadly cancer, and was
as they go. informed that high-risk surgery was
her only chance of getting better. Jane
c No matter how many crimes he committed, the received the surgery, and things got
police were powerless to arrest him. extremely hard during the two-year
d Even though he committed many crimes, the police treatment that followed – she couldn’t
were powerless to arrest him. even remember how many times she
was rushed to the ICU. However, she
never gave up hope and, thankfully,
1 What is the difference between the sentences in each
she survived. Shortly after recovery, she
group?
decided to help find out the cause of
2 What is the meaning of -ever and no matter? Why does
this disease. In doing so, she took an
the author choose to use sentences (a) and (c)?
internship at a medical lab, despite being
3 What other words can be combined with -ever and no
quite busy with her schoolwork, and
matter to form adverbial clauses?
invited people to donate tissue samples
for research purposes everywhere
Now look for more sentences with adverbial
she went. She is determined to live
clauses with -ever and no matter in the reading
a fulfilling life regardless of what the
passage, and summarise their uses in your
future holds, and to try her best to help
own words.
patients with this cancer recover in spite
of the various difficulties she might face.
2 Rewrite the underlined sentences using adverbial
clauses with -ever and no matter. 1 __________________________ (how),
Jane never gave up hope.
SURVIVING Spending time in the wild is highly
2 __________________________ (where),
rewarding, but it can be dangerous.
in the Wild
Jane would invite people to donate
You may be a first-time hiker
or an experienced camper. Regardless of your past tissue samples for research purposes.
experience, please read these survival tips carefully: 3 Jane is determined to live a fulfilling life
__________________________ (what).
• Leave the area quickly but calmly if a wildfire breaks out
4 __________________________ (what),
at any time.
Jane is determined to help patients
• Often, when people get lost in the wild, they split up and
try to get home. Whether there are few or many people recover from this cancer.
in your group, don’t split up. Instead, stay together and
4 Think of another survival story and
wait for help.
tell the class about it using adverbial
• Everywhere you go in the wild, take a first aid kit with
you. It could save someone’s life, or yours! clauses with -ever and no matter. Do
online research if necessary.
Survival 65Facing crisis
5 Listen to the conversation and choose the ideas NOT 7 Complete the boxes with the
conveyed by the speakers. expressions from the conversation.
1 The story of Robinson Crusoe is a very sad survival story.
• What do you think…?
2 It takes great patience for Robinson Crusoe to survive on
• The way I see it, …
the island.
• I can’t agree more.
3 Robinson Crusoe is a clever and optimistic man.
• Personally, I think / believe…
4 Robinson Crusoe’s words are good suggestions when we
• I think you are right.
are faced with a crisis.
• What’s your take on this?
5 The most important reason for Robinson Crusoe’s survival
• I think so, too.
is his calmness.
• That’s true.
• I’m quite impressed…
6 Listen again and complete the diagram.
• What surprises me more is…
Experiences Qualities
Asking for opinions
Robinson Crusoe doesn’t
1_____________, but calmness
Giving opinions
2_____________ from the ship.
Agreeing
He 3_____________ and
4_____________ to keep himself
safe. And he 5_____________ by
8 Read the passage and answer
rubbing wood together.
being wise and the questions.
He makes tools that are
8_____________
important for survival, such as Daniel Defoe was an English writer,
spades 6_____________ and cups who is best known for his novel
out of clay. He even makes his Robinson Crusoe, although he also
own clothes by 7_____________. wrote hundreds of other works. He
published Robinson Crusoe in 1719
He takes days to 9_____________ at the age of 59. Today, it remains
one of the most famous tales of
with tools made of wood. After
patience and
the cave is 10_____________, he survival ever told. Countless readers
perseverance
doesn’t 11_____________, but have been encouraged by Robinson
quickly 12_____________. Crusoe’s qualities, which go beyond
his survival on a desert island. Such
qualities can help us cope in a crisis,
He 13_____________, and
no matter what or where it is.
considers what he enjoys rather 14_____________
than what he wants. 1 What kinds of crises do you know
people are facing in different parts
of the world?
Now talk about the qualities that help Robinson
2 What can we do when facing such
Crusoe to survive. Do further research if necessary.
crises?
66 UNIT 69 Read the newspaper reports and answer the 10 Read the advertisement and rewrite
questions. Pay attention to the words and the underlined expressions with
expressions in bold. the correct form of the words and
expressions in Activity 9.
Doctors battle new disease
Doctors are flying to an island off the coast of West Africa SURVIVOR is a new
after an outbreak of a new disease caused by a flu virus.
monthly magazine
They will be testing various medicines in a struggle to find
for people interested
a cure.
in ecosystem
and disaster
management. Each
Europe Struggles with Heat Wave
issue looks at some
Countries in Southern Europe have issued warnings of the most urgent problems of our
after temperatures rose to 40°C. They advise people to
time. Our first issue has a special focus
stay indoors and avoid exercise. Swimming pools and
on 1fighting against global warming.
beaches are crowded with people trying to cool down.
Temperatures are rising, and nations
are failing to 2respond to it. As islands
3wrestle with rising sea levels, what is
Country Is Coping With Oil Shortage
to be done? Plus, it also includes a free
The President has announced emergency measures to limit poster illustrating new plans to 4get rid of
fuel consumption. Meanwhile, scientists are working on
the Ebola virus once and for all. We invite
energy-saving measures and new fuel sources to supplement
you to read Survivor and learn how we
oil supplies.
might 5stop our problems from
getting worse!
Scientists act to eliminate
introduced species from island 11 Work in pairs. Think of another issue
concerning survival and talk about
Scientists are implementing a three-year programme
how to deal with it. Use the words and
to kill all rats, cats and foxes that were accidentally
expressions in this section.
introduced to King Island early in the 20th century and
are now threatening the survival of local species. A: How do you think people should react
to…?
B: I think people should keep / stay / be…
Firefighters bring blaze under control A: Yes, but apart from that, I believe it is
more important for people to…
Local firefighters successfully prevented further spreading
B: But what if… / what about…?
of a huge fire caused by high temperatures in the south-west
A: In that case, perhaps we could…
yesterday, after battling for hours in fierce conditions.
Now comment on each other’s
1 What situations are mentioned in the headlines?
performances in using the words
2 How do people and organisations react to these crises?
and expressions.
Survival 67Developing ideas
1 Work in pairs. Complete the quiz 1 In the 1960s and 1970s, the greatest fear was
and find out how much you know that the human race, and possibly all advanced
life forms on the planet, could be wiped out by
about Mars. Try to guess if you are
nuclear missiles, just at the push of a button. Today,
not sure of the answers.
however, environmental problems have taken
over as the greatest risk to life on Earth. Scientists
How much
are thinking of ways to lower this risk, such as
replacing coal and oil with forms of renewable
do you know
energy. But they are also preparing for the worst:
about what can we do if the terrifying scenes in films such
? as The Day After Tomorrow happen in real life?
MARS
What is our Plan B for Earth?
2 One option is to explore other planets to see if
we could live on them. The most likely choice is
Mars, which is relatively close to Earth and has an
environment less hostile than that of other planets.
1 Mars is the ______ smallest planet in
Mars has fascinated people since ancient times,
the solar system.
and today our interest in Martian exploration is
a second b third c fourth
greater than ever before. Films such as The Martian
2 The surface of Mars is covered in
enjoy worldwide popularity. More governments
______. and organisations are making efforts to educate the
a rocks b water c grass public on the Red Planet, for example, the Mars
3 The average recorded temperature on Desert Research Station in the Utah desert of the
Mars is ______. US and the Mars Village in North-west China’s
Qinghai Province.
a 40°C b 2°C c −63°C
4 One day on Mars is about ______ long.
3 Since the 1960s, we have been sending unmanned
a 18 hours
spacecraft to Mars. Our probes have orbited the
b 24 hours
planet, sending back valuable data and stunning
c 37 hours
images. Our robots have explored the Martian
surface, testing the soil and searching for resources,
water and signs of life. Encouraged by discoveries
Plan B:
2 Read the passage and find out why
humans might live on Mars.
68 UNIT 6over the years, space agencies of various it did provide us with a better understanding
countries are planning manned missions to of how humans might be able to live on
Mars that could take place within the next another planet. More recently, scientists have
25 years. succeeded in growing a variety of plants in
an environment similar to that on Mars. That
4 There is no doubt that humankind is drawn definitely is a big step forward.
towards Mars, with dreams of making it
our second home. However, sending people 5 For now, human settlement of Mars is still
there will require all the skill, courage and decades away. In the meantime, scientific
intelligence of the human race. While the research shows that the planet Earth is getting
Moon can be reached within days, it would warmer. This change is being caused by human
take months to reach Mars, travelling through activity and is having a terrible effect on the
dangerous solar radiation. And even if the biosphere. Until we are finally able to live on
first settlers do reach Mars safely, they may another planet, we need to take much better
not be able to return to Earth – ever. Staying care of our own. Right now, it’s the only one
alive will be a daily challenge, but as proved we have!
by the Biosphere 2 experiment, not impossible.
As early as the 1980s, scientists were building
Biosphere 2 in the Arizona desert. It consisted
of a closed space in which people, animals and
plants could live together. The “closed” concept
meant that the space was designed to function
with its own oxygen, food and water, needing
nothing from the outside world. Although
the two-year experiment was not a success,
?
s
r
a
M
n
o
e
f
Li
Survival 693 Choose the magazine in which you
Think & Share
would most likely find the passage 1 Would you like to be one of the first
and give your reasons. people to live on Mars? Why or why not?
1 The Traveller 2 Which is better, to live on Mars or to solve Earth’s
2 All About Space problems? Why?
3 Environmental Concerns 3 Can you think of a “Plan C” to save people from the
4 Biology for Fun problems on Earth? Share it with the class.
4 What theme do the two reading passages in this
4 Choose the statements that can be unit have in common? On what aspects does each
inferred from the passage. passage focus?
1 Humans have yet not visited Mars.
2 People want to go to Mars on
5 Work in pairs. Conduct an interview about living on Mars.
holiday.
1 Decide your roles.
3 There are plants growing on Mars.
2 Look at the sample questions about living on Mars and add
4 The greatest risk to life on Earth
any more you can think of. Then write down some answers.
used to be nuclear missiles.
5 One day, humans will have to go
Questions
and live on another planet.
• What can you see from the window of the spacecraft?
6 Our Plan A includes developing
• Can you go outside?
renewable energy resources.
• How do you get food on Mars?
7 The Biosphere 2 experiment ended
• What do you miss about Earth?
in failure.
Answers
Now work in pairs. Find evidence
to support your choices.
Learning to learn
Sometimes, we need to form opinions
and draw conclusions that are not
directly stated within the given
information. For example, from the
sentence “While the Moon can be
reached within days, it would take
months to reach Mars, travelling
through dangerous solar radiation”, we
can infer that the Moon is less exposed
to dangerous radiation than Mars.
Headings and pictures can also help us
make educated guesses about a text.
3 Act out the interview with your partner.
Now think about how well you performed in the
interview. Vote in class for the best interview.
70 UNIT 6Writing a survival story
6 Read the story and answer the questions. 7 Imagine you have to survive in a
dangerous place. Plan your story by
answering the questions.
• Where is the dangerous place?
(eg Antarctica, space, the jungle)
It’s been a week since the other astronauts left Mars and
• What are the dangers? (eg animals,
went back to Earth, accidentally leaving me here alone. I was
the cold, no air)
caught in a dust storm and lost contact with them.
After resuming communication with the base five days
later, I was informed that it will be eight months before
a rescue mission arrives from Earth. Fortunately, I have
shelter, because the landing capsule protects me from
the deadly radiation outside. The capsule is powered by a
• How do you manage to survive?
small nuclear plant. It might have just enough electricity
(eg catch fish, melt snow, make a fire)
for eight months, if nothing goes wrong. What’s more,
my spacesuit keeps me safe from exposure to the
Martian surface for up to several hours at a time. Water
and oxygen were my biggest worries at first, but I’ve
discovered an underground ice deposit nearby. I can reach
the ice with our survey tools. That’s lucky, because I can
drink the water from the ice and also use it to produce • How do you feel? (eg confident,
oxygen when I run low. anxious, optimistic)
Now I am worried about food. There is only enough for
one person for four months – four months short of what I
need. Part of our mission was to experiment with growing
plants in the Martian soil, so I have seeds of various kinds.
I must work out how to farm on Mars. If I can solve that
challenge, and if the electricity supply holds, I can survive
until I am rescued. There’s still hope! Now write your story.
1 Where is the person in the story? 8 Work in pairs. Make improvements to
2 What difficulties is he facing? each other’s stories and share them
3 What has he already done to stay alive? with the class.
4 What will he do next?
Survival 71Presenting ideas
1 Read the passage and answer 2 Work in groups. Find evidence to back up the main
the questions. message and make notes. Do further research if
necessary.
The green lizards that lived in the lower
branches and trunks of Florida’s trees Evidence in nature:
found themselves in trouble when a
tougher species, the brown lizards,
were introduced from Cuba. Without
enough food to go around, and under
pressure from the new arrivals, the Evidence in society:
green lizards moved higher up the
trees, where it is harder to keep a grip
on the smoother branches. The green
lizards adapted quickly over a relatively
short time of 15 years, and now they
3 Talk about the main message in more detail and
have bigger pads on their toes and
make notes.
stickier scales to help them stay high
in the trees – What the message means to you:
and well away
from their Situations that you could apply this message to:
troublesome
neighbours! Examples:
1 What happened to the green lizards? 4 Prepare a short presentation. Consider the following:
What did they do to cope with it? 1 the structure of your presentation
2 What is the main message of the 2 useful words, expressions and structures
passage?
