文档内容
第 1 讲 定语从句
定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词
或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
考点一 that/which/who/whom
Xiao Meng is a girl who/that① loves reading and she is also a girl who/whom/that②
teachers often praise.Books that/which③ talk about love or adventures are her favorite.Journey to
the West is the first book that④ Xiao Meng has read，and it is the best novel that④ she has
read.Everything that④ appears in the novel is interesting and both people and monsters that④ are
described in it make her fascinated.
①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。
②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that, who，whom 引导。
③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that, which引导。
④关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词修饰，或者是关系词是不定代词，或关系词既
指人又指物时，只能用that。
1．that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文
中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，
也可以指物。
2．此外指物时只用that 不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。
即先行词指物被the very、the only、序数词、形容词或副词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the very book that I have been looking for for several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that you want to say about this matter?
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3．定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the people in the remote village who were friendly to me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。
The students who are interested in the activity should sign up for it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．The dictionary that/which the gentleman bought half an hour ago was very expensive.
2．The lady who/that is(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
3．The man who/whom/that I served was wearing a hat.
4．This is the third apple that she has eaten in the afternoon.
5．This is the only/very thing that I can do to solve the tricky problem.
6．That’s all that I know about the young man living next door.
7．When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons that they could
remember in the school.
8．This is the best film that I have ever seen.
考点二 as/which/whose
As① we all know/As① is known to all，Li Hua is a student whose② name is often seen in
English examinations.But this year he didn’t make us write compositions for him，which③ made
many students sad.How we miss the boy for whom④ we have written many compositions and we
have prepared many situations in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。
②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whose。
③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用 which而不用
that。
④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则
关系词只能用whom。1．whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前
的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。
This is the girl whose name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a house whose windows face the north.
他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whom而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
This is the company in which my father once worked.
这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。
There was no person to whom she could turn for help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它
主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意
思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗
号隔开。
4．常用as 的结构：as anybody can see，as we all know，as we expected，as is reported，as
has been announced，as is often the case，as 常常位于句首。
As was expected，he came late again.
正如我们所预料的那样，他又迟到了。
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．He is the student whose English is always at the top.
2．In our factory there are 2,000 workers，two thirds of whom are women.
3．He is working hard，which will make him pass the final exam.
4．As is known to all，there are 7 continents on the earth.
考点三 when/where/why
Xiao Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriously punished by his father.The reason
why② he was punished was that he played cellphone games for a whole weekend.His father
brought him to a room where③ there was no others.After putting the cellphone into a basinwhich/that④ was full of water，he told Xiao Ming about the days that/which④ he spent earning
school fees by doing part-time jobs in a restaurant.This was the reason that/which④ his father told
him not to play cellphones.
①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。
②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。
③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。
④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词 that/
which。
1．关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构
(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不
及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接
构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
(1)The factory he once worked is closed now.
work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，
work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点
状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factory)。
(2)The factory he set up last year is operating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词
短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2．当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句
中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则
用关系代词which/that。
3．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。
4．当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。I don’ t like the way that/in which he speaks to me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are looking for a way that/which is the most suitable for the problem.(关系词作主语)
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
2．The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
3．Gift shops in museums where people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends
used to be the last stop of each visit.
单句语法填空
1．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，
she opened with her late husband Les.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案 which
解析 分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，
故填which。
2．They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these
animals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
答案 who/that
解析 先行词为masters，且限制性定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系词who/that。
3．We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
(2019·江苏)
答案 when
解析 句中先行词为 an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以用关系词
when。
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾
语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The old man turned his business over to his younger son， made his elder son
discouraged.
答案 which
解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，故填
which。
2．I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my
grandparents.
答案 where
解析 设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，
相当于in which。
3．There they met people from other parts of the country， had also volunteered to
help.
答案 who
解析 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 people，从句缺少主语，
故填关系代词who。
4．There are many good websites you can check out the latest in the science world.
答案 where
解析 先行词为websites，将先行词代入定语从句后为：you can check out the latest in the
science world on the websites，由此可知，先行词在定语从句中与介词on一起作地点状语，
故填关系副词where。
5．The system， can be the most advanced in many ways，will be the largest
earthquake observation network in the world.
答案 which
解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the system，关系词在定语从句中作主语，
故填which。
6．He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people
wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
答案 who/that
解析 people为先行词，从句中缺主语，故用who/that。
7．His interest started a few years ago， he was in college and studying wildlife
science.答案 when
解析 先行词为a few years ago，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。
8．Then Needham began his lifelong research， ended up creating the greatest work—
Science and Civilisation in China.
答案 which
解析 根据设空处前的逗号可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句；先行词为 his lifelong
research，将先行词代入定语从句后为：his lifelong research ended up creating the greatest work
—Science and Civilisation in China，由此可知，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指物，
故填which。
9．This woman has set a good example to her son， is a really lucky guy.
