文档内容
题型七 概要写作
目录
一、考情解读........................................................1
二、命题分析预测....................................................1
三、析考情 · 题型突破..............................................1
四、链高考 · 探究..................................................3
五、考法解题能力提升................................................6
六、精选考点题型专练...............................................11
Writing 1..........................................................11
Writing2（生活感悟）...............................................13
Writing 3（健康）..................................................14
Writing 4（环保）..................................................16
Writing 5..........................................................18
Writing 6..........................................................19
Writing 7..........................................................21
Writing 8..........................................................22
一、考情解读
提供一篇350词以内的阅读材料,要求考生根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
二、命题分析预测
根据这两次高考题的命题难度和区分度可知,未来高考英语对该题型的考查仍将以议论文、
说明文为主,主题语境仍将涉及"人与社会"或"人与自我"。
聚焦核心素养
1.语言能力:综合运用语言知识创新、恰当地进行表达。
2.思维品质:分析推断文章的逻辑,梳理、概括信息,进行创新思维表达。三、析考情 · 题型突破
一 考情概况
1.题型介绍。
概要写作是近几年高考英语的新题型。写作的第二节是读后续写或概要写作,从2016年10
月到2021年1月,浙江的9次高考英语中有两次考查概要写作,分别是2018年11月和2019
年6月的考试。
2.命题规律
(1)概要写作的语篇通常是议论文或说明文。这类语篇的主题比较明显,段落结构清晰,段内
句群间逻辑关系紧密连贯。预计未来几年高考概要写作的选材还将是议论文或说明文,但难
度会稳中有升。
(2)不排除阅读材料为记叙文的可能性。如此一来,试题的难度将会增加,对考生的梳理、归
纳和总结能力要求更高。
(3)阅读材料一般不超过5段,词数控制在350以内。
(4)议论文、说明文的段落结构通常是:提出问题/描述现象→分析利弊→提出解决方法→提
供例证/回归主题/深化主题/提出应该注意的事项。
(5)段内句群间的逻辑关系通常是因果关系、转折关系等。
总之,在一篇文章中,段落与段落之间、段内句群之间都会呈现"起承转合"的行文逻辑关系。
考生如果能把握各段落的组织结构和段内句群间的逻辑关系,就能轻松地辨别主要信息和支
撑性细节信息,从而准确地抓住段落要点。
二 命题特点
概要写作是一个融阅读理解和书面表达于一体的题型,既考查考生概括文章主旨大意和准确
获取关键信息的能力,又考查考生用简洁的语言表达文章主旨的能力以及把握文章整体结构
的能力。考生在写概要时,不要抄袭文章的原句,也不要把细节性信息当成重点,而要对文章
中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再用恰当的语言表述出来。
具体来说,该题型主要考查考生以下几个方面的能力:
1.区分主要信息和次要信息的能力;
2.对句群之间的逻辑关系和段落结构的把握能力;
3.分析推断逻辑关系、梳理及概括细节信息的能力;
4.通过整合手段进行思维创新和表达创新的能力;
5.运用同义词、近义词、反义词或语法结构及修辞手段进行语义转换的能力。三 评分原则
概要写作的评分原则可简要概括为以下几个方面:
1.词数少于40或多于80的,从总分中减去2分;
2.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
3.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
4.上下文的连贯性;
5.对各要点表达的独立性情况;
6.拼写、标点符号的准确性;
7.书写和卷面情况。
四 失误总结
考生在概要写作中常出现的失误有以下四个方面:
1.要点提炼不准确。主次信息混淆,不清楚原文作者的写作意图。
2.表述的逻辑不清晰。内容没有条理,行文没有衔接,不能呈现连贯性。
3.照抄原文句子。不能进行有效的语句转换,同一单词的重现率较高。作文中若出现两句以
上整句摘自原文的现象,作文将会被直接定为第三档(11—15分)甚至更低档。
4.单词拼写错误较多,时态、语态出错率较高。
四、链高考 · 探究
Writing 1
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
① Parents everywhere praise their kids. ②Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to
Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, "We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades
ago when parents tended to be more strict." ③By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're
building their children's confidence, ④when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. ⑤Too much
praise can backfire
and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear
of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
第一段为整个语篇的"起",⑤表达了作者的真实意图,即本段的主旨"Too much praise
can make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk."。
① Still, don't go too far in the other direction. ②Not giving enough praise can be just as
damaging as giving too much. ③Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't careand, as a result, may see no point in trying
hard for their accomplishments.