5 Give your presentation to the class.
Reflection
Write a reflection after completing this unit. Consider the following:
1 What is your understanding of the survival of humankind and other species?
2 What text types have you learnt about? What are their features?
3 What words, expressions and structures have you learnt?
4 What improvement have you made in understanding different cultures?
5 What improvement have you made in using learning strategies and exploring effective ways
of learning?
6 What improvement have you made in analysing and solving problems?
72 UNIT 6Creating a personal portfolio
UNIT 1 A personal portfolio is a great way to record important moments in your life and
Project your achievements, and it can also improve your self-esteem and self-confidence.
Start yours today, if you haven’t already!
1 Go online to find inspiration for things to put in a personal portfolio.
Investigate
2 Work in groups and share what you have found out.
1 Discuss what you will put in your portfolio. Talk about the following:
Plan
• Have you entered any contests? Have you got any awards from them?
• What have been your most special family moments? What do you have to
remember these by?
• Have you received any special gifts from your best friends? Do you have any
mementos of your friendships?
• Have you got any souvenirs from your travels in China or overseas?
• Have you read any books or watched any films that made a particular impression
on you? Have you written any reviews or made any notes about them?
• What have you kept to remind you of the special moments in your life?
2 Plan your personal portfolio and complete the table.
Categories Things to put in my portfolio
My achievements
My family
My friends
My travel experiences
...
1 Use the table to prepare documents for your portfolio. You can also include
Create
photos, tickets, souvenirs, postcards, notes and anything else you can find
that you think is relevant.
2 Prepare some folders or boxes to put your materials in. Make sure to organise
them into categories.
3 Decorate your portfolio.
1 Share your portfolio with your group.
Present
2 Choose one representative to present their portfolio to the class.
3 Remember to add things to your portfolio to keep it up-to-date.
Project 73Planning a 30-day challenge
UNIT 2 Learning to manage yourself better isn’t about changing who you are as a person.
Project Rather, it’s about helping yourself have a well-balanced, fulfilling, happy and healthy
life. Knowing where your weaknesses lie is one of the first and most challenging
steps in this process. Then, making concrete plans for improvement will bring you
a step closer to better self-management.
1 Work as a class. Talk about the various areas of self-management and what
Investigate
each of them involves.
2 Think about the areas in which you would most like to improve, such as study
or free time activities.
1 Work in groups to focus on an area of self-management.
Plan
2 Discuss strategies for improving in this area of self-management and compile
a 30-day plan. Consider the following:
• What do you want to achieve in 30 days?
• When will you start?
• How much time do you need each day or week? When is it best for you to carry
out the plan?
• What activities could help you achieve your goals? What kind of help might you
need from the people around you?
• Is it best to carry out your plan in pairs or in groups?
1 Create a table like the one below to record your progress.
Create
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 …
Progress check ( or )
Reflections
2 Carry out your self-improvement plan. Make sure to give each other
encouragement and take photos or make videos to record your progress.
1 After you have completed your 30-day challenge, share your experiences
Present
with your group.
2 Present your challenge and the plan to the class. Describe your experience,
showing any photos or videos, and explaining what you have learnt and
achieved from the process.
74Interviewing older generations about their lifestyles
UNIT 3 Times change, and so do people. With each generation come fresh ideas and
Project attitudes, new opportunities and technological developments, all of which
come together to craft new lifestyles. When we look to the future, it’s worth
remembering that there’s a lot we can learn from the past and from those who
lived through it.
1 Work in groups. Do research online or in the library and make a list of the
Investigate
areas in which things have changed over time, for example:
• eating habits • shopping habits
• entertainment • living conditions
2 Talk about the ways in which you think each of the areas has changed.
1 Decide who, and how many people, you would like to interview. They could
Plan
be your parents or grandparents, their friends or work colleagues.
2 Talk about what questions you would like to ask them and write a list. If you
think of any other questions during the interviews, it is fine to ask them, too.
3 Divide your group into pairs and decide who each pair will interview.
1 Carry out the interviews, making notes of your interviewees’ answers as you
Create
go along. If possible, video the interviews so that you can watch them later.
2 Ask your interviewees if they have any visual or written records of the past
that you could borrow.
3 After the interviews are all completed, put all the information you have
gathered into a slide presentation. You should include:
• introduction to your interviewees
• how they used to live
• how their lifestyles have changed
• what you think we can learn from these changes
Present your slides to the class. Find out which of the changes in lifestyle they
Present
think is the most interesting and why.
Project 75Taking part in an MUN conference
UNIT 4 MUN, or Model United Nations, is an opportunity for students to learn about
Project diplomatic relations and write a draft resolution to solve issues concerning the
international community. The draft resolution will be brought to the floor for
debate at an MUN conference.
1 Work in groups. Talk about the following humanitarian issues and the
Investigate
country or countries they are affecting.
• famine • disease
• natural disaster or climate change • barriers to education
2 Individually, choose a country to investigate further. Go online and find out:
• what the specific issue is and how long it has been going on
• why finding a solution to it is a matter of urgency
• measures that may have already been taken to solve it
1 Choose a humanitarian issue and prepare a draft resolution.
Plan
2 Talk about possible solutions to this issue. You may give your own ideas and /
or do further research online or in the library.
1 Prepare your draft resolution, following this standard format:
Create
Heading
• committee name • signatories (committee delegates)
• sponsors (authors of the resolution) • the topic
Preambulatory clauses
The preamble of a draft resolution states the reasons why an issue is being
addressed. Preambulatory clauses can include:
• recognition of the efforts of organisations in dealing with the issue
• general statements on the issue, its significance and its effect
Operative clauses
Operative clauses offer solutions to issues addressed earlier through the
preambulatory clauses and focus on actions.
• Each clause should be numbered.
• They should support one another, and continue to build on your solution.
For example:
1 Building more schools in rural areas to encourage more families to keep their
children in full-time education;
2 Go online to find out more information about preparing a draft resolution.
Bring your draft resolution to the floor for debate. Find out whether the class
Present
approve or veto the resolution, and what other solutions they suggest.
76Understanding the ecosystems around you
UNIT 5 Ecosystems are all around us. They are essential to human life, and being aware
Project of their importance and understanding them is an essential part of learning how
to protect them.
1 Work in groups. Think about what ecosystems there are in your local area.
Investigate
Go online or to a library to find out how you might investigate them.
For example, how do you test water quality? How do you identify plants?
2 Choose one of the ecosystems in your local area and go online to find out
about:
• location • human activity
• climate • human impact
• plants and animals
1 Decide how you will further investigate each of these aspects when you
Plan
visit the ecosystem.
2 Decide how best to present your information, for example:
• a leaflet • a report
• a poster • a slide presentation
1 Visit the ecosystem and carry out your investigation. Make notes and
Create
take photos.
2 Write the text for your presentation.
3 Look for suitable photos, maps, diagrams, charts and any other visuals.
4 Put all the content together into your chosen presentation format.
Present the ecosystem to the class. Ask if they have any questions and whether
Present
they have any further ideas about ways to reduce the impact of human activity
on it.
Project 77Making an island survival guide
UNIT 6 When caught in an unusual situation, we need innovative thinking and good
Project decision-making skills to survive. Imagine that after a terrible shipwreck, you
find yourself the only survivor on a remote, uninhabited island. What can you
do to survive?
1 Before you abandon the ship, you have just enough time to grab three useful
Investigate
items. Which of the following do you choose? Do research if necessary into
how each item can be used for survival.
• a map • a knife • today’s newspaper
• a compass • a bucket • a spade
• a rope • old newspapers • a box of matches
2 Work in groups. Look at the map of the island and consider these questions:
• What are the main features of the landscape?
• What natural resources are on the island?
1 Discuss what you might find on the island to help you survive.
Plan
2 Number the things you would look for in order of priority. Think carefully
about where each might be found on the island – you don’t want to be
walking a long way without something to drink!
3 Discuss how your items from the ship will help you to make use of the things
you find on the island.
1 Write the island survival guide within the group. You may include:
Create
• a general introduction to the island
• survival tips with items from the ship and natural resources on the island
2 Look for or create visuals to illustrate your survival guide.
3 Decide on the format of your guide, such as a poster or a leaflet.
1 Present your survival guide to the class.
Present
2 Collect feedback from the class and revise your guide if necessary.
3 Vote in class for the most effective and creative survival guide.
78Appendices
• Learning aid
• Words and expressions
• Vocabulary
• Names and placesLearning aid
1 In most countries, turning 18 marks the start of
adulthood. But what does reaching this milestone, the
age of majority, really mean?
Background information
The age of majority is the point at which a child
reaches adulthood, as recognised by law. It is when
a person is no longer considered to be a minor and
is expected to become responsible for their own
actions and decisions, instead of that responsibility
belonging to their parents or guardians. In most
countries, the age of majority is 18. However, there
may still be age-based restrictions for certain rights
and responsibilities, such as the right to vote.
2 I can’t wait to be 18. One reason is that although I’ve
been working ever since leaving school, I won’t be voting
in the next general election.
“will + be + 现在分词”构成将来进行时，表示在将来某
一时间正在进行的动作或者预计会发生的事情。
Q： 将来进行时与一般将来时有什么区别？
A： 一是将来进行时只是单纯地谈论未来的情
况，一般不表示意愿，常与时间状语soon，
tomorrow，this evening，by this time等连用；
而一般将来时除了表示将来的时间概念外，
还往往带有感情色彩，表示意愿。例如：Jane
won’t go shopping tomorrow afternoon. 意为
“简不想明天下午去逛街”；Jane won’t be
going shopping tomorrow afternoon. 意为“简
明天下午不会去逛街”。二是将来进行时是表
示在将来某个时间点正在做的事情，而一般将
来时是对将来的预测，表示将要做的事情。例
如：I’ll be watching a film tomorrow evening. 意
为“我明天晚上会在看电影”；I’ll watch a film
tomorrow evening. 意为“我明天晚上要看电影”。
U
N
I
T
Key expressions
have a say on
behind the wheel
take responsibility for
no doubt
tempt somebody to do
in the act of
ponder over
lay aside
devote oneself to
at a glance
distinguish… from
be concerned with
close at hand
be pleased to do
Learning aid 81Learning aid
3 Surely, if you’re old enough to earn a wage and pay taxes, you should be allowed to
have a say on how the government spends them!
have a say on: to have the right to give your opinion and be involved in a
discussion about something
eg Residents are being given a chance to have a say on the future of their town.
4 My mum worries about me being behind the wheel.
behind the wheel: driving a car
eg I can’t wait to get behind the wheel again.
5 Of course, I would like to have more freedom with money and no doubt I will be
getting a credit card at some point, but I currently don’t have a steady income, so
getting a credit card might tempt me to spend more money than I have!
no doubt: used for emphasising that something seems certain or very likely
eg No doubt she’ll tell me everything when she’s ready.
tempt somebody to do: to try to persuade somebody to do something by making
it seem attractive
eg Nothing could tempt him to make such a decision.
6 I pondered deeply, then, over the adventures of the jungle. And after some work with
a colored pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing.
ponder over: to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem,
a difficult question, or something that has happened
eg Scientists still ponder over the origin of humans.
827 But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it, I made another drawing:
I drew the inside of the boa constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly.
They always need to have things explained.
They always need to have things explained. → They always need others to
explain things for them.
在“have + something + 过去分词”结构中，宾语something后面用过去分词作宾语
补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。一般意为“让 / 请别人做
某事”。例如：We had the television set mended this morning. 意为“今天上午我们
请人维修了电视机”。
Q： “have + something + 过去分词”除了意为“让 / 请别人做某事”，还有其他
用法吗？
A： “have + something + 过去分词”除了意为“让 / 请别人做某事”，还可以
表示自己主动完成某事。例如：He had the stove lighted. 意为“他把炉子点
着了”。此外，也可以表示意外或不幸遭遇了某事。例如：He had his bag
stolen in the market. 意为“他的包在市场里被偷了”。
8 The grown-ups’ response, this time, was to advise me to lay aside my drawings of
boa constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote myself instead
to geography, history, arithmetic and grammar.
devote oneself to: to spend all or most of your time and effort doing something
eg Ben retired and devoted himself to charity work.
9 At a glance I can distinguish China from Arizona.
at a glance: if you realise something at a glance, you realise it immediately
eg I could see at a glance that it wasn’t his own work.
distinguish… from: to recognise the differences between things
eg The colours were so similar that it was difficult to distinguish one from
the other.
Learning aid 83Learning aid
10 In the course of this life, I have had a great many encounters with a great many
people who have been concerned with matters of consequence.
be concerned with: to give your attention to something because you think it
is important
eg He’s more concerned with what people think of him than anything else.
Supplementary reading
Youth
By Samuel Ullman
Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips
and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the
emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite,
for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy
of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting
our ideals.
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear,
self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder,
the unfailing child-like appetite of what’s next, and the joy of the game of living. In
the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; so long as it receives
messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite,
so long are you young.