答案 who
解析 分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且先行词为her son，并在从句中
作主语，故填who。
10．Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were
two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice， way of talking about people inspired me.
答案 whose
解析 引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作定语，先行词为 Joan and Bernice，故填
whose。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to
put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft
and to Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 where
解析 分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句
中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
2．In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 whose
解析 此处为定语从句，修饰先行词 artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词
whose。故填whose。
3．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of
the British Museum opened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 which/that
解析 此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应
使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。4．The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与) in
academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．(2019·北京)
答案 who
解析 “ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life”是定语从句，修饰先行词
those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人，故填who。
5．Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences.
(2019·天津)
答案 where
解析 分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点
状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。
6．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a
mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all
causes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
答案 that/which
解析 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词
study，故填that/which。
7．The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a
soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，
fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
答案 that/which
解析 设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soil-testing program”，先行词表
示物，故用that/which。
8．Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once
they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江)
答案 who/that
解析 空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，并在从句中作主语，故用 who/that 引导定
语从句。
9．Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
(2018·江苏)
答案 where
解析 设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为“China
and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area”，由此可知，先行词与表地点
的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。
10．But Sarah， has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that
she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)答案 who
解析 分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，并在从
句中作主语，故用关系代词who。
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak
English.And this was the reason 2. my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an
English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3. I met
many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go
home.Fortunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face
to face.He，from 5. I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，
and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like
to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6. we did.I should be grateful
to my father and the guide,7. encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it
interesting to learn English，into 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words
and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep ，I recall the
passages，through 9. I can memorize a large number of new words.10. our
English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have
perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
语篇解读 本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了
一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习
惯。
1．答案 when
解析 先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
2．答案 why
解析 先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
3．答案 where
解析 先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
4．答案 whose
解析 先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。
5．答案 whom
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。
6．答案 that/which
解析 定语从句中用关系词指代先行词 activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故
用that/which。7．答案 who
解析 非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词 my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从
句中作主语，故用who。
8．答案 which
解析 非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，故
用which。
9．答案 which
解析 非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，要用which。
10．答案 As
解析 非限制性定语从句中要用关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of
learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”并
放在句首，意为“正如”，故用As。
不同语境中定语从句的使用
1．邀请信
典例 (2015·全国Ⅱ)我写信邀请你来看我们学校举办的汉服表演。
I’m writing to invite you to enjoy a hanfu show which will be hosted by our school.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。
I ’ m writing to invite you to take part in the music festival which will be held in our school next
Saturday.
2．申请信(1)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介
绍画展。
I have taken up Chinese painting since I was five years old and I have a good knowledge of it，
which makes it possible for me to introduce the exhibition well.
运用 (2018·浙江)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。
I have a good command of English ， which makes it possible for me to communicate with
foreigners freely.
3．申请信(2)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。
I’m writing to apply to work as a volunteer that you advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
运用 (2018·浙江)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供的职位。
I ’ m writing to apply for the position that the English Association of our school offers.4．通知(1)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)Growing Together这部电影主要讲述我们学校的发展，将于6月17日
下午2∶00到4∶00在校报告厅放映。
The movie Growing together，which is about the development of our school，will be shown in
the school hall from 2∶00 to 4∶00 in the afternoon on June 17th.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于
下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The concert ， which includes various fantastic performances played by talented students ， will be
held in the school hall next Sunday morning.
5．通知(2)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)据要求，任何想要观看电影的同学要在下午两点之前到达。
Those who want to watch the movie are required to arrive before two in the afternoon.
运用 (2014·辽宁)任何想参加该活动的同学，请通过lihua@123.com与李华联系。
Anyone who wants to take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua @123 . com .
6．感谢信
典例 (2019·浙江)我感谢你为了提高我的英语所做的一切。
I am grateful to you for everything you did for me to improve my English.
运用 你告诉我的每一件事都帮助我更好地了解了英国的文化。
Everything you told me helped me to have a better understanding of English culture.
7．推荐信
典例 (2017·北京)我强烈推荐的旅行线路是长江之旅。
The trip that I strongly recommend is the tour along the Yangtze River.
运用 (2018·北京)我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。
I suggest that the university you apply for is Peking University ，which is one of the best
universities in China.
8．建议信
典例 (2008·全国Ⅱ)以下是一些关于学习汉语的建议，希望能对你有帮助。
Here are some tips about how to learn Chinese，which I hope will be of help to you.
运用 以下是一些怎样克服考前焦虑的建议，希望能对你有好处。
Here are some suggestions about how to get over your anxiety before exams ， which I hope will be
beneficial to you.