第二段为第一段的"转",指出另一个极端的危害"Not giving enough praise can be
damaging."。
①So what is the right amount of praise? ②Experts say that the quality of praise is more
important than the quantity. ③If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you
can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. ④"We should
especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,"
says Donahue, author of
Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. ⑤"One thing
to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters."
第三段为前两段的"承",也是整个语篇的"合",提出了作者的观点"It's the process not
the end product that matters.",即"Praise should be focused on the effort not the outcome."。
①Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. ②But if he's out there every
day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.
③Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a
book report. ④But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be
proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
第四段为第三段的"承",用例子支撑作者的观点。本段主题句是④。
写作指导
Para. 1
①作本段的"起",描述现象;②作 "承",引入专家的观点;③作"承",分析出现该现象的原因;④
作"转",引出作者的观点;⑤作第一段的"合",指出"Too much praise"的后果。
Para. 2
①作上一段的"承"和本段后文内容的"起",指出不要走向另一个极端;②作"承"指出"Not
giving enough praise"的危害;③作"承",分析其原因,且本句本身也呈现出因果关系。
幻灯片18
Para. 3
①作前两段的"承",也作本段的"起",起过渡作用;②是对上一句的回答,引出专家的观点;③是
对上一句的进一步解释;④引用了专家的说法;⑤作本段的"合",与②相呼应。Para. 4
①作上一段的"承"和本段例证的"起";②作上一句的"转",呈现作者的真实意图;③作前两句
的"承",进一步说明作者的观点;④作本段的"合",进行总结,回归主题。
【命题分析】
本篇阅读材料是一篇典型的议论文。文章指出,父母对孩子的表扬要专注于孩子的努力过程
而不是结果,其语言难度适中,表现出很好的区分度,体现了高考"立德树人、服务选拔、导向
教学"的命题原则。具体特点归纳如下:
1.语篇结构特征:
描描述表扬孩子的现象→两个极端 →正确的
表扬
→用例子支撑论点
这种行文结构是考生非常熟悉的议论文的语篇结构,易于被广大考生理解,体现了高考的基础
性和公平性原则。
2.段内句群之间呈现出严谨的因果关系和转折关系等,考生应注意理顺这些逻辑关系。
3.每一段都有长难句(画线部分),考生只有抓住关键信息、充分运用语言能力,才能理解这些
句子。
【思路点拨】
写概要时,首先要注意每段的主题句和关键词,通过词汇替换、句式转变等多种方式改写要点,
注意一定要用自己的语言,不可以完全照搬原文;然后,添加衔接词,使各要点之间的衔接更顺
畅;最后要注意单词拼写不要出现错误,也要注意大小写和标点符号,同时还要注意控制词数,
不要少于40或多于80。
本文的要点可以归纳如下:
要点1,如今,父母总是给孩子相当多的赞扬,希望建立他们的自信心,但是这可能会产生相反
的效果;
要点2,父母对孩子表扬不够同样有损孩子的自信心;
要点3,专家认为,父母应该因为努力过程而赞扬孩子,而不是因为事情的结果;
要点4,孩子如果很努力,确实值得被赞扬。总之,父母给孩子的赞扬的多少取决于孩子的努力
程度。
【参考范文】
Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerable praise to their children, hoping to build their
confidence, but it may produce the opposite effect.(要点一) However, not enough praise fromparents also does harm to children's self-confidence.(要点二)Therefore, experts claim that sincere
praise should be given for the process not for the result.(要点三) Meanwhile, kids do deserve
praise if they make great effort. Anyway, the amount of praise parents give should depend on how
hard their kids work.(要点四)
五、考法解题能力提升
一 解题步骤
1.浏览原文,弄清文体,根据段首句和段尾句预测段落内容甚至整个语篇内容,把握语篇主旨和
结构。
2.细读原文每一个段落,把握段落大意,归纳段落要点。
3.最大限度地替换要点句子中的关键词汇,调整句子结构,尽量使各个要点句子转换成全新的
表达。
4.使用恰当的衔接词把各个要点句子整合成逻辑关系清晰、内容有条理、连贯通顺的短文,
要注意,各个要点句子要有相对的独立性。
二 写作注意事项
1.概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。
2.安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写主要内容,用较少的文字写次
要内容。
3.注意要点之间的衔接,要用恰当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句
子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。
4.不排斥用原文的某些词汇或词块,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,
至少要对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
5.核查词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。
写作技法1 牢记写作流程,酿造极优作文写作技法2 巧用衔接词语,尽显严密逻辑
正确使用衔接词语,使所写的概要结构紧凑、逻辑清晰、语意连贯。
1.并列
as well as也 both...and... ……和……都
not only...but also...不仅……而且……
2.递进
besides除……之外 furthermore此外 moreover而且
what's more更为重要的是 more importantly更重要的是
to make matters worse=what's worse=worse still更糟糕的是
3.对比和转折
but但是 instead反而 while而
however/nevertheless然而 otherwise否则
unlike与……不同 on the contrary与此相反
compared to与……相比 in contrast to与……形成对比