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the
ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at twenty, but as long as your aerials are
up, to catch the waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at eighty.
84U
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1 At the start of the detox, over 100 students had been
persuaded to stop using social media, in ANY form, for
seven days. This meant no messaging friends, no posting
Key expressions
photos, no blogging – nothing.
be persuaded to do
switch on
At the start of the detox, over 100 students had
on reflection
been persuaded to stop using social media… →
be occupied with
Before the detox started, we had persuaded over
miss out 100 students to stop using social media…
be distracted by “had + been + 过去分词”构成过去完成时的被动语态，
check out 表示动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完
成，且主语与谓语动词之间存在被动关系。例如：The
be embarrassed to do
room had been cleaned when we came.
throw in the towel
without access to Q： 过去完成时的被动语态有哪些用法呢？
awareness of A： 过去完成时被动语态的用法大致有下列几种：
（1）用在told，said，knew，thought等动
step away from
词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作
vary from… to
已被做完。例如：He said that the books had
max out
already been sold out. （2）当before，when，
barrier to
by the time，until等引导的时间状语从句的谓
in control of 语是一般过去时，以及by，before后接过去的
the here and now 时间时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去
put aside 的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的
被动语态。例如：By the end of last year, 120
bridges had been built. （3）在It was the first /
second / … time that… 从句中，主语是动作的
承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。例如：
It was the second time that his bike had been
stolen. （4）在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过
去的事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要
用过去完成时的被动语态。例如：If I had been
invited earlier, I would have gone with you.
be persuaded to do: to have somebody make you
decide to do something, especially by giving you
reasons why you should do it, or asking you many
times to do it
eg She was persuaded to change her mind.
Learning aid 85Learning aid
2 With the detox now finished, they’ve switched on their devices and they’re back online.
switch on: to turn on something such as a light or a machine using a switch
eg Don’t switch on the light.
3 But on reflection, I can see how much of my time had been occupied with checking
my phone.
on reflection: after thinking about something carefully
eg At the time I thought I was right, but on reflection I think perhaps I wasn’t.
be occupied with: to be busy doing something
eg He’s still fully occupied with writing his report.
4 I managed the whole week! At first, I really felt I was missing out.
miss out: to lose an opportunity to do or have something
eg We will be repeating the questions later, so you won’t miss out.
5 Without our phones, we had a proper conversation for over two hours, without
being distracted by messages from other people.
be distracted by: to be prevented from concentrating on something because
somebody or something else has your attention
eg She was distracted by the sound of running water.
866 I’m embarrassed to say that I threw in the towel on the first day! I knew there
was a party happening that evening, but without access to social media I couldn’t
remember where it was!
throw in the towel: to stop trying to do something because you think you
cannot win
eg Don’t throw in the towel.
without access to: not having the right or opportunity to have or use something
eg There are still a lot of people without access to clean water in the world.
7 Recent headlines have seen more and more teens maxing out their parents’ credit
cards on games or other online activities.
max out: to use something such as money or supplies so that there is none left
eg I found training for the half marathon really difficult. I maxed out after
running 10 km.
8 In contrast to these big spenders, there are also teens that prove age is no barrier to
making good use of money.
barrier to: a rule or problem that prevents people from doing something,
or limits what they can do
eg A lack of education is a barrier to many good jobs.
9 It was from then on that his grandchildren started to be in control of what to do
with the money they receive: spend, save, invest or give?
in control of: to have the power to make decisions, or make something happen
in the way you want
eg Mr Green is the person in control of all medical decisions at the hospital.
Learning aid 87Learning aid
10 Although this could likewise involve putting aside money for your university
education, it also means investing in yourself.
We could also say
Although this could mean saving money for your university tuition fees, it also
means making an investment in yourself in other ways.
put aside: to save money regularly, usually for a particular purpose
eg She put at least 100 yuan a week aside for trips.
Results of the questionnaire on Page 13
Mostly “a”
You are the captain of self-control, the ruler of self-regulation! Not only are you conscientious
and in control of your emotions, it also seems you can resist temptation. Be careful not to take
everything so seriously though. Try to relax more and once in a while, do something impulsive.
Mostly “b”
Hmm… whilst you seem to have grasped the basics of self-management, there is still room
for improvement! Take a step back and think about how you could be more focused on your
goals and gain more control of your emotions.
Mostly “c”
Far from being in control, it seems your emotional impulses and temptations are controlling
you! Don’t just sit back and let things happen. Assess and find out what’s going wrong and
draw up a plan of action. Try to stick with it!
Supplementary reading
Two Very Different Sisters
Sense and Sensibility tells the story of the Dashwood family: sensible and self-controlled
Elinor, passionate and impulsive Marianne, their mother and their younger sister,
Margaret. At the beginning of the novel, the Dashwood ladies suddenly find themselves
forced out of their home and must learn to live within their significantly reduced means.
Greatly upset, Marianne and her mother cannot hide their emotions; Elinor feels the
impact of their situation as deeply as they do, but is able to govern her emotions and
88make calm and practical decisions to help her family. She is a great source of comfort
and guidance for them as they learn to live with the changes thrust upon them.
Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of
understanding, and coolness of judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen,
to be the counsellor of her mother, and enabled her frequently to counteract, to the
advantage of them all, that eagerness of mind in Mrs Dashwood which must generally
have led to imprudence. She had an excellent heart; – her disposition was affectionate,
and her feelings were strong; but she knew how to govern them: it was a knowledge
which her mother had yet to learn; and which one of her sisters had resolved never to
be taught.
Marianne’s abilities were, in many respects, quite equal to Elinor’s. She was sensible and
clever; but eager in everything: her sorrows, her joys, could have no moderation. She
was generous, amiable, interesting: she was everything but prudent. The resemblance
between her and her mother was strikingly great.
Elinor saw, with concern, the excess of her sister’s sensibility; but by Mrs Dashwood
it was valued and cherished. They encouraged each other now in the violence of their
affliction. The agony of grief which overpowered them at first, was voluntarily renewed,
was sought for, was created again and again. They gave themselves up wholly to their
sorrow, seeking increase of wretchedness in every reflection that could afford it, and
resolved against ever admitting consolation in future. Elinor, too, was deeply afflicted;
but still she could struggle, she could exert herself. She could consult with her brother,
could receive her sister-in-law on her arrival, and treat her with proper attention; and
could strive to rouse her mother to similar exertion, and encourage her to similar
forbearance.
(Excerpt from Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen)
Learning aid 89Learning aid
1 The bookstore, which was a legendary fixture in the
neighborhood, was a place where anyone could drop in
and connect through their love of books.
Key expressions
drop in
drop in: to visit somebody or somewhere informally,
drop by
usually without having arranged to do so in advance
wave goodbye to
eg Why not drop in for a chat?
for good
in good hands
take over
pop up
2 When I hurried to the store, I saw that the books were
reply with
already being packed into boxes.
search for
a string of
“was / were + being + 过去分词”构成的是过去进行时的
spread to
被动语态，主语是动作的承受者，表示在过去的某个时
间点正在进行的被动动作。
Q： 过去进行时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语
态有什么区别？
A： 过去进行时的被动语态强调的是在过去的某
个时间点正在进行的被动动作。例如：The
research was being done when the professor
went into the lab last night. 而一般过去时的被
动语态表示的是某个被动的动作已经发生了。
例如：Some computers were stolen last night.
3 It made me realize that the bookstore and all that Old
Casey had given to the community could soon disappear
for good.
We could also say
I realized that the bookstore and Old Casey’s
concern and support for our community could soon
disappear forever.
90for good: forever, without the possibility of change in the future
eg The sports centre closed down for good.
4 Clearly, the Rainbow Bookstore was in good, creative hands.
in good hands: being dealt with or taken care of by somebody who can be trusted
eg Every parent wants to make sure they’re leaving their child in good hands.
5 The campaign had been led by Jennifer Oakley, a saleswoman who had grown up in
the neighborhood and who had now taken over the bookstore from Casey.
take over: to take control of something
eg I’m going to take over the company one day.
6 The use of emojis has even spread to classical literature. A Shakespeare series for
young readers has taken William Shakespeare’s popular plays and replaced some
words with textspeak and emojis.
spread to: to get larger and affect more people or a larger area
eg It appears the bad weather has spread to the coast.
Supplementary reading
Old People, New Technology
“Ring-ring! Ring-ring!” That once-familiar sound in your home can only mean one
thing: your grandparents are calling. Despite them having a mobile phone, it is all too
often turned off (“No point in switching it on, when I’m not using it.”), or it can’t be
found because it hasn’t been used in weeks (“Now, where did I last see it…?”). Indeed,
nothing seems to upset the elderly so much as the ever-present smartphone, along with
Learning aid 91Learning aid
its cousins the laptop, the tablet and the PC. And you know what they are always
saying about these machines: “What do I want one of those for? It’s too difficult for me
to understand.” “Why should I use a messenger? What’s wrong with sending a normal
letter by post?” And, of course, “What do I do when it goes wrong?”
While there once might have been a grain of truth in such stereotypes, the reality is that
nowadays even your grandmother is not likely to call you on your landline. Evidence
indicates that the elderly are in fact adapting to new technology quite easily, especially
as digital technology continues to become ever more user-friendly. For those who do
have difficulty, help is at hand.
In many countries, the elderly can receive free training in the use of computers, and
learn how to correspond by email, how to send photos and voice messages, and how
to use the Internet for shopping and other services. Across the world, centres for the
elderly report that their most popular classes are in the use of smartphones and tablets.
It is clear that the elderly have already come to rely on digital technology to help them
remain independent and keep in touch with friends and relatives.
Elderly people also like to use technology for the same reason the rest of us do:
entertainment and leisure. Having plenty of free time, many elderly people like to
find out new things or write down their experiences. Being able to use a computer,
smartphone or tablet makes this easier to do, and can open the door to interesting
hobbies. Many social media sites developed for the younger generation are now being
enjoyed by the elderly, too. “Our granddaughter helped me set up a social media
profile,” one explained. “I soon found lots of people to chat with and some invited me to
join their online puzzle groups. I play about three hours a day. It keeps my brain active.”
And for elderly people who may be unable to leave their homes without assistance,
communication with the outside world is essential, to prevent loneliness and to allow
them to call for help in emergencies. In Singapore, the elderly are even turning to robots
to keep them in good physical shape. These robots not only lead daily workouts, but
can provide senior citizens with feedback on their performance, as well as sending
photos via social media.
So it would seem that rather than being afraid of new technology, the elderly have much
to gain from it, and are embracing it fully. As digital technology comes down in price, and
becomes easier to operate, it could help to transform old age for millions of people.
921 Today we celebrate. It’s exactly one month since the last
reported case. But it is vital not to take any chances.
But it is vital not to take any chances. → But not to
take any chances is vital.
it在此是一个形式主语，起先行引导作用，本身无词
义，它所指代的是not to take any chances.
Q： it作为形式主语的用法是什么？
A： it作为形式主语，所代替的是句子的逻辑主语，
并无实际词义。这可以保持句子的结构平衡，
避免主语太长，显得头重脚轻。
Q： it作为形式主语可以分为几种情况？
A： it作为形式主语主要分为三种情况。一是代表
不定式，根据句子的谓语又可以分为四种类
型：（1）“be + 形容词 + 不定式”。例如：It
is difficult to translate the book.（2）“be + 名
词 + 不定式”。例如：It was her duty to clean
the room.（3）“be + 介词短语 + 不定式”。
例如：It was against my principle to do that.
（4）“及物动词 + 宾语 + 不定式”。例如：It
cost 150 yuan to buy the dress. 二是代表动名
词，一般以“be + 名词”作谓语。例如：It is
no use doing that. 也可以以“be + 形容词”作
谓语。例如：It’s pleasant sitting here. 三是代
表从句，具体又可以分为四种类型：（1）“it +
be + 形容词 + 从句”。例如：It is natural that
she knows everything about it.（2）“it + be +
名词 + 从句”。例如：It is a question how he
did it.（3）“it + 动词的被动语态 + 从句”。
例如：It is not decided who will take over the
company.（4）“it + be / 其他系动词 + that从
句”。例如：It may be / seems that he views
the issue from a different perspective.
take any chances: to do something that involves risks
eg It is just not worth taking any chances.
U
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Key expressions
take any chances
comrade in arms
put… at risk
against all odds
step into somebody’s shoes
in memory of
at a great cost
suffer for
look to
die for
bring forth
dedicate to
engage in
in a larger sense
in vain
Learning aid 93Learning aid
2 I arrived in Liberia with MSF almost three months ago. When I saw the tragic scenes
on the news, I felt it was my duty as a doctor to go there and offer my help. I knew I
was putting my life at risk, but I thought, “If I don’t do it, who will?” It is important
to remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries.
put… at risk: to make somebody or something be in a situation in which
something unpleasant or dangerous could happen
eg These measures will put many small businesses at risk.
Background information
Ebola is a virus that can infect humans and other primates. Symptoms usually
start two days to three weeks following infection, and include fever, sore throat,
muscular pain and headaches. Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash often follow, along
with reduced liver and kidney function. Internal and external bleeding may also
occur at this point. The average death rate of those infected is about 50%. Ebola
was first identified in 1976 in a village near the Ebola River, in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo. Outbreaks tend to occur in tropical regions of sub-
Saharan Africa, the largest to date being the 2013–2016 epidemic in West
Africa, which infected 28,616 people and claimed 11,310 lives.
