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考向 20 书面表达中的高级结构
一、 高级词汇结构演化
1. occur 替换 think of
Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. →
An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.
It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.
2. devote替换spend
He spends all his spare time in reading. →
He devotes all his spare time to reading.
3. seek替换want / look for
They sought ( wanted ) to hide themselves behind the trees.
4. average 替换ordinary
I’m an average ( ordinary ) student.
5. but替换very
The film we saw last night was very interesting. →
The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting.
The film we saw last night was anything but boring.
6. seat 替换sit
On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried.
7. suppose 替换should
He is supposed to ( should ) have driven more slowly.
8. appreciate 替换thank
Thank you very much for you help. →
We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated.
9. the case替换 true
I don’t think it is the case ( true ).
10. on替换as soon asAs soon as he arrived, he began his research. →
On his arrival, he began his research.
11. due to替换because of
He arrived late due to ( because of ) the storm.
12. cover替换walk/read
After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired.
13. contribute to替换 be helpful/useful
Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. →
Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.
14. round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby
① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans?
② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 15. come to light替换discover
The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. →
The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light.
16. have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself
After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball ( had a good time ).
17. come up with替换think of
Jack is very clever. He often comes up with ( thinks of ) new ideas.
18．set aside替换save
Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books.
19. be of + n. 替换adj.
The products are of high quality (very good ) and are sold everywhere in China.
20. refer to 替换talk about/of, mention
The professor you referred to (talked about ) is very famous.
21. can not but / can not help but替换have to do
I could not but (had to) go home.
22. more often than not替换usually
More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed.23. lest替换so that /in order that
I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. →
I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it.
24. be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for
I want to see you very much. → I am long to see you.
25. be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in
He is caught up in ( very interested in ) collecting stamps. 26. more than替换very
① I’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. →
I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. ( NMET 2003 )
② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.
27. perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well
He speaks perfect ( good ) English./ He speaks English perfectly ( very well ).
28．do sb a/the favor 替换help
Would you please do me the favor ( help me ) to turn down the radio?
29．the other day替换a few days ago
The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. ( NMET 1997 )
30. in the course of替换during
In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention to your safety.
31. the majority of替换most
The majority of (Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.
32. consist of替换be made up of
Our class consists of ( is made up of ) 50 students.
33．be worn out替换 be tired / broken
① After five hours’ non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired).
② My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair.
二、高级句型结构选用
◆ It句型
① It will be + some time + before„It won’t be long before humans visit the Mars.
② It is + adj./n.+ for sb to do sth.
It is very important for us to learn computer well, because it has changed our life so much.
He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts.
③ It is + 被强调部分 + that„
1) It is what Yang Liwei has done that encourages us a lot.
2) Those who like reading extensively say it is through reading that we get our knowledge.
◆ more „than any other 表示最高级
Among the optional courses, spoken English and computer study are more popular than any one else.
◆ 名词从句
① It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is covered in the talk.
② My hometown is no longer what it used to be.
◆（非限制性）定语从句
① The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.→
The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003)
② It was quite an experience for us both, which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life. (2002 北京卷)
◆ 分词结构
① I don’t know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes
as well. (NMET 2001)
② We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people. (2004 全国卷Ⅱ)
③ Hearing this, a few people began to run after him.
④ Born in American, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor.（2008年湖南卷）
◆ with结构
① A terrible accident happened yesterday, with nine people killed and almost eighty injured.
② He was carrying a bedroll and a large bag on his shoulder, with a large suitcase in his left hand.
◆ 倒装句
① The library is to the east of the teaching building. → East of the teaching building is the library.
② Although we are tired, we are happy. → Tired as we are, we are happy.③ Only in this way can he grow to be a useful man. (2002 上海卷)
④ May all your dreams come true! May our friendship last till the end of the universe.!（2007年湖南卷）
◆ 被动语态
① Opinions are divided on the question. (NMET 2002)
② All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience in teaching foreign students. (2004全国卷 Ⅳ)
③ New factories, houses and roads have been built.(2004 江苏卷)
◆ 巧妙的改写
（1） Only 改成no one but
Only Tom passed the exam last week. → No one but Tom passed the exam.
（2）as soon as „改成No sooner„than„/Hardly„when„/Immediately„/The moment
No sooner had we arrived at the cinema than the film started.
（3） have sb/sth do/done
The girl was knocked off her bicycle and had her leg broken (her leg was broken.).
（4） 变换插入语的位置
① However, they suggest fees should be charged low. → They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.
② I think this is a good chance for you to show your singing talent, and how well you’ve learned Chinese. →
This is a good chance for you, I think, to show your singing talent, and how well you’ve learned Chinese.
（5）用同位语代替非限制性定语从句
Meimei, who is seven years old, has been learning to ride a bicycle for several days.→
Meimei, a girl of thirteen, has been learning to ride a bicycle for several days.