on the one hand...on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面……
4.因果
therefore/consequently/as a result因此
because of/as a result of/on account of/due to因为
thanks to/owing to由于
5.目的
in order to/so as to为了 so that/in order that为了
for the purpose of为了
6.强调especially特别 particularly特别 indeed确实
not at all根本不 or rather确切地说
7.顺序
first/second/third首先/第二/第三
firstly/secondly/thirdly/finally首先/第二/第三/最后
to start with/next/in addition/finally首先/然后/此外/最后
first of all/besides/last but not least首先/此外/最后但同样重要的是
8.总结
in short/in brief/in summary总之
to sum up/to summarize总之
all in all总的说来
on the whole总的说来
写作技法3 读首句析尾句,构织语境画面
我们在归纳段落要点之前,通常需要快速浏览整篇文章,掌握其主旨和语篇结构。所给阅读材
料通常格式规范,结构清晰,因此,我们通过阅读第一段的首句和最后一段的尾句便能大致明
白该语篇的主旨;然后寻读每一段的首句和尾句,尝试预测每一段的主旨;再观察段落之间的
组织方式,了解该语篇的文脉。这样,我们就能在大脑中构织出语境的初步画面。
比如2019年6月浙江高考的概要写作阅读材料,第一段的首句是"Parents everywhere praise
their kids",最后一段的尾句是"But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis
and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it",由这两句话可知,
这篇文章的主旨是父母表扬孩子要依据孩子努力的程度。然后我们可根据每一段的首句和
尾句判断出各段的主旨。
写作技法4 善找转折词汇,主旨要点映眼前
表示转折的词后面的内容,或者含有though, although, while等引导的让步状语从句的主从复
合句的主句通常是句子的主旨要点,也是作者真实的写作意图。
比如2018年11月浙江高考的概要写作阅读材料,第二段最后一句"In fact...and obviously, if
you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check
it out!",本句的主旨要点是but后面的"if you live nearby, go check it out!"。
再如最后一段的尾句"While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual
campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make
an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend", "Whilevisiting...visit"是让步状语从句,该句的主旨要点是主句的内容。
写作技法5 巧妙变换表达,替换关键词语
写概要时,考生要用自己的语言进行表达,可以通过同义转换、词性转换、句式转换、正话反
说、反话正说等技巧替换原文中的一些关键词语。具体替换方法如下:
1.同义转换
(1)近义词替换原词
Never will Chen Yu forget his first job as a journalist.
→Chen Yu will always remember his first job as a reporter.
(2)单词替换短语
①Clearing away dirt is good for health.
→Clearing away dirt benefits health.
②With much of the public's attention, stars suffer from great pressure.
→Living in the public gaze, stars face great pressure.
(3)概括词替换具体词
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Reader's Digest and
Newsweek, and some textbooks.
→She brought home some books and magazines.
2.词性转换
(1)动词转换为名词
He failed to pass the drug test, and the boss had to dismiss him from his job.
→His failure of passing the drug test resulted in his job dismissal.
(2)形容词转换为名词
Your skin will be burnt if you are exposed to the sun too long.
→Too long exposure to the sun will harm your skin.
(3)形容词(短语)转换为动词(短语)
Reading can not only make you relaxed but also be good for your mind.
→Reading can not only relax your body but also do good to your mind.
3.句式转换
(1)主被动语态的相互转换
Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist.
→A psychologist performed two experiments.
(2)特殊句式与正常语序的相互转换Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.
→You will obtain all the information if you ask many different questions.
(3)从句之间的相互转换
He concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they're being stared at.
→His conclusion is that people are not equipped with the ability to feel others' observation.
(4)从句压缩、转换
①状语从句转换为介词短语
When he arrives, please send me an e-mail.
→On his arrival, please send me an e-mail.
②条件状语从句转换为非谓语结构
If everything is considered, his plan seems to be more workable.
→Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.
4.正话反说
(1)I quite agree with you.
→I couldn't agree with you more.
(2)His hometown is the most beautiful place.
→No place is more beautiful than his hometown.
5.反话正说
(1)Without advertising, it will be very difficult for customers to judge the worth of a product.
→With advertising, it will be very easy for customers to judge the worth of a product.