3 When we visited the ward the next morning, we were amazed to see that against all
odds, both boys were still alive.
against all odds: used for saying that despite difficulties or conditions that make
success unlikely, people succeed in doing something
eg Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.
4 In a few days, someone else will arrive to step into my shoes, and the tireless work
that the MSF members do in more than 70 countries and regions around the world
will go on.
step into somebody’s shoes: to take over somebody’s duty or job
eg When he inherited the business, he had to step into his father’s shoes.
945 Lincoln understood the feelings of the civilian people. His speech gave them hope,
belief and a reason to look to the future. He gave them a new vision of what the United
States of America should be, based on the ideals set down by its Founding Fathers
87 years before. It was what the soldiers had died for. Now it was up to the living to
remove not only the divisions between North and South, but the boundaries between
black and white, and work step by step towards the equality of humankind.
die for: to give up one’s life in the name of something one strongly
believes in
eg They were ready to die for their country.
Background information
The Founding Fathers are the leaders who founded the United States, including
the 39 dignitaries who signed the US Constitution at the Constitutional
Convention of 1787, and the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Among them, some of the most recognised are John Adams, Samuel Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, Francis Hopkinson, Thomas Jefferson and George Walton.
6 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent,
a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.
We could also say
Eighty-seven years ago, our ancestors created a new nation on this continent.
Liberty was the basis of their endeavours, as well as the idea that every
individual is created equal.
bring forth: to produce something or make it appear
eg Her letter to the paper brought forth a flood of supportive comments.
dedicate to: to spend your time and effort doing something
eg He dedicated himself to academic work.
Learning aid 95Learning aid
7 Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation, so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met here on a great
battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting
place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
engage in: to take part in a particular activity, especially something that takes a
lot of time or effort
eg He is currently engaged in a dispute with his former business partner.
Supplementary reading
The Slave Warehouse
A little before the sale commenced, a short, broad, muscular man, in a checked shirt
considerably open at the bosom, and pantaloons much the worse for dirt and wear,
elbowed his way through the crowd, like one who is going actively into a business; and,
coming up to the group, began to examine them systematically… This man proceeded
to a very free personal examination of the lot. He seized Tom by the jaw, and pulled
open his mouth to inspect his teeth; made him strip up his sleeve, to show his muscle;
turned him round, made him jump and spring, to show his paces.
“Where was you raised?” he added, briefly, to these investigations.
“In Kintuck, Mas’r,” said Tom, looking about, as if for deliverance.
“What have you done?”
“Had care of Mas’r’s farm,” said Tom.
“Likely story!” said the other, shortly, as he passed on. He paused a moment before
Dolph; then spitting a discharge of tobacco-juice on his well-blacked boots, and giving
a contemptuous umph, he walked on. Again he stopped before Susan and Emmeline.
He put out his heavy, dirty hand, and drew the girl towards him; passed it over her
neck, felt her arms, looked at her teeth, and then pushed her back against her mother,
whose patient face showed the suffering she had been going through at every motion of
the hideous stranger.
96The girl was frightened, and began to cry.
“Stop that!” said the salesman; “no whimpering here, – the sale is going to begin.” And
accordingly the sale begun.
Adolph was knocked off, at a good sum, to the young gentlemen who had previously
stated his intention of buying him; and the other servants of the St. Clare lot went to
various bidders.
“Now, up with you, boy! d’ye hear?” said the auctioneer to Tom.
Tom stepped upon the block, gave a few anxious looks round; all seemed mingled in a
common, indistinct noise, – the clatter of the salesman crying off his qualifications in
French and English, the quick fire of French and English bids; and almost in a moment
came the final thump of the hammer, and the clear ring on the last syllable of the word
“dollars,” as the auctioneer announced his price, and Tom was made over. – He had
a master!
He was pushed from the block; – the short, bullet-headed man seizing him roughly by
the shoulder, pushed him to one side, saying, in a harsh voice, “Stand there, you!”
Tom hardly realized anything; but still the bidding went on, – ratting, clattering, now
French, now English. Down goes the hammer again, – Susan is sold! She goes down
from the block, stops, looks wistfully back, – her daughter stretches her hands towards
her. She looks with agony in the face of the man who has bought her, – a respectable
middle-aged man, of benevolent countenance.
“O, Mas’r, please do buy my daughter!”
“I’d like to, but I’m afraid I can’t afford it!” said the gentleman, looking, with painful
interest, as the young girl mounted the block, and looked around her with a frightened
and timid glance.
The blood flushes painfully in her otherwise colorless cheek, her eye has a feverish
fire, and her mother groans to see that she looks more beautiful than she ever saw her
before. The auctioneer sees his advantage, and expatiates volubly in mingled French
and English, and bids rise in rapid succession.
(Adaptation from Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe)
Learning aid 97Learning aid
1 No visitor would think it surprising that the island is
a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Nor would they fail
to imagine how its native inhabitants, including royal
Key expressions
penguins, king penguins, and elephant seals, existed in
fail to do
perfect harmony with their natural habitat for thousands
in harmony with
of years.
develop an appetite for
be introduced to
No visitor would think it surprising that the island
soil erosion is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. → No visitor
out of control would think that the island being a UNESCO
remove… from World Heritage Site is surprising.
it在此是一个形式宾语，在think后面起先行引导的
decrease from… to
作用，本身并无词义。它所指代的是the island is a
in consequence
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
turn out
a substantial number of Q： it作为形式宾语的用法是什么？
A： 当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作宾语
once and for all
时，为了保持句子的结构平衡，常用it作为形
every last
式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到句子后部去。
owe it to… to do
Q： it作为形式宾语可以分为几种情况？
coexist with
A： it作为形式宾语可以分为两种情况：（1）代
表不定式。例如：I don’t feel it difficult to
understand the passage. （2）代表连接代词或
副词引导的从句或动名词。例如：He hasn’t
made it clear when he is coming back.
in harmony with: to agree with another idea or
feeling, and look good with other things
eg We must ensure that tourism development is in
harmony with the environment.
2 The end result was that parakeets, once large in number
and native to the island, died out in 1891.
98Background information
The parakeet is a kind of small to medium-sized parrot with brightly-coloured
and long tail feathers. Many different species of parakeets are bred and sold
commercially as pets, the budgerigar being the third most popular pet in the
world, after dogs and cats. They have an average length of about 18 cm and an
average weight of about 31–41 g.
3 The cats in consequence turned their attention – and their stomachs – back to the
native birds, killing up to 60,000 each year.
in consequence: used for saying that one thing is the result of another
eg He worked hard, and in consequence he passed the examination.
4 This incident made it clear that the rat, mouse and rabbit problem needed solving
once and for all.
once and for all: completely and finally
eg The Supreme Court’s ruling should decide this matter once and for all.
Supplementary reading
Thinking Like a Mountain
A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock, rolls down the mountain, and
fades into the far blackness of the night. It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow, and of
contempt for all the adversities of the world.
Every living thing (and perhaps many a dead one as well) pays heed to that call. To the
deer it is a reminder of the way of all flesh, to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles
and of blood upon the snow, to the coyote a promise of gleanings to come, to the
cowman a threat of red ink at the bank, to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.
Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,
Learning aid 99Learning aid
known only to the mountain itself. Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen
objectively to the howl of a wolf.
Those unable to decipher the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there, for it
is felt in all wolf country, and distinguishes that country from all other land. It tingles
in the spine of all who hear wolves by night, or who scan their tracks by day. Even
without sight or sound of wolf, it is implicit in a hundred small events: the midnight
whinny of a pack horse, the rattle of rolling rocks, the bound of a fleeing deer, the way
shadows lie under the spruces. Only the ineducable tyro can fail to sense the presence
or absence of wolves, or the fact that mountains have a secret opinion about them.
My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die. We were eating
lunch on a high rimrock, at the foot of which a turbulent river elbowed its way. We saw
what we thought was a doe fording the torrent, her breast awash in white water. When
she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail, we realized our error: it was a
wolf. A half-dozen others, evidently grown pups, sprang from the willows and all joined
in a welcoming melee of wagging tails and playful maulings. What was literally a pile of
wolves writhed and tumbled in the center of an open flat at the foot of our rimrock.
In those days we had never heard of passing up a chance to kill a wolf. In a second we
were pumping lead into the pack, but with more excitement than accuracy: how to aim
a steep downhill shot is always confusing. When our rifles were empty, the old wolf was
down, and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks.
We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes. I realized
then, and have known ever since, that there was something new to me in those eyes –
something known only to her and to the mountain. I was young then, and full of
trigger-itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves
would mean hunters’ paradise. But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither
the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.
(Excerpt from “Thinking Like a Mountain” by Aldo Leopold)
1001 No matter how many crimes he committed, the police
were powerless to arrest him. You see, this was no
ordinary criminal: it was a chacma baboon.
Key expressions
in one’s way
No matter how many crimes he committed, the
have no choice but to do
police were powerless to arrest him. → Even
out of reach
though he committed many crimes, the police were
under construction
powerless to arrest him.
fit in with “no matter + 疑问词”在此引导让步状语从句，意为
get a taste for “无论……，不管……”。
crash into
Q： “疑问词 + -ever”同样也意为“无论……，不
amount to
管……”，那么它和“no matter + 疑问词”在
in the meantime 任何情况下都能相互替换吗？
A： 不能。“疑问词 + -ever”可以分为两种类型：
（1）“疑问副词 + -ever”，比如，wherever，
whenever， however。“疑问副词 + -ever”一
般情况下只能引导让步状语从句，和“no
matter + 疑问副词”可以相互替换。例如：
Whenever I visited her, she was busy with her
work. 也可以说，No matter when I visited
her, she was busy with her work（. 2）“疑问
代词 + -ever”，比如，whatever， whichever，
whoever， whomever。“疑问代词 + -ever”既
可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从
句。引导让步状语从句时，“疑问代词 + -ever”
可以和“no matter + 疑问代词”相互替换。例
如：Whoever comes to the party, he will receive
a gift. 也可以说，No matter who comes to the
party, he will receive a gift. 但是引导名词性
从句时，只能用“疑问代词 + -ever”，不能
用“no matter + 疑问代词”。例如：Whoever
comes here will receive a gift.
Background information
The chacma baboon, also known as the Cape
baboon, is one of the largest of all monkeys. It is
perhaps the longest species of monkey and also
one of the heaviest: a male’s body length can reach
50–115 cm, with a tail length of 45–84 cm, while
it can weigh 21– 45 kg; a female’s body weight
Learning aid 101Learning aid
can range 12–25 kg. It is generally dark brown to grey in colour, with a patch
of rough hair on the nape of its neck. It is primarily found in southern Africa,
including South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Mozambique.
2 Wherever they go, animals find towns and cities in their way.
in one’s way: blocking a road or somebody’s path, so that they cannot move
forwards easily
eg Can I move the books? They’re in my way.
3 Out of reach from many of their natural predators, these newcomers often flourish
in their new city lives.
out of reach: not near enough to be reached or touched
eg Keep her food out of reach when you’re not home.
4 Unable to distinguish between blue sky and glass, birds crash into windows at speeds
of about 50 kilometres per hour.
crash into: to hit something hard and fast, making a loud noise and often
causing damage
eg The car crashed into a tree.
5 Whatever the reasons behind these species entering our cities, one thing is for sure – as
it’s often a means of their survival, they could be with us to stay.
We could also say
No matter why these animals enter our cities, it is likely that they will stay in
order to survive.
1026 But they are also preparing for the worst: what can we do if the terrifying scenes in
films such as The Day After Tomorrow happen in real life?
Background information
The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American science-fiction disaster film.
The film is based on the book The Coming Global Superstorm by Art Bell and
Whitley Strieber. The film depicts the catastrophic effects of climate change,
with extreme weather events leading to global cooling and a new ice age.
7 Mars has fascinated people since ancient times, and today our interest in Martian
exploration is greater than ever before. Films such as The Martian enjoy worldwide
popularity.
Background information
2015 American science-fiction film The Martian, directed by Ridley Scott and
starring Matt Damon, is based on Andy Weir’s 2011 novel of the same name.
It is about an astronaut who is mistakenly presumed dead and left behind on
Mars. The film depicts his struggle to survive and others’ efforts to rescue him.
Supplementary reading
A Sudden Shock
It was just after noon, on a bright October day. I was coming down Third Street. The
only objects moving anywhere in sight in that densely built and crowded quarter were
a man in a horse and cart behind me, and a street car going slowly up the street.
Otherwise, all was silent and empty.
As I turned the corner, by a wooden house, there was a sudden great shaking, and it
occurred to me that perhaps there was a fight going on in the house. Before I could
turn and find the door, there came a huge shock; the ground seemed to roll under me
in waves, interrupted by a violent shaking up and down. There was a heavy crashing
noise like brick houses collapsing. I fell against the wooden house and hurt my arm. I
knew what it was now! A third and still more severe shock came, and as I swayed on
the pavement trying to keep my footing, I saw an extraordinary sight! The entire front
Learning aid 103Learning aid
of a tall four-story brick building on Third Street was pushed outwards like a door and
fell across the street, raising huge clouds of dust.