Shakespeare, a son from a poor family, a man of little education, wrote plays and poems that are read all over the world.◆
其它
（1）注重句子的开头
① 用with复合结构开头
With the sun setting in the west, we had to wave goodbye to the workers.
With his help, we've learned how to analyze and settle problems.（2006年湖南卷）
With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download
what we want.（2009年江苏卷）
② 用非谓语动词形式开头ⅰ）In order to improve our English, our school held an English contest.
ⅱ）Walking towards the cinema, he met a foreigner.
（2）长短句交错使用（注意：应突出主题句；长句子并非越长越好）
三、观点陈述高级句型示例
（一）批驳句型
1. It is true that …, but one vital point is being left out.
2. There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3. Some people say …, but it does not hold water.
4. Many of us have been under the illusion that…
5. A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6. It makes no sense to argue for …
7. Too much stress placed on … may lead to …
8. Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that …
9. Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that …
（二）比较句型
1. The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
2. The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
3. A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that…
4. It is reasonable to maintain that …but it would be foolish to claim that…
5. For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
6. Like anything else, it has its faults.
7. A and B has several points in common.
8. A bears some resemblances to B.
9. However, the same is not applicable to B.
10. A and B differ in several ways.
11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
12. People used to think …, but things are different now.
13. The same is true of B.
14. Wondering as A is, it has its drawbacks.
15. It is true that A … , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are …（三）表示“数据”的常用句型
1. had the largest percentage/proportion of…
2. account(s) for/take(s) up 10%…
3. Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.
4. On the top of the list of…, which accounts for 60%.
5. At the bottom is…,which takes up 20%.
6. A is second to B.
7. A is ranked/rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25%.
（四）表示“说明”的常用句型
1. As we can see from the chart/graph/table/diagram…
2. The chart/graph/table/diagram shows/displays that…
3. As/Can be show in/According to the chart/graph/table/diagram…
4. The figures/statistics in the chart reflect /show/reveal (that)…
5. The chart/graph/table/diagram illustrates/describes…
6. It is clear/apparent/from the chart/graph/table/diagram…
（五）提出解决方案的常用句型
1. The first key factor to solve this problem…Another key factor is…
2. People have found many solution/approaches to dealing with this problem.
3. Then how should we solve this problem? Here are some suggestion which may be some of help.
4. Faced with…we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.
5. It is high time… Here are a few examples that might be taken immediately.
6. We need it take a fresh/dear/look at this matter/situation in a new perspective/from a winder standpoint. Otherwise, we
won’t come anywhere near solving it.
7. It is essential/indispensable/that proper action/effective measures should be taken to reverse this situation/trend.
8. No effective/simple solution can be at hand/tackle the problem of… But the general first step in the right direction.
（六）分析原因常用句型
1. The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing…For another…
2. What has contributed to this problem? In the first place…In the second place…
3. Perhaps the main/primary/most important reason is…
4. It is no easy to identify the reason for… which involve several complicated factors.
5. A number of factors could account for/lead to/contribute to/result in/be conductive to…6. One may trace/attribute this problem to…
7. This problem may result from/ largely due to/stem from a combination of factors.
8. The explanation for this phenomenon involves many complex reasons…
9. There are a variety of reasons for this phenomenon.
10. There are three reasons for this.
（七）表示“说明”的常用句型
1. As we can see from the chart/graph/table/diagram…
2. The chart/graph/table/diagram shows/displays that…
3. As/Can be show in/According to the chart/graph/table/diagram…
4. The figures/statistics in the chart reflect /show/reveal (that)…
5. The chart/graph/table/diagram illustrates/describes…
6. It is clear/apparent/from the chart/graph/table/diagram…
【检测训练】
1．假定你是李华，你班的交换生Mike因在“用英语讲中国故事”比赛中表现欠佳而心情低落。请你给他写一
封电子邮件，内容包括：
1.进行安慰；
2.写作提示原因；
3.提出建议。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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【参考范文】
Dear Mike,
I'm sorry to hear that you didn't perform well in the contest of "Telling Chinese Stories in English" and that you'refeeling down. Actually, as a foreigner, you've tried your best.
Anyhow, you shouldn't lose heart. Instead, you should analyze the cause of your failure. As I can see, you weren't
well prepared for it as you didn't understand the story well and lacked practice in storytelling.
I think you should spend more time reading more Chinese stories and practise telling Chinese stories with me or
your other Chinese friends, I'm sure you will make great progress.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
2．假定你是李华，前天是Anne的生日，但你忘了赴约。请根据以下内容向Anne写一封道歉信。内容包括：
1. 说明原因；
2. 表达歉意；
3. 补救的办法。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 信中不能出现与本人相关的真实信息。
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【参考范文】
Dear Anne,
I am sorry to say that I didn’t attend your birthday party the day before yesterday. So I’m writing to make an
apology.