(2)The most important step is to fill in the application form without any false information.
→It's essential to fill in the application form correctly.
六、精选考点题型专练
Writing 1
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
You might think that whether you choose a blue shirt or a yellow one for work or college
makes no difference to your day and the people around you. However, an increasing number of
experts argue that the colors we choose affect our moods, our career prospects (前景) and even
our health.The power of color has been used for centuries and we should make the most of it in our
lives. Color affects us to a greater degree than most of us realize. It is used increasingly by
psychologists and therapists for influencing moods and states of mind, and for various types of
treatments when we are ill.
Companies use color to great effect to encourage us to buy their products. For example,
purple is seen to represent creativity and mixes well with red, to show that a company has ideas
and the power to make them happen. Orange and blue are also recommended colors for companies
to use, because orange is the color of communication and blue suggests safety and security. So this
could be a particularly good combination. Companies have found certain colors "speak" to
specific age groups. They often use red to attract younger people to their products, for example, as
it is vibrant and more youthful than colors like gold and navy, which older customers seem to
prefer.
Wearing different colors can affect how you feel and how others react to you, so it is
important to consider this when you decide what to wear in the morning. If you want people to
take you seriously, then wearing navy-blue or black is good. Blue would also be helpful for an
interview or oral examination because it relaxes you and makes you feel calm. Red gets you
noticed by everyone and makes you, the wearer, feel energetic, but be careful, as it can raise your
pulse rate and not everyone wants this effect.
So think carefully before you leave the house. The colors you choose are a wonderful tool.
Are you making the right impression — on yourself and on others?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Writing2（生活感悟）
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇 60词左右的内容概要。
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have
got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their lives at
a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing
wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound
decision and probably regret it later. As the saying goes, "Haste makes waste." We should think
carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by
doing work hurriedly.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train
to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes
people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully
enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose
chances of enjoying our life.
Finally, a slower life pace provides better health condition for us. As is known to all, taking
action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they
will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically
and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases,
tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish
work more slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more
advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more
important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life
at a slower pace.
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Writing 3（健康）
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
As humans, we’re all completely different. So there isn’t a one-size-fits-all answer to being
your healthiest self. Instead, you have to have the ability to work out what’s the greatest on yourbody. And that is at all times going to depend upon things that have an effect on you personally,
together with the lifestyle that you choose.
What plays the most important role is what you daily eat. Natural trans fats(反式脂肪)are
present in small quantities in milk products and meats, and consuming fat-free or low-fat milk
products and meats will cut back the quantities of pure trans fats taken in from these foods.
Because quantities of natural trans fats in milk products and meats are really small and these foods
can be essential sources of vitamins, these foods do not need to be removed from the food plan.
Another method that you could help your body is to be a bit more lively. We all know that
exercise is good for us. However, it’s simple to underestimate(低估) its good. For example, we
can often see that many people quit exercising halfway because they simply can’t tolerate the
difficulty that exercise brings them. Actually, it is easy to have the intention to take up exercise but
it is very challenging to carry it on until you can see the positive effect that exercise brings you.
How healthy you are is indicated by the level of a substance in your blood referred to as
homocysteine(高半胱氨酸). Keeping your homocysteine level low, indicating that you’ll be able
to rapidly adapt and respond to life’s stresses, is the third secret of 100 percent health. A low
homocysteine level means a smaller risk of heart attacks, mental illness and many other health
issues. To balance your blood sugar, eat fewer fast-releasing meals (sweets, cakes and biscuits)
and more slow-releasing foods (fruit and vegetables, wholegrain foods). Additionally, you must
eat slowly rather than just swallow.
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Writing 4（环保）
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
In the deepest dive in a manned submersible(潜艇), US explorer Victor Vescovo spotted and
video-recorded a plastic bag and a pile of candy wrappers on the seabed. His discovery of plastic
waste 11.2 kilometers below sea level in the Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean, the deepest
known point in the Earth’s oceans, means there is nowhere on this planet plastic waste cannot
reach, as it has been found on Mount Qomolangma and in both Arctic and Antarctic waters.Since the patent(专利)for plastics was registered in 1907, 8.3 billion tons of plastic products
have already been produced, of which 6.3 billion have been gotten rid of without being processed.
Most of the abandoned plastic products end up in the ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, plastic garbage
and other waste have already formed an island, which is 1.6 million square kilometers in size. It is
estimated that the total weight of plastic waste will reach 12 billion tons by 2050, more than the
total weight of oceanic fish.