Suddenly the cart turned over and the man was thrown across it – in no time at all
small fragments of the vehicle were violently thrown along the street. The street car had
stopped, the horses were pulling back and jumping, the passengers were pouring out at
both ends, and a fat man had crashed halfway through a glass window on one side of
the car, got wedged fast, and was twisting and screaming in agony. From every door of
every house, as far as the eye could see, a stream of frightened people were pouring into
the street.
The plastering that fell from ceilings in San Francisco that day, would have covered
several miles of ground. For some days afterwards, groups of eyeing and pointing men
stood about many a building, looking at long zig-zag cracks that extended from the
roofs of buildings to the ground.
A crack a hundred feet long lay open six inches wide in the middle of one street and
then shut together again with such force, as to close up the earth like a narrow grave.
A lady sitting in her rocking and shaking home, saw the wall part from the ceiling, open
and shut twice, like a mouth, and then drop the end of a brick on the floor like a tooth.
She was a woman easily annoyed by silly behavior, and she got up from her chair and
went out of there.
Such another destruction of ornaments and bottles as the earthquake created, San
Francisco never saw before. Hanging pictures were thrown down, but more often, by
a curious freak of the earthquake’s humor, they were whirled completely around with
their faces to the wall! There was a great difference of opinion, at first, as to the course
or direction the earthquake traveled, but water that splashed out of various tanks and
buckets settled that. Thousands of people were made so seasick by the rolling and
violent movement of floors and streets that they were weak and bedridden for hours,
and some few for even days afterwards. – Hardly an individual escaped nausea entirely.
The strange earthquake – episodes that formed the main body of San Francisco gossip
for the next week would fill a much larger book than this, and so I will now change
the subject.
(Adaptation from Roughing It by Mark Twain)
104Words and expressions
UNIT 1 * tempt / tempt / v. 诱惑，引诱 3
integrity / / n. 正直诚实 1 librarian / / n. 图书馆管理员 3
ɪnˈteɡrɪti laɪˈbreəriən
virtue / / n. 美德 1 household / / adj. 家庭的 3
ˈvɜːtʃuː ˈhaʊshəʊld
licence / ˈlaɪs(ə)ns / n. 执照 2 * commute / kəˈmjuːt / n. 每天上班的路程 3
loan / ləʊn / n. （ 银行等的）贷款 2 * deposit / dɪˈpɒzɪt / n. 订金 3
* adulthood / ˈædʌlthʊd / n. 成年 2 commitment / kəˈmɪtmənt / n. 投入，花费 3
* milestone / ˈmaɪlstəʊn / n. 重大事件，里程碑 2 suitable / ˈsuːtəb(ə)l / adj. 合适的 4
election / / n. 选举 3 minimum / / adj. 最小的，最少的 4
ɪˈlekʃ(ə)n ˈmɪnɪməm
wage / weɪdʒ / n. （ 按小时、日或周计算的）工资， * bittersweet / ˌbɪtəˈswiːt / adj. 苦乐参半的 6
薪金 3 * boarder / ˈbɔːdə / n. 寄宿生，住校生 6
tax / / n. 税 3 varied / / adj. 各种各样的 6
tæks ˈveərid
have a say 有发言权 3 * cherish / ˈtʃerɪʃ / v. 重视，珍视 6
behind the wheel 在驾驶汽车 3 routine / / n. 惯例，习惯 6
ruːˈtiːn
ambulance / ˈæmbjʊləns / n. 救护车 3 * primeval / praɪˈmiːv(ə)l / adj. 原始的，远古的 8
legal / / adj. 合法的 3 boa constrictor 蟒蛇 8
ˈliːɡ(ə)l
mature / məˈtʃʊə / adj. 成熟的，明白事理的 3 * swallow / ˈswɒləʊ / v. 吞下，咽下 8
instantly / ˈɪnstəntli / adv. 立即，马上 3 * prey / preɪ / n. 猎物 8
* childhood / ˈtʃaɪldhʊd / n. 童年，儿童时代 3 chew / tʃuː / v. 咀嚼 8
* obey / əʊˈbeɪ / v. 服从；遵守 3 digestion / daɪˈdʒestʃ(ə)n / n. 消化（过程） 8
* subtle / ˈsʌtl / adj. 难以察觉的；微妙的 3 * ponder / ˈpɒndə / v. 仔细考虑，深思 8
gradual / ˈɡrædʒuəl / adj. 逐渐的，逐步的 3 * masterpiece / ˈmɑːstəpiːs / n. 杰作 8
* selfish / ˈselfɪʃ / adj. 自私的 3 digest / daɪˈdʒest / v. 消化（食物） 8
organ donation 器官捐献 3 lay aside 把……搁置一边 9
approve / / v. 赞成，同意 3 devote oneself to 致力于，献身于 9
əˈpruːv
* steady / ˈstedi / adj. 稳定的 3 * arithmetic / əˈrɪθmətɪk / n. 算术 9
注：词汇表中，未加符号的单词为选择性必修单词；加*的为未做要求的单词。
Words and expressions 105Words and expressions
* disheartened / dɪsˈhɑːtnd / adj. 沮丧的，灰心的 9 constantly / ˈkɒnstəntli / adv. 持续不断地；
* tiresome / ˈtaɪəs(ə)m / adj. 烦人的，令人厌烦的 9 经常地 15
at a glance 一瞥，看一眼 9 towel / / n. 毛巾 15
ˈtaʊəl
consequence / / n. 后果 9 throw in the towel 认输 15
ˈkɒnsɪkwəns
* intimately / ˈɪntəmɪtli / adv. 亲密地；密切地 9 access / ˈækses / n. 接触的机会 15
golf / / n. 高尔夫球运动 9 rely / / v. （ 为生活或生存而）依赖 15
ɡɒlf rɪˈlaɪ
politics / / n. 政治 9 rely on 依靠，依赖 15
ˈpɒlɪtɪks
* necktie / ˈnektaɪ / n. 领带 9 deadline / ˈdedlaɪn / n. 截止时间；最后期限 17
evidence / ˈevɪd(ə)ns / n. 证据 10 * procrastination / prəˌkræstɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n / n. 拖延 17
airline / / n. 航空公司 10 appropriate / / adj. 恰当的；合适的 17
ˈeəlaɪn əˈprəʊpriət
* memorable / ˈmem(ə)rəb(ə)l / adj. 难忘的 11 * spit / spɪt / v. 吐口水，吐唾沫 18
bond / bɒnd / n. 纽带，关系 11 * headphones / ˈhedfəʊnz / n. （ 头戴式）耳机 18
conclusion / kənˈkluːʒ(ə)n / n. 结论 11 * bin / bɪn / n. 垃圾箱 18
* considerate / kənˈsɪd(ə)rɪt / adj. 替他人着想的 18
UNIT 2 promote / / v. 促进，增进 19
prəˈməʊt
security / / n. 安全 14 clarify / / v. 澄清，讲清楚，阐明 19
sɪˈkjʊərɪti ˈklærɪfaɪ
* moderator / ˈmɒdəreɪtə / n. 主持人 14 * headline / ˈhedlaɪn / n. 媒体报道的热门话题；
* detox / ˈdiːtɒks / n. 脱瘾 14 标题 20
* fundraising / ˈfʌndˌreɪzɪŋ / n. 募捐，筹款 14 max out （ 钱）花光；（信用卡）刷爆 20
switch / / v. （ 用开关）改变，转换 14 in contrast to 与……形成对比 20
swɪtʃ
switch on （ 用开关）开，打开 14 district / / n. 地区，区域 20
ˈdɪstrɪkt
motivate / ˈməʊtɪveɪt / v. 激发，激励 14 * necessity / nɪˈsesɪti / n. 必需品 20
occupy / ˈɒkjʊpaɪ / v. 占用，占去（时间） 14 * toothpaste / ˈtuːθpeɪst / n. 牙膏 20
profile / ˈprəʊfaɪl / n. 概况 14 * soap / səʊp / n. 肥皂 20
* distract / dɪˈstrækt / v. 分散（注意力），使分心 15 item / ˈaɪtəm / n. 一件商品（或物品） 20
106* unprecedentedly / ʌnˈpresɪdentɪdli / adv. 空前地 21 * exterior / ɪkˈstɪəriə / n. 外部，外观 27
personal finances （ 个人的）财务管理 21 * stationery / ˈsteɪʃən(ə)ri / n. 文具 27
* jar / dʒɑː / n. （ 玻璃）罐子，广口瓶 21 saleswoman / ˈseɪlzˌwʊmən / n. 女销售员 27
invest / / v. 投资 21 leadership / / n. 领导；领导地位 27
ɪnˈvest ˈliːdəʃɪp
* lifelong / ˈlaɪflɒŋ / adj. 终身的 21 organic / ɔːˈɡænɪk / adj. 有机的；绿色的 27
vision / ˈvɪʒ(ə)n / n. 构想，设想 21 * recital / rɪˈsaɪtl / n. 朗诵会 27
* likewise / ˈlaɪkwaɪz / adv. 同样地；相似地 21 jazz / dʒæz / n. 爵士乐 27
objectively / / adv. 客观地 21 pop up 突然出现，冒出来 27
əbˈdʒektɪvli
* equip / ɪˈkwɪp / v. 使有知识和技能，使能够胜任 21 humble / ˈhʌmb(ə)l / adj. 简陋的 27
nail / / n. 钉子 23 compete / / v. 竞争 28
neɪl kəmˈpiːt
emphasise / / v. 强调 29
ˈemfəsaɪz
UNIT 3 reconstruction / / n. 重建；
ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n
decade / / n. 十年；十年期 25 修复 29
ˈdekeɪd
* legendary / ˈledʒ(ə)nd(ə)ri / adj. 大名鼎鼎的， journalist / ˈdʒɜːn(ə)lɪst / n. 新闻工作者；
传奇式的 26 新闻记者 29
* fixture / ˈfɪkstʃə / n. 固定存在物 26 era / ˈɪərə / n. 时代，年代 30
elderly / / adj. 年老的 26 reform / / n. 改进；改革 30
ˈeldəli rɪˈfɔːm
tablet / / n. 平板电脑 26 reform and opening-up 改革开放 30
ˈtæblɪt
sympathy / ˈsɪmpəθi / n. 同情 26 * pave / peɪv / v. 铺（路、地面等） 30
bunch / / n. 一群，一伙 26 pave the way 铺平道路；创造条件 30
bʌntʃ
a bunch of 一群 26 socialist / / adj. 社会主义的 30
ˈsəʊʃ(ə)lɪst
dusty / / adj. 布满灰尘的 26 alongside / / prep. （ 与……）一起 30
ˈdʌsti əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd
shelf / / n. 搁板，架子 26 initiative / / n. 倡议 30
ʃelf ɪˈnɪʃətɪv
furniture / / n. 家具 27 the Belt and Road Initiative “ 一带一路”倡议 30
ˈfɜːnɪtʃə
mist / / n. 薄雾，雾霭 27 solid / / adj. 坚实的 30
mɪst ˈsɒlɪd
brick / / n. 砖，砖块 27 economic / / adj. 经济（上）的 30
brɪk ˌekəˈnɒmɪk
Words and expressions 107Words and expressions
occupation / / n. 工作，职业 31 convincing / / adj. 有说服力的，
ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)n kənˈvɪnsɪŋ
cafeteria / / n. 自助餐厅 32 使人信服的 35
ˌkæfɪˈtɪəriə
* emoji / ɪˈməʊdʒi / n. 表情符号 32
* integral / ˈɪntɪɡrəl / adj. 不可缺少的 32 UNIT 4
component / / n. 组成部分 32 boundary / / n. 分界线；边界 37
kəmˈpəʊnənt ˈbaʊnd(ə)ri
category / / n. 类别 33 statistic / / n. （ 一项）统计数据 37
ˈkætɪɡ(ə)ri stəˈtɪstɪk
expand / / v. （ 使）扩大；增加 33 assist / / v. 协助，帮助 38