It was very nice of you to invite me to your birthday party. But a sudden stomachache struck my grandmother. So
worried was I that I took her to the nearest hospital without delay. Because my parents both went on business, I had to
look after her on my own. There was no doubt that I forgot the appointment. I hope you can understand my situation and
forgive me. Is it possible for us to have a private meeting next Saturday? Looking forward to your early reply!
Best wishes!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
3．学校英语报社向学生征文，主题是“Great changes in recent years”。请根据下列要点完成短文。1.工作方面的变化；
2.生活方面的变化；
3.你的感想。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头语已为你写好，不计入总词数。
With the rapid development of science and technology, great changes have taken place in many fields in recent
years.
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【参考范文】
With the rapid development of science and technology, great changes have taken place in many fields in recent
years.
Above all, what impresses me most is that we can get a job more easily than ever before. Most of the hard work can
be done by machines or through computers in an efficient way.
When it comes to our life, there is no doubt that we all feel very happy. Not only can we get the basic necessities,
but also we have more access to entertainment. For example, after a busy week we can go to the nearest tourist
attractions with our family to enjoy ourselves.
All in all, we are living in a harmonious and prosperous country. Only by uniting together will we have a happier
future.
4．假定你是李华，美国朋友Linda想来你所在的城市学习中国古典舞蹈，来信向你咨询相关信息，请你给她回
信，内容包括：
1.写信目的；
2.推荐舞蹈教师；
3.表达希望。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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【参考范文】
Dear Linda,
I’m happy to hear that you will come to my city next month and express my warmest welcome to you.
Because you are fond of Chinese classical dance and really want to learn it, I recommend Lily to you. Having
majored in Chinese classical dance in university and devoted to it for ages, Lily becomes one of the best classical dance
teachers in my city. Besides, she is easy-going and warm-hearted as well, with whose instruction, I do believe you will
make progress soon.
I sincerely hope my recommendation is helpful to you, I am looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
5．假定你是李华，作为校英文报的记者，你打算与外教Denny预约一次采访。请你给他写封邮件，内容包括：
1. 采访时间：周一下午2点整； 2. 采访地点：外教办公室；
3. 采访内容：如何提高英语阅读和写作能力。
注意：1. 词数80左右；开头结尾已给，不算在总字数之内。2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Terry,
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Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【参考范文】
Dear Denny,
I’m Li Hua, a reporter from our school English newspaper. I’m writing to ask whether you can meet me for an
interview at two this Monday afternoon in your office.
Improving reading and writing ability is very important to us students. Some of us have great trouble reading
English materials, especially famous original works. What’s worse, most students can not express themselves in properwritten English . You know a large part of our exam consists of reading and writing, where we easily lose marks. We
need some advice on how to improve our reading and writing ability. I’d appreciate it if you could spare some time and
give us some advice.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
6．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Sigrid finished milking the cow and stepped out of the barn into the cold air. It was almost summer, but icebergs
still filled the narrow sea. She set the bucket down, only to find that the milk reached merely halfway to the top. If we
don't get more food soon, she thought anxiously, we will have to eat the cow. And then what will we do?
Grandfather used to tell her that when their Norse ancestors first came to Greenland, the fields were rich with grass.
But in recent years, the climate has been getting colder and the summers shorter. When her grandfather was a little boy,
there were as many as fifteen cows in the family's barn. Now there is just one. And the family has barely enough hay to
feed it.
A gust of wind sending a chill down her spine, Sigrid stuffed her hands into the pockets to warm them. Her fingers
felt her most prized possession, a piece of red cloth she'd had since she was a small girl. She took the cloth out of her
pocket and let it unfold. It was barely longer than her arm. But its brilliant colour was bright against the stark(荒凉的)
landscape. The cloth had once been part of a dress—in happier, more prosperous times. Nobody dresses like that
anymore.
With ice-filled seas, ships no longer arrive with foods and goods to trade. All of a sudden, movement on the water
caught Sigrid's eye. A light boat moved silently between the icebergs. An Inuk boy, about Sigrid's age, was looking her
way, staring at the red cloth fluttering(飘动) in the breeze. A hunting weapon was tied to the front of his boat. And
dragging behind it was a large fish. Sigrid knew there had been fights between the Inuit and the Norse. But the boy had a
kind face and did not reach for his weapon.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
She couldn't help but wonder what to do.
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The boy put the cloth into his pocket and returned to his boat.