Plastic waste kills life in the oceans and on the land alike by filling in their stomachs so they
cannot eat, or winding itself around their bodies so they cannot breathe. It pollutes the Earth and
prevents plants’ roots from digging deep into the ground. Plastic micro-particles(微颗粒)also join
the water cycle and enter the bodies of animals and even humans. As humans are at the top of the
food chain, plastic micro-particles build up inside our bodies.
Want to do something to change the situation? Don’t get plastic bags at the supermarket but
take your own reusable one instead. Give up fast delivery lunches and cook or go to the restaurant
instead. Get into the habit of sorting your garbage. But it’s easier said than done.
Environmentalists have been calling for behavioral changes for at least three decades, yet we
continue to use a growing amount of plastic products. Maybe we can hope a new environmentally
friendly material is used in the future, but for now at least, unless we control its use, plastic is
going to continue to get everywhere.
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Writing 5
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to
look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on
a college campus(校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic
equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time
to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to bemore than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four
years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college
applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that
won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find
some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to
attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about
certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at
CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college
counselors(顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at
collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual
campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make
an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
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Writing 6
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
With the increasingly growing popularity of distance education, students are now able to
study at home by themselves. Some experts in education are advocates of the individual way of
learning, while other educationalists strongly oppose it, claiming that this new approach may lead
to poor academic performance. In my opinion, group study (studying as a group) has many more
to offer, and therefore we should always put group study first.
It is true that we should value individualism, priding ourselves on our independence and our
ability to make up our own minds. This, however, does not necessarily mean that, with self-
reliance in mind, we can always start a course that leads to success, no matter what we do. After
all, sometimes things go the other way round. Let us begin by having a close examination ofstudying, which might involve interaction between teachers and students at first thought. But does
communication among learners count? The answer is absolutely "Yes". By exchanging thoughts
with our study partners, we can have a wider range of knowledge of the subject and often at a
deeper level; by comparing ourselves with other students, we can get a clear idea of where we are
so that we may be motivated to work hard to keep pace with others if we lag behind others.
It is known to all that humans are "gregarious(群居的)animals". Not only do we study or
play together, but also we work in groups. Almost all members of our society need to gain social
skills in preparation for their careers, and studying with other people offers the greatest
opportunity to learn how to communicate and cooperate with others. People who study all by
themselves may prove their learning ability, but they may not survive in the competitive job
market, for they lack relevant social skills.
While we should encourage students to develop their own mindset, the important role played
by group study should never be undervalued. All in all, students who study independently might
need to change their studying habits in order to achieve success in the future.
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Writing 7
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Are you trying to make a big decision while you’re also preparing for a stressful
presentation?You might want to hold off that. Feeling stressful changes how people weigh risk and
reward. An article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science suggests people under
stress pay more attention to the positive sides of a possible outcome.
It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says
Mara Mather from the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with
Nichole R. Lighthall. "This is sort of not what people would think," Mather says. "Stress is usually
associated with negative experiences, so you’d think ‘Maybe I’m going to be more focused on the
negative outcomes’." But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start
paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. "Stress seemsto help people learn from positive feedback and impair( 削弱)their learning from negative
feedback, " Mather says.
When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the
good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s
thinking whether to take a new job and is feeling stressful about it might focus on the increase in
salary more than the longer commute(上下班路程). The increased focus on the positives also
helps explain why stress plays a role in evoking addictions. People under stress have a harder time
controlling their urges. "The compulsion to get the reward comes stronger and they’re less able to
resist it," Mather says.
Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risks. When men are
under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressful, they get
more conservative. Previous research backs this up — at difficult times, men tend towards the
fight-or-flight response, while women try to bond more with others and improve their
relationships.
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Writing 8
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. For
example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by
factories. Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into
rivers. Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish disposed(处理) carelessly.
There are different kinds of pollutants, each of which comes from different sources. It is
necessary to identify the source of pollutants, in order to make a policy to get rid of them.
Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major
source of pollutants.
The forms of pollution can be mainly divided into three kinds — solids, liquids and gases.
These pollutants have greatly damaged our planet and continue to do so. In fact, pollution isthreatening our existence. The whole ecological balance of the earth is changing. Massive
destruction of the environment has brought about negative effects and even posed a great threat to
man’s existence.
We must face the situation that exists and take action to solve our environmental problems.
For instance, new laws must be passed to place strict control over industrial pollution; the public
must receive the education about the danger of pollution and raise their awareness of protecting
the environment and so on.
The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and our later
generations. Fortunately, more and more people have realized these problems. Measures have
been taken to deal with the situation by the government.And laws have been passed to stop
pollution. I hope the problems will be solved in the near future and that our home will become
better and better.
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