ɪkˈspænd əˈsɪst
* pictograph / ˈpɪktəɡrɑːf / n. 象形图 33 tackle / ˈtæk(ə)l / v. 处理，对付（难题） 38
emotional / / adj. 情绪（上）的， vital / / adj. 极其重要的 38
ɪˈməʊʃ(ə)nəl ˈvaɪtl
情感（上）的 33 * comrade / ˈkɒmrɪd / n. 同志；朋友 38
* gesture / ˈdʒestʃə / n. 手势，姿势 33 * tragic / ˈtrædʒɪk / adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 38
* facial / ˈfeɪʃ(ə)l / adj. 脸上的；面部的 33 * Ebola / ɪˈbəʊlə / n. 埃博拉病毒 38
* textspeak / ˈtekstˌspiːk / n. 短信简写语 33 * combat / ˈkɒmbæt / v. 防止，抑制 38
intention / ɪnˈtenʃ(ə)n / n. 意图，目的 33 * relieve / rɪˈliːv / v. 给（某人）换班 38
adaptation / / n. 改编版 33 specialist / / n. 专家 38
ˌædæpˈteɪʃ(ə)n ˈspeʃ(ə)lɪst
accessible / / adj. 易懂的 33 infectious / / adj. 传染性的 38
əkˈsesɪb(ə)l ɪnˈfekʃəs
soul / / n. 精神 33 clinic / / n. 诊所；门诊部 38
səʊl ˈklɪnɪk
tendency / / n. 趋势 33 disinfect / / v. 为……消毒，
ˈtendənsi ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt
facilitate / / v. 促进；使便利 33 给……杀菌 38
fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
educator / ˈedjʊkeɪtə / n. 教育工作者 33 * outbreak / ˈaʊtbreɪk / n. 爆发，突然发生 38
* pictorial / pɪkˈtɔːriəl / adj. 图画的 33 devotion / dɪˈvəʊʃ(ə)n / n. 奉献 39
secondary / ˈsekənd(ə)ri / adj. 次要的，第二位的 34 * vomit / ˈvɒmɪt / n. 呕吐物 39
comic / ˈkɒmɪk / n. 连环漫画 35 * miracle / ˈmɪrək(ə)l / n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 39
costume / ˈkɒstjʊm / n. 化装服 35 * van / væn / n. 小型货车 39
urgently / / adv. 紧急地；急迫地 35 twin / / adj. 双胞胎的 39
ˈɜːdʒ(ə)ntli twɪn
108ward / wɔːd / n. 病房 39 * dedicate / ˈdedɪkeɪt / v. 致力于，献身于 45
* compensate / ˈkɒmpənseɪt / v. 弥补，补偿 39 * endure / ɪnˈdjʊə / v. 持续存在 45
* collaborate / kəˈlæbəreɪt / v. 合作，协作 39 * battlefield / ˈbætlfiːld / n. 战场 45
mankind / ˌmænˈkaɪnd / n. 人类 40 * portion / ˈpɔːʃ(ə)n / n. 一部分 45
realistic / / adj. （ 目标、希望）能够 altogether / / adv. 完全 45
rɪəˈlɪstɪk ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə
实现的 41 * consecrate / ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt / v. 宣布……为神圣之处 45
minority / maɪˈnɒrɪti / n. 少数派；少数 41 * hallow / ˈhæləʊ / v. 使成为神圣 45
cast / kɑːst / v. 选派（角色） 41 * detract / dɪˈtrækt / v. 减低，破坏，损害 45
* inclusive / ɪnˈkluːsɪv / adj. 包容广阔的 42 nobly / ˈnəʊbli / adv. 高尚地，崇高地 45
culture shock 文化冲击 42 in vain 白白地 45
joint / dʒɔɪnt / adj. 联合的，共同的 42 * perish / ˈperɪʃ / v. 死亡 45
harmonious / / adj. 和睦的，融洽的 42 influential / / adj. 有影响力的 47
hɑːˈməʊniəs ˌɪnfluˈenʃ(ə)l
* mutual / ˈmjuːtʃuəl / adj. 共有的，共同的 42 communist / ˈkɒmjʊnɪst / adj. 共产主义的 47
rewarding / / adj. 值得做的，有意义的 42
rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ
mount / / v. 走上，登上 44 UNIT 5
maʊnt
civil / ˈsɪv(ə)l / adj. 公民的，国民的 44 * halfway / ˌhɑːfˈweɪ / adj. 中间的，半途的 50
civil war 内战 44 dramatically / / adv. 显著地 50
drəˈmætɪkli
* slave / sleɪv / n. 奴隶 44 * heritage / ˈherɪtɪdʒ / n. 遗产；传统 50
* confederate / kənˈfed(ə)rɪt / adj. （ 美国内战期间） * inhabitant / ɪnˈhæbɪtənt / n. 栖居的动物 50
南部联邦的 44 * penguin / ˈpeŋɡwɪn / n. 企鹅 50
* union / ˈjuːnjən / n. 联邦 44 habitat / ˈhæbɪtæt / n. 栖息地 50
civilian / sɪˈvɪljən / adj. 平民的；百姓的 44 * rat / ræt / n. 大老鼠 50
division / / n. 分歧，分裂 44 subsequently / / adv. 后来，随后 50
dɪˈvɪʒ(ə)n ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli
bring forth 使产生，使出现 45 appetite / / n. 胃口，食欲 50
ˈæpətaɪt
* conceive / kənˈsiːv / v. 构想，设想 45 multiply / ˈmʌltɪplaɪ / v. （ 使）大大增加，
liberty / / n. 自由 45 （使）倍增 50
ˈlɪbəti
Words and expressions 109Words and expressions
* vegetation / ˌvedʒɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n / n. 植物，草木 on behalf of 代表 56
（总称） 50 * herbal / ˈhɜːb(ə)l / adj. 用香（药）草制成的 56
* erosion / ɪˈrəʊʒ(ə)n / n. 侵蚀 50 * mysterious / mɪˈstɪəriəs / adj. 神秘的 56
* parakeet / ˈpærəkiːt / n. 长尾（小）鹦鹉 50 * status / ˈsteɪtəs / n. 地位；身份 56
chaos / / n. 大混乱；紊乱 51 criterion / / n. 标准，准则 56
ˈkeɪɒs kraɪˈtɪəriən
conservation / ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃ(ə)n / n. 保护 51 * prosper / ˈprɒspə / v. 兴旺，发达 56
virus / / n. 病毒 51 rare / / adj. 稀有的，罕见的 56
ˈvaɪərəs reə
decrease / / v. （ 使）变小，（使）减少 51 biological / / adj. 生物的，
dɪˈkriːs ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l
trap / / n. 夹子，陷阱 51 与生物有关的 56
træp
departure / / n. 离开 51 apparently / / adv. 据说；看来，似乎 57
dɪˈpɑːtʃə əˈpærəntli
* immunity / ɪˈmjuːnɪti / n. 免疫力 51 vast / vɑːst / adj. 巨大的；广大的 57
explode / ɪkˈspləʊd / v. 突然增加 51 * altitude / ˈæltɪtjuːd / n. 海拔（高度） 57
collapse / / v. 倒坍；塌下 51 variation / / n. 差异；变化 57
kəˈlæps ˌveəriˈeɪʃ(ə)n
substantial / səbˈstænʃ(ə)l / adj. 大量的，多的 51 * thrive / θraɪv / v. 茁壮成长 57
incident / ˈɪnsɪd(ə)nt / n. 事件 51 * fossil / ˈfɒs(ə)l / n. 化石 57
intervention / ˌɪntəˈvenʃ(ə)n / n. 干预，介入 51 * floral / ˈflɔːrəl / adj. 花的 57
owe / əʊ / v. 应该做；对……负有……的义务 51 * vertebrate / ˈvɜːtɪbrɪt / n. 脊椎动物 57
* postscript / ˈpəʊsˌskrɪpt / n. 附言 51 * beehive / ˈbiːhaɪv / n. 蜂房，蜂箱 57
* pest / pest / n. 有害小动物；害虫 51 * endangered / ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd / adj. 濒临灭绝的 57
ecology / / n. 生态 51 elsewhere / / adv. 在别处 57
ɪˈkɒlədʒi elsˈweə
* dissolve / dɪˈzɒlv / v. （ 使）溶解 54 * invasion / ɪnˈveɪʒ(ə)n / n. 涌入 57
nutrient / ˈnjuːtriənt / n. 养分，营养物 54 * coexist / ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst / v. 共存，共处 57
comparison / / n. 比较 56 secure / / adj. 稳固的；安全的 57
kəmˈpærɪs(ə)n sɪˈkjʊə
visual / / adj. 视觉的 56 greeting / / n. 问候，招呼 59
ˈvɪʒuəl ˈɡriːtɪŋ
session / / n. 一段时间 56
ˈseʃ(ə)n
110UNIT 6 optimistic / / adj. 乐观的；
ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk
fox / / n. 狐狸 62 乐观主义的 66
fɒks
chacma baboon 南非大狒，大狒狒 62 clay / / n. 黏土 66
kleɪ
crime / / n. 罪，罪行 62 cave / / n. 洞穴 66
kraɪm keɪv
* seaside / ˈsiːsaɪd / adj. 海滨的 62 heat wave 酷热期，热浪期 67
suburb / ˈsʌbɜːb / n. 郊区，城郊 62 * indoors / ˌɪnˈdɔːz / adv. 在室内 67
greedy / / adj. 贪婪的，贪心的 62 cope with 应付 67
ˈɡriːdi
thief / / n. 小偷，贼 62 fuel / / n. 燃料 67
θiːf ˈfjuːəl
commit / / v. 犯（错误或罪行） 62 consumption / / n. （ 精力、油、
kəˈmɪt kənˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n
urban / / adj. 城镇的，城市的 62 电等的）消耗量 67
ˈɜːbən
* predator / ˈpredətə / n. 掠食动物，捕食性动物 62 * supplement / ˈsʌplɪment / v. 补充，增补，增加 67
* newcomer / ˈnjuːkʌmə / n. 新来者 62 * eliminate / ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt / v. 消除，根除 67
* flourish / ˈflʌrɪʃ / v. 生长茂盛，兴盛 62 * firefighter / ˈfaɪəˌfaɪtə / n. 消防队员 67
* racoon / rəˈkuːn / n. 浣熊 62 bring… under control 使……处于控制之下 67
* container / kənˈteɪnə / n. 容器 62 * blaze / bleɪz / n. 烈火，大火 67
garbage / ˈɡɑːbɪdʒ / n. 垃圾 63 * fierce / fɪəs / adj. 恶劣的，极端的 67
lamb / / n. 羔羊肉 63 react / / v. （ 作出）反应 67
læm riˈækt
* kebab / kɪˈbæb / n. 烤（肉）串 63 monthly / ˈmʌnθli / adj. 每月一次的 67
garlic / / n. （ 大）蒜 63 get rid of 摆脱，除去 67
ˈɡɑːlɪk
estimate / / v. 估计，估算 63 Mars / / n. 火星 68
ˈestɪmeɪt mɑːz
* migratory / maɪˈɡreɪt(ə)ri / adj. 迁徙的 63 * advanced / ədˈvɑːnst / adj. 高级的；先进的 68
appreciate / əˈpriːʃieɪt / v. 欣赏；赏识 63 * wipe / waɪp / v. 擦，拭，揩 68
crucial / / adj. 至关重要的，关键性的 64 wipe out 彻底摧毁，消灭 68
ˈkruːʃ(ə)l
restrict / / v. 限制，控制 64 nuclear / / adj. 核武器的 68
rɪˈstrɪkt ˈnjuːkliə
hiker / ˈhaɪkə / n. 徒步旅行者，远足者 65 * terrifying / ˈterɪfaɪɪŋ / adj. 极其可怕的，
kit / / n. 成套工具 65 骇人听闻的 68
kɪt
Words and expressions 111Words and expressions
* hostile / ˈhɒstaɪl / adj. （ 生长环境）恶劣的 68 in the meantime 在此期间，与此同时 69
* unmanned / ˌʌnˈmænd / adj. 无人驾驶（操纵）的 68 infer / ɪnˈfɜː / v. 推断，推定 70
* spacecraft / ˈspeɪskrɑːft / n. 航天器，宇宙飞船 68 expose / ɪkˈspəʊz / v. 使暴露（于险境） 70
orbit / / v. 环绕……运行 68 astronaut / / n. 宇航员，太空人 71
ˈɔːbɪt ˈæstrənɔːt
* stunning / ˈstʌnɪŋ / adj. 极具吸引力的； dust / dʌst / n. 沙土，尘土 71
令人惊奇的 68 capsule / / n. （ 航天器的）密封舱，
ˈkæpsjuːl
agency / / n. 机构；（尤指政府内的） 太空舱 71
ˈeɪdʒ(ə)nsi
局，部，处 69 exposure / / n. 暴露 71
ɪkˈspəʊʒə
consist / / v. 组成 69 trunk / / n. 树干 72
kənˈsɪst trʌŋk
consist of 由……构成，由……组成 69
112Vocabulary
A * beehive / ˈbiːhaɪv / n. 蜂房，蜂箱 57
a bunch of 一群 26 behind the wheel 在驾驶汽车 3