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【参考范文】
She couldn't help but wonder what to do. When she was wondering if there would be another fight between
them,she found the boy was kind and didn't mean to hurt her.Sigrid was desperate to get the large fish because of lacking
food.The boy was staring at the red cloth.A good idea occurred to her,maybe she could try to exchange the precious cloth
with his fish.She summoned up the courage to ask the boy nervously “Would you like to get the brilliant cloth?It belongs
to you on condition that you share the fish with me. ”
The boy put the cloth into his pocket and returned to his boat.He released the fish and held it to the girl.The girl
thanked him joyfully.He was willing to make the deal in that he knew it was hard for them to get through the rough
times.Although there was fights between their people,the boy was eager to patch up.And it was a good opportunity to do
them a favor .Seeing the relieved expression on Sigrid's face,the boy knew he made it.
【写作提示】
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了虽然快到夏天，但是格陵兰岛空气寒冷，海面上仍然布满了冰山。西格丽德挤
完了牛奶，却发现牛奶只够到桶顶的一半。如果我们不能很快得到更多的食物，她焦虑地想，我们将不得不吃
掉这头牛。然后不知道一家将如何生存?突然，一因纽特男孩划船出现，他的船头绑着一件猎枪。它后面拖着一
条大鱼。西格丽德用珍贵的红布和男孩换来了食物。
7．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左
右。
A water bearer had two large pots, each hung on each end of a pole which he carried across his neck. One of the
pots had a crack in it, and while the other pot was perfect and always delivered a full portion of water at the end of the
long walk from the stream to the master's house, the cracked pot arrived only half full.
For a full two years, this went on daily, with the bearer delivering only one and a half pots full of water in his
master's house. Of course, the perfect pot was proud of its accomplishments, perfect to the end for which it was made.
But the poor cracked pot was ashamed of its own imperfection and miserable that it was able to accomplish only half ofwhat it had been made to do.
After two years of what it perceived to be a bitter failure, it spoke to the water bearer one day by the stream. "I am
ashamed of myself, and I want to apologize to you". The bearer asked, "Why? What are you ashamed of? " The pot
replied, "For these past two years I am able to deliver only half of my load because this crack in my side causes water to
leak out all the way back to your master's house. Because of my flaws, you don't get full value for your efforts".
The water bearer felt sorry for the old cracked pot, and in his compassion, he said, "As we return to the master's
house, I want you to notice the beautiful flowers along the path." As they went up the hill, the old cracked pot took notice
of the sun warming the beautiful wild flowers on the side of the path, and this cheered it somewhat. But at the end of the
trail, it still felt bad because it had leaked out half its load, and so again it apologized to the bearer for its failure.
Paragraph 1:
“Did you notice that there were flowers only on your side of your path, but not on the other pot's side? ” The bearer
said to the pot.
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Paragraph 2:
We're all cracked pots and each of us has our own unique flaws.
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【参考范文】
Para 1: “Did you notice that there were flowers only on your side of your path, but not on the other pot’s side?” The
bearer said to the pot. “That’s because I have always known about your flaws, and I took advantage of it. I planted
flower seeds on your side of the path, and every day while we walk back from the stream, you’ve watered them. For two
years I have been able to pick these beautiful flowers to decorate my table and grace my house.” These words, like a
warm current, flowed into the old cracked pot’s guilty heart and forced it to reflect on its true value.
Para 2: We’re all cracked pots and each of us has our own unique flaws. In this world, nothing goes to waste.
Nothing is going to deny you except yourself. Don’t be afraid of your flaws, acknowledge them, and take advantage of
them, and you can be the cause of beauty. You may think that you are inefficient or useless in certain areas of your life
just like the cracked pot, but somehow the flaws we have can turn out to be a blessing in disguise (因祸得福). At the
thought of this, the old cracked pot widened a shining smile as if convinced to undertake its “new dual tasks” willingly.【写作提示】
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了一个挑水工和一只水桶的故事。一只有裂缝的水桶因为自己总是漏水而向挑水
工道歉，因为自己不完美，挑水工没有得到努力的价值，挑水工让它注意路边美丽的花，是那些漏掉的水让路
边的花开得美丽。
8．阅读下列短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
We shouldn't judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for
the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the
most important things is clothes, but it isn't the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is
to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers
think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious
about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can't
judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However，it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the
people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor， we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor's
white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter
crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff
because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not，but they can show our attitude to what we are
doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes，they think we are serious about what we are doing.
Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
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【参考范文】
Wearing proper clothes is important for people's first impressions. For example, schools ask students to wear a
uniform because it benefits them in various ways. Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations andsome companies also want their staff to dress in uniforms because of convenience and seriousness. In conclusion, our
clothes can show our attitude and win confidence from others.
【写作提示】
本文为说明文。文章介绍着装得体对人的第一印象来说很重要。例如学校要求学生穿校服。除了校服以外，例
如像医院，银行，警察局和一些公司也需要员工穿制服。总之，穿制服能体现我们的态度并且能让我们更自信。