access / ˈækses / n. 接触的机会 15 * bin / bɪn / n. 垃圾箱 18
accessible / / adj. 易懂的 33 biological / / adj. 生物的，
əkˈsesɪb(ə)l ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l
adaptation / / n. 改编版 33 与生物有关的 56
ˌædæpˈteɪʃ(ə)n
* adulthood / ˈædʌlthʊd / n. 成年 2 * bittersweet / ˌbɪtəˈswiːt / adj. 苦乐参半的 6
* advanced / ədˈvɑːnst / adj. 高级的；先进的 68 * blaze / bleɪz / n. 烈火，大火 67
agency / / n. 机构；（尤指政府内的） boa constrictor 蟒蛇 8
ˈeɪdʒ(ə)nsi
局，部，处 69 * boarder / ˈbɔːdə / n. 寄宿生，住校生 6
airline / / n. 航空公司 10 bond / / n. 纽带，关系 11
ˈeəlaɪn bɒnd
alongside / / prep. （ 与……）一起 30 boundary / / n. 分界线；边界 37
əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd ˈbaʊnd(ə)ri
* altitude / ˈæltɪtjuːd / n. 海拔（高度） 57 brick / brɪk / n. 砖，砖块 27
altogether / / adv. 完全 45 bring forth 使产生，使出现 45
ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə
ambulance / / n. 救护车 3 bring… under control 使……处于控制之下 67
ˈæmbjʊləns
apparently / / adv. 据说；看来，似乎 57 bunch / / n. 一群，一伙 26
əˈpærəntli bʌntʃ
appetite / / n. 胃口，食欲 50
ˈæpətaɪt
appreciate / / v. 欣赏；赏识 63 C
əˈpriːʃieɪt
appropriate / / adj. 恰当的；合适的 17 cafeteria / / n. 自助餐厅 32
əˈprəʊpriət ˌkæfɪˈtɪəriə
approve / / v. 赞成，同意 3 capsule / / n. （ 航天器的）密封舱，
əˈpruːv ˈkæpsjuːl
* arithmetic / əˈrɪθmətɪk / n. 算术 9 太空舱 71
assist / / v. 协助，帮助 38 cast / / v. 选派（角色） 41
əˈsɪst kɑːst
astronaut / / n. 宇航员，太空人 71 category / / n. 类别 33
ˈæstrənɔːt ˈkætɪɡ(ə)ri
at a glance 一瞥，看一眼 9 cave / / n. 洞穴 66
keɪv
chacma baboon 南非大狒，大狒狒 62
B chaos / / n. 大混乱；紊乱 51
ˈkeɪɒs
* battlefield / ˈbætlfiːld / n. 战场 45 * cherish / ˈtʃerɪʃ / v. 重视，珍视 6
Vocabulary 113Vocabulary
chew / tʃuː / v. 咀嚼 8 * consecrate / ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt / v. 宣布……为神圣之处 45
* childhood / ˈtʃaɪldhʊd / n. 童年，儿童时代 3 consequence / ˈkɒnsɪkwəns / n. 后果 9
civil / / adj. 公民的，国民的 44 conservation / / n. 保护 51
ˈsɪv(ə)l ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃ(ə)n
civil war 内战 44 * considerate / kənˈsɪd(ə)rɪt / adj. 替他人着想的 18
civilian / / adj. 平民的；百姓的 44 consist / / v. 组成 69
sɪˈvɪljən kənˈsɪst
clarify / / v. 澄清，讲清楚，阐明 19 consist of 由……构成，由……组成 69
ˈklærɪfaɪ
clay / / n. 黏土 66 constantly / / adv. 持续不断地；
kleɪ ˈkɒnstəntli
clinic / / n. 诊所；门诊部 38 经常地 15
ˈklɪnɪk
* coexist / ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst / v. 共存，共处 57 consumption / kənˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n / n. （ 精力、油、
* collaborate / kəˈlæbəreɪt / v. 合作，协作 39 电等的）消耗量 67
collapse / kəˈlæps / v. 倒坍；塌下 51 * container / kənˈteɪnə / n. 容器 62
* combat / ˈkɒmbæt / v. 防止，抑制 38 convincing / kənˈvɪnsɪŋ / adj. 有说服力的，
comic / / n. 连环漫画 35 使人信服的 35
ˈkɒmɪk
commit / / v. 犯（错误或罪行） 62 cope with 应付 67
kəˈmɪt
commitment / / n. 投入，花费 3 costume / / n. 化装服 35
kəˈmɪtmənt ˈkɒstjʊm
communist / / adj. 共产主义的 47 crime / / n. 罪，罪行 62
ˈkɒmjʊnɪst kraɪm
* commute / kəˈmjuːt / n. 每天上班的路程 3 criterion / kraɪˈtɪəriən / n. 标准，准则 56
comparison / / n. 比较 56 crucial / / adj. 至关重要的，关键性的 64
kəmˈpærɪs(ə)n ˈkruːʃ(ə)l
* compensate / ˈkɒmpənseɪt / v. 弥补，补偿 39 culture shock 文化冲击 42
compete / / v. 竞争 28
kəmˈpiːt
component / / n. 组成部分 32 D
kəmˈpəʊnənt
* comrade / ˈkɒmrɪd / n. 同志；朋友 38 deadline / ˈdedlaɪn / n. 截止时间；最后期限 17
* conceive / kənˈsiːv / v. 构想，设想 45 decade / ˈdekeɪd / n. 十年；十年期 25
conclusion / / n. 结论 11 decrease / / v. （ 使）变小，（使）减少 51
kənˈkluːʒ(ə)n dɪˈkriːs
* confederate / kənˈfed(ə)rɪt / adj. （ 美国内战期间） * dedicate / ˈdedɪkeɪt / v. 致力于，献身于 45
南部联邦的 44 departure / / n. 离开 51
dɪˈpɑːtʃə
114* deposit / dɪˈpɒzɪt / n. 订金 3 elsewhere / elsˈweə / adv. 在别处 57
* detox / ˈdiːtɒks / n. 脱瘾 14 * emoji / ɪˈməʊdʒi / n. 表情符号 32
* detract / dɪˈtrækt / v. 减低，破坏，损害 45 emotional / ɪˈməʊʃ(ə)nəl / adj. 情绪（上）的，
devote oneself to 致力于，献身于 9 情感（上）的 33
devotion / / n. 奉献 39 emphasise / / v. 强调 29
dɪˈvəʊʃ(ə)n ˈemfəsaɪz
digest / daɪˈdʒest / v. 消化（食物） 8 * endangered / ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd / adj. 濒临灭绝的 57
digestion / daɪˈdʒestʃ(ə)n / n. 消化（过程） 8 * endure / ɪnˈdjʊə / v. 持续存在 45
* disheartened / dɪsˈhɑːtnd / adj. 沮丧的，灰心的 9 * equip / ɪˈkwɪp / v. 使有知识和技能，使能够胜任 21
disinfect / / v. 为……消毒， era / / n. 时代，年代 30
ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt ˈɪərə
给……杀菌 38 * erosion / ɪˈrəʊʒ(ə)n / n. 侵蚀 50
* dissolve / dɪˈzɒlv / v. （ 使）溶解 54 estimate / ˈestɪmeɪt / v. 估计，估算 63
* distract / dɪˈstrækt / v. 分散（注意力），使分心 15 evidence / ˈevɪd(ə)ns / n. 证据 10
district / / n. 地区，区域 20 expand / / v. （ 使）扩大；增加 33
ˈdɪstrɪkt ɪkˈspænd
division / / n. 分歧，分裂 44 explode / / v. 突然增加 51
dɪˈvɪʒ(ə)n ɪkˈspləʊd
dramatically / / adv. 显著地 50 expose / / v. 使暴露（于险境） 70
drəˈmætɪkli ɪkˈspəʊz
dust / / n. 沙土，尘土 71 exposure / / n. 暴露 71
dʌst ɪkˈspəʊʒə
dusty / ˈdʌsti / adj. 布满灰尘的 26 * exterior / ɪkˈstɪəriə / n. 外部，外观 27
E F
* Ebola / ɪˈbəʊlə / n. 埃博拉病毒 38 * facial / ˈfeɪʃ(ə)l / adj. 脸上的；面部的 33
ecology / / n. 生态 51 facilitate / / v. 促进；使便利 33
ɪˈkɒlədʒi fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
economic / ˌekəˈnɒmɪk / adj. 经济（上）的 30 * fierce / fɪəs / adj. 恶劣的，极端的 67
educator / ˈedjʊkeɪtə / n. 教育工作者 33 * firefighter / ˈfaɪəˌfaɪtə / n. 消防队员 67
elderly / ˈeldəli / adj. 年老的 26 * fixture / ˈfɪkstʃə / n. 固定存在物 26
election / ɪˈlekʃ(ə)n / n. 选举 3 * floral / ˈflɔːrəl / adj. 花的 57
* eliminate / ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt / v. 消除，根除 67 * flourish / ˈflʌrɪʃ / v. 生长茂盛，兴盛 62
Vocabulary 115Vocabulary
* fossil / ˈfɒs(ə)l / n. 化石 57 * herbal / ˈhɜːb(ə)l / adj. 用香（药）草制成的 56
fox / fɒks / n. 狐狸 62 * heritage / ˈherɪtɪdʒ / n. 遗产；传统 50
fuel / / n. 燃料 67 hiker / / n. 徒步旅行者，远足者 65
ˈfjuːəl ˈhaɪkə
* fundraising / ˈfʌndˌreɪzɪŋ / n. 募捐，筹款 14 * hostile / ˈhɒstaɪl / adj. （ 生长环境）恶劣的 68
furniture / / n. 家具 27 household / / adj. 家庭的 3
ˈfɜːnɪtʃə ˈhaʊshəʊld
humble / / adj. 简陋的 27
ˈhʌmb(ə)l
G
garbage / / n. 垃圾 63 I
ˈɡɑːbɪdʒ
garlic / ˈɡɑːlɪk / n. （ 大）蒜 63 * immunity / ɪˈmjuːnɪti / n. 免疫力 51
* gesture / ˈdʒestʃə / n. 手势，姿势 33 in contrast to 与……形成对比 20
get rid of 摆脱，除去 67 in the meantime 在此期间，与此同时 69
golf / / n. 高尔夫球运动 9 in vain 白白地 45
ɡɒlf
gradual / / adj. 逐渐的，逐步的 3 incident / / n. 事件 51
ˈɡrædʒuəl ˈɪnsɪd(ə)nt
greedy / ˈɡriːdi / adj. 贪婪的，贪心的 62 * inclusive / ɪnˈkluːsɪv / adj. 包容广阔的 42
greeting / ˈɡriːtɪŋ / n. 问候，招呼 59 * indoors / ˌɪnˈdɔːz / adv. 在室内 67
infectious / / adj. 传染性的 38
ɪnˈfekʃəs
H infer / / v. 推断，推定 70
ɪnˈfɜː
habitat / / n. 栖息地 50 influential / / adj. 有影响力的 47
ˈhæbɪtæt ˌɪnfluˈenʃ(ə)l
* halfway / ˌhɑːfˈweɪ / adj. 中间的，半途的 50 * inhabitant / ɪnˈhæbɪtənt / n. 栖居的动物 50
* hallow / ˈhæləʊ / v. 使成为神圣 45 initiative / ɪˈnɪʃətɪv / n. 倡议 30
harmonious / / adj. 和睦的，融洽的 42 instantly / / adv. 立即，马上 3
hɑːˈməʊniəs ˈɪnstəntli
have a say 有发言权 3 * integral / ˈɪntɪɡrəl / adj. 不可缺少的 32
* headline / ˈhedlaɪn / n. 媒体报道的热门话题； integrity / ɪnˈteɡrɪti / n. 正直诚实 1
标题 20 intention / / n. 意图，目的 33
ɪnˈtenʃ(ə)n
* headphones / ˈhedfəʊnz / n. （ 头戴式）耳机 18 intervention / ˌɪntəˈvenʃ(ə)n / n. 干预，介入 51
heat wave 酷热期，热浪期 67 * intimately / ˈɪntəmɪtli / adv. 亲密地；密切地 9
116* invasion / ɪnˈveɪʒ(ə)n / n. 涌入 57 * lifelong / ˈlaɪflɒŋ / adj. 终身的 21
invest / ɪnˈvest / v. 投资 21 * likewise / ˈlaɪkwaɪz / adv. 同样地；相似地 21
item / / n. 一件商品（或物品） 20 loan / / n. （ 银行等的）贷款 2
ˈaɪtəm ləʊn
J M
* jar / dʒɑː / n. （ 玻璃）罐子，广口瓶 21 mankind / ˌmænˈkaɪnd / n. 人类 40
jazz / / n. 爵士乐 27 Mars / / n. 火星 68
dʒæz mɑːz
joint / dʒɔɪnt / adj. 联合的，共同的 42 * masterpiece / ˈmɑːstəpiːs / n. 杰作 8
journalist / / n. 新闻工作者； mature / / adj. 成熟的，明白事理的 3
ˈdʒɜːn(ə)lɪst məˈtʃʊə
新闻记者 29 max out （ 钱）花光；（信用卡）刷爆 20
* memorable / ˈmem(ə)rəb(ə)l / adj. 难忘的 11
K * migratory / maɪˈɡreɪt(ə)ri / adj. 迁徙的 63
* kebab / kɪˈbæb / n. 烤（肉）串 63 * milestone / ˈmaɪlstəʊn / n. 重大事件，里程碑 2
kit / / n. 成套工具 65 minimum / / adj. 最小的，最少的 4
kɪt ˈmɪnɪməm
minority / / n. 少数派；少数 41
maɪˈnɒrɪti
L * miracle / ˈmɪrək(ə)l / n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 39
lamb / / n. 羔羊肉 63 mist / / n. 薄雾，雾霭 27
læm mɪst
lay aside 把……搁置一边 9 * moderator / ˈmɒdəreɪtə / n. 主持人 14
leadership / / n. 领导；领导地位 27 monthly / / adj. 每月一次的 67
ˈliːdəʃɪp ˈmʌnθli
legal / / adj. 合法的 3 motivate / / v. 激发，激励 14
ˈliːɡ(ə)l ˈməʊtɪveɪt
* legendary / ˈledʒ(ə)nd(ə)ri / adj. 大名鼎鼎的， mount / maʊnt / v. 走上，登上 44
传奇式的 26 multiply / / v. （ 使）大大增加，
ˈmʌltɪplaɪ
liberty / / n. 自由 45 （使）倍增 50
ˈlɪbəti
librarian / laɪˈbreəriən / n. 图书馆管理员 3 * mutual / ˈmjuːtʃuəl / adj. 共有的，共同的 42
licence / ˈlaɪs(ə)ns / n. 执照 2 * mysterious / mɪˈstɪəriəs / adj. 神秘的 56
Vocabulary 117Vocabulary
N pave the way 铺平道路；创造条件 30
nail / neɪl / n. 钉子 23 * penguin / ˈpeŋɡwɪn / n. 企鹅 50
* necessity / nɪˈsesɪti / n. 必需品 20 * perish / ˈperɪʃ / v. 死亡 45
* necktie / ˈnektaɪ / n. 领带 9 personal finances （ 个人的）财务管理 21
* newcomer / ˈnjuːkʌmə / n. 新来者 62 * pest / pest / n. 有害小动物；害虫 51
nobly / ˈnəʊbli / adv. 高尚地，崇高地 45 * pictograph / ˈpɪktəɡrɑːf / n. 象形图 33
nuclear / ˈnjuːkliə / adj. 核武器的 68 * pictorial / pɪkˈtɔːriəl / adj. 图画的 33
nutrient / / n. 养分，营养物 54 politics / / n. 政治 9
ˈnjuːtriənt ˈpɒlɪtɪks
* ponder / ˈpɒndə / v. 仔细考虑，深思 8
O pop up 突然出现，冒出来 27
* obey / əʊˈbeɪ / v. 服从；遵守 3 * portion / ˈpɔːʃ(ə)n / n. 一部分 45
objectively / əbˈdʒektɪvli / adv. 客观地 21 * postscript / ˈpəʊsˌskrɪpt / n. 附言 51
occupation / ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)n / n. 工作，职业 31 * predator / ˈpredətə / n. 掠食动物，捕食性动物 62
occupy / ˈɒkjʊpaɪ / v. 占用，占去（时间） 14 * prey / preɪ / n. 猎物 8
on behalf of 代表 56 * primeval / praɪˈmiːv(ə)l / adj. 原始的，远古的 8
optimistic / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk / adj. 乐观的； * procrastination / prəˌkræstɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n / n. 拖延 17
乐观主义的 66 profile / / n. 概况 14
ˈprəʊfaɪl
orbit / / v. 环绕……运行 68 promote / / v. 促进，增进 19
ˈɔːbɪt prəˈməʊt
organ donation 器官捐献 3 * prosper / ˈprɒspə / v. 兴旺，发达 56
organic / / adj. 有机的；绿色的 27
ɔːˈɡænɪk
* outbreak / ˈaʊtbreɪk / n. 爆发，突然发生 38 R
owe / əʊ / v. 应该做；对……负有……的义务 51 * racoon / rəˈkuːn / n. 浣熊 62
rare / / adj. 稀有的，罕见的 56
reə
P * rat / ræt / n. 大老鼠 50
* parakeet / ˈpærəkiːt / n. 长尾（小）鹦鹉 50 react / riˈækt / v. （ 作出）反应 67
* pave / peɪv / v. 铺（路、地面等） 30
118realistic / / adj. （ 目标、希望）能够 solid / / adj. 坚实的 30
rɪəˈlɪstɪk ˈsɒlɪd
实现的 41 soul / / n. 精神 33
səʊl
* recital / rɪˈsaɪtl / n. 朗诵会 27 * spacecraft / ˈspeɪskrɑːft / n. 航天器，宇宙飞船 68
reconstruction / / n. 重建； specialist / / n. 专家 38
ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n ˈspeʃ(ə)lɪst
修复 29 * spit / spɪt / v. 吐口水，吐唾沫 18
reform / rɪˈfɔːm / n. 改进；改革 30 * stationery / ˈsteɪʃən(ə)ri / n. 文具 27
reform and opening-up 改革开放 30 statistic / / n. （ 一项）统计数据 37
stəˈtɪstɪk
* relieve / rɪˈliːv / v. 给（某人）换班 38 * status / ˈsteɪtəs / n. 地位；身份 56
rely / rɪˈlaɪ / v. （ 为生活或生存而）依赖 15 * steady / ˈstedi / adj. 稳定的 3
rely on 依靠，依赖 15 * stunning / ˈstʌnɪŋ / adj. 极具吸引力的；
restrict / / v. 限制，控制 64 令人惊奇的 68
rɪˈstrɪkt
rewarding / / adj. 值得做的，有意义的 42 subsequently / / adv. 后来，随后 50
rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli
routine / / n. 惯例，习惯 6 substantial / / adj. 大量的，多的 51
ruːˈtiːn səbˈstænʃ(ə)l
* subtle / ˈsʌtl / adj. 难以察觉的；微妙的 3
S suburb / / n. 郊区，城郊 62
ˈsʌbɜːb
saleswoman / / n. 女销售员 27 suitable / / adj. 合适的 4
ˈseɪlzˌwʊmən ˈsuːtəb(ə)l
* seaside / ˈsiːsaɪd / adj. 海滨的 62 * supplement / ˈsʌplɪment / v. 补充，增补，增加 67
secondary / ˈsekənd(ə)ri / adj. 次要的，第二位的 34 * swallow / ˈswɒləʊ / v. 吞下，咽下 8
secure / / adj. 稳固的；安全的 57 switch / / v. （ 用开关）改变，转换 14
sɪˈkjʊə swɪtʃ
security / / n. 安全 14 switch on （ 用开关）开，打开 14
sɪˈkjʊərɪti
* selfish / ˈselfɪʃ / adj. 自私的 3 sympathy / ˈsɪmpəθi / n. 同情 26
session / / n. 一段时间 56
ˈseʃ(ə)n
shelf / / n. 搁板，架子 26 T
ʃelf
* slave / sleɪv / n. 奴隶 44 tablet / ˈtæblɪt / n. 平板电脑 26
* soap / səʊp / n. 肥皂 20 tackle / ˈtæk(ə)l / v. 处理，对付（难题） 38
socialist / / adj. 社会主义的 30 tax / / n. 税 3
ˈsəʊʃ(ə)lɪst tæks
Vocabulary 119Vocabulary
* tempt / tempt / v. 诱惑，引诱 3 V
tendency / ˈtendənsi / n. 趋势 33 * van / væn / n. 小型货车 39
* terrifying / ˈterɪfaɪɪŋ / adj. 极其可怕的， variation / ˌveəriˈeɪʃ(ə)n / n. 差异；变化 57
骇人听闻的 68 varied / / adj. 各种各样的 6
ˈveərid
* textspeak / ˈtekstˌspiːk / n. 短信简写语 33 vast / vɑːst / adj. 巨大的；广大的 57
the Belt and Road Initiative “ 一带一路”倡议 30 * vegetation / ˌvedʒɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n / n. 植物，草木
thief / / n. 小偷，贼 62 （总称） 50
θiːf
* thrive / θraɪv / v. 茁壮成长 57 * vertebrate / ˈvɜːtɪbrɪt / n. 脊椎动物 57
throw in the towel 认输 15 virtue / / n. 美德 1
ˈvɜːtʃuː
* tiresome / ˈtaɪəs(ə)m / adj. 烦人的，令人厌烦的 9 virus / ˈvaɪərəs / n. 病毒 51
* toothpaste / ˈtuːθpeɪst / n. 牙膏 20 vision / ˈvɪʒ(ə)n / n. 构想，设想 21
towel / / n. 毛巾 15 visual / / adj. 视觉的 56
ˈtaʊəl ˈvɪʒuəl
* tragic / ˈtrædʒɪk / adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 38 vital / ˈvaɪtl / adj. 极其重要的 38
trap / træp / n. 夹子，陷阱 51 * vomit / ˈvɒmɪt / n. 呕吐物 39
trunk / / n. 树干 72
trʌŋk
twin / / adj. 双胞胎的 39 W
twɪn
wage / / n. （ 按小时、日或周计算的）工资，
weɪdʒ
U 薪金 3
* union / ˈjuːnjən / n. 联邦 44 ward / wɔːd / n. 病房 39
* unmanned / ˌʌnˈmænd / adj. 无人驾驶（操纵）的 68 * wipe / waɪp / v. 擦，拭，揩 68
* unprecedentedly / ʌnˈpresɪdentɪdli / adv. 空前地 21 wipe out 彻底摧毁，消灭 68
urban / / adj. 城镇的，城市的 62
ˈɜːbən
urgently / / adv. 紧急地；急迫地 35
ˈɜːdʒ(ə)ntli
120Names and places
NAMES Casey / / 凯西 26
ˈkeɪsi
Rudyard Kipling / / 拉迪亚德· Jennifer Oakley / / 珍妮弗·
ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ ˈdʒenɪfə ˈəʊkli
吉卜林 1 奥克利 27
Bethany / / 贝萨妮 3 William Shakespeare / /
ˈbeθ(ə)ni ˈwɪljəm ˈʃeɪkspɪə
Morgan / / 摩根 3 威廉·莎士比亚 33
ˈmɔːɡ(ə)n
Diana / / 黛安娜 5 Clark Kent / / 克拉克·肯特 35
daɪˈænə klɑːk kent
George / / 乔治 5 Wilton / / 威尔顿 38
dʒɔːdʒ ˈwɪltən
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry / Maisy / / 梅茜 38
ɑːnˈtwæn də seɪnt ˈmeɪzi
/ 安托万·德·圣埃克苏佩里 8 Alfonso / / 阿方索 38
eksʊˈperi ælˈfɒnsəʊ
Devon / / 德文 14 Pascal / / 帕斯卡尔 39
ˈdev(ə)n pæsˈkæl
Khloe Thompson / / 科洛· Paul / / 保罗 42
ˈkləʊi ˈtɒmps(ə)n pɔːl
汤普森 20 Abraham Lincoln / /
ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən
Jerry Witkovsky / / 杰里· 亚伯拉罕·林肯 44
ˈdʒeri wɪtkɒvski
维特科夫斯基 21 Edgar Snow / / 埃德加·斯诺 47
ˈedɡə snəʊ
Christopher Parker / / Daniel Defoe / / 丹尼尔·笛福 66
ˈkrɪstəfə ˈpɑːkə ˈdænjəl dɪˈfəʊ
克里斯托弗·帕克 24
Epictetus / / 爱比克泰德 24 PLACES
ˌepɪkˈtiːtəs
Norman Vincent Peale / / Victoria / / 维多利亚（澳大利亚州名） 3
ˈnɔːmən ˈvɪns(ə)nt piːl vɪkˈtɔːriə
诺曼·文森特·皮尔 24 Arizona / / 亚利桑那（美国州名） 9
ˌærɪˈzəʊnə
Pasteur / / 巴斯德 24 Liberia / / 利比里亚（国家） 38
pæsˈtɜː laɪˈbɪəriə
Leonardo da Vinci / / Darwin / / 达尔文（澳大利亚城市） 38
ˌliːəˈnɑːdəʊ də ˈvɪntʃiː ˈdɑːwɪn
列奥纳多·达·芬奇 24 Sierra Leone / / 塞拉利昂（国家） 38
siˌerə liˈəʊn
Thomas Jefferson / / 托马斯· Guinea / / 几内亚（国家） 38
ˈtɒməs ˈdʒefəs(ə)n ˈɡɪni
杰斐逊 24 Cambodia / / 柬埔寨（国家） 42
ˌkæmˈbəʊdiə
Albert Einstein / / 艾伯特· Gettysburg / / 葛底斯堡（美国城镇） 44
ˈælbət ˈaɪnstaɪn ˈɡetizbɜːɡ
爱因斯坦 24
Names and places 121Names and places
Pennsylvania / / 宾夕法尼亚 Cape Town / / 开普敦（南非城市） 62
ˌpensɪlˈveɪniə ˈkeɪp taʊn
（美国州名） 44 West Africa / / 西非 67
west ˈæfrɪkə
Aral / / Sea 咸海 49 Utah / / 犹他（美国州名） 68
ˈɑːrəl ˈjuːtɑː
Macquarie / / Island 麦夸里岛 50 Cuba / / 古巴（国家） 72
məˈkwɒri ˈkjuːbə
122后 记
为了在高中英语学科教育中全面贯彻党的教育方针，落实立德树人根
本任务，外语教学与研究出版社以党的十九大精神为指引，组织专业团队，
在深入领会《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）》精神的基础上，对
本套教材进行了全面修订。
在主编陈琳教授的指导下，副主编张连仲教授带领作者团队、编辑团
队和设计团队精心设计、反复打磨，确保全面落实党的教育方针，实现从
学科角度培养学生的核心素养，提升高中学生的英语应用能力和学习能力。
我们对整个团队的艰辛努力表示由衷的感谢。
本套教材在修订过程中得到了广大教研员和一线教师的无私帮助。他
们丰富细致的意见和建议，确保修订后的教材具有更为合理的内容和结构
设计，更加贴合一线教学需求。我们向各位可敬的教研员和老师致以诚挚
的谢意。
本套教材的修订也得到了英方编审专家的大力支持。本册的英方编审
专家是：Simon Greenall，Ingrid Wisniewska，Chris Rose，Robert Gott，
Sharon Dalgleish，Melanie Guile。他们的支持保证了本套教材的语言真
实地道、内容鲜活多样。在此，我们一并向他们表示真诚的感谢。
教材是学生学习与教师教学的重要内容和手段，是落实学科课程标准
的重要介质。时代在前进，教材的建设也将持续发展，教材编写工作是永
无止境的。我们热切期待《英语》（新标准）高中教材得到业内专家持续
指正，在未来的实践中亦将广泛征求使用者的意见，使之更加完善，适应
我国高中英语教育的不断发展，为学生继续学习英语和终身发展打下良好
基础，为培养具有中国情怀、国际视野和跨文化沟通能力的社会主义建设
者和接班人做出应有的贡献。
外语教学与研究出版社
2019年3月N e w S t a n d a r d
