绝密★启用前
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英 语 （一 ）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项众
1 . 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2 . 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3 . 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4 . 填 （书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5 . 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) fbr each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a
series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near
Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting ] workers5 productivity.
Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect J the
extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed
subjects5 behavior.
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According
to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but
also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7
something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented
upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers5 behavior 10 itselfl
After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The
Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on
record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to
changes in lighting.
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to
14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a
Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the
previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 . a
comparison with data fbr weeks when there was no experimentation showed that
output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few
days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This
suggests that the allegedcc Hawthorne effect55 is hard to pin down.
2010年英语（一）试题第1页共14页1. [A] affected [B] achieved EC] extracted [D] restored
：c]
2. [A] at [B] up with [D] off
[c]
3. [A] truth [B] sight act [D] proof
[C]
4. [A] <controversial [B] perplexing mischievous [D] ambiguous
[c]
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations accounts [D] assessments
[c]
6. [A] <conclude [B] matter indicate [D] work
[c]
7. as far as [B] for fear that in case that [D] so long as
：c]
8. [A] iawareness [B] expectation sentiment [D] illusion
[c]
9. [A ];suitable [B] excessive enough [D] abundant
[C]
10. [A] about [B] for on [D] by
[C]
11. [A] compared [B] shown subjected [D] conveyed
[C]
12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
[C]
13. [A] evidence [B] guidance implication [D] source
[C]
14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening reliable [D] misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
[c]
17. [A] failed [B] ceased started [D] continued
[C]
18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore However [D] Meanwhile
[C]
19. [A] attempted [B] tended chose [D] intended
20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [Cl surpassing [D] hitting
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
2010年英语（一）试题第2 页共14页Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the
past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in
the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility fbr the average reader under the age of
forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-cily
newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism
published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such
books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed
suitable fbr publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in
England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II at a time
5
when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to
the publications in which it appeared. In those fer-ofF days, it was taken for granted that
the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they
covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their
learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to
know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were
proud to be published in the daily press. t&So few authors have brains enough or literary
gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism/5 Newman wrote,cc that I am
tempted to define 'journalism5 as fia term of contempt applied by writers who are not
read to writers who are
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for
the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now
known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,
he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely
admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,
the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his
vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus5s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems
remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers
have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.
Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
2010年英语（一）试题第3 页共14页21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers9 duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible fbr writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable ofjoumalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modem specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
2010年英语（一）试题第4 页共14页Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called
business methods. Amazon.com received one fbr its uone-clickonline payment system.
Merrill Lynch got legal protection fbr an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented
a technique fbr lifting a box.
Now the nation5 s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on
business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first
authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S.
Court of Appeals fbr the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a
broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is 66a very
big deal,“ says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has
the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-fkce、because it was
the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the
so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund
assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by
emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of
online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their
files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In
2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method
patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis fbr granting them. Similarly,
some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents fbr financial products,
even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the
energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would
be heard by all 12 of the courfs judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one
issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider“ its State Street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuifs action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by
the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections fbr patent holders. Last
April, fbr example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for
“inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the
anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court/9 says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and
professor at George Washington University Law School.
2010年英语（一）试题第5 页共14页26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to businesses.
[B] their connection with asset allocation.
[C] the possible restriction on their granting.
[D] the controversy over their authorization.
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
[B] It involves a very big business transaction.
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word ccabout-face(Line 1 Para. 3) most probably means
?
[A] loss of goodwill.
[B] increase of hostility.
[C] change of attitude.
[D] enhancement of dignity.
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges.
[B] are often unnecessarily issued.
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.
[D] increase the incidence of risks.
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.
2010年英语（一）试题第6 页共14页Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics55
are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often
called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea
is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but
largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication5,: Information flows
from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have
embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence
the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also
seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or
neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small
group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone
else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only
certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that
influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact,
they don't seem to be required at all.
The researchers9 argument stems from a simple observation about social influence:
With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey 一 whose outsize presence
is primarily a fimction of media, not interpersonal, influence- even the most influential
members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is
precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory,
are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues
directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then
influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and
just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial
influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial
influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won5t propagate very far
or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the
dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of
populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence
others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for
what is called 66 global cascades- the widespread propagation of influence through
networks一is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily
influenced people.
2010年英语（一）试题第7 页共14页31. By citing the book The Tipping Pointy the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
[B] discuss influential5 fimction in spreading ideas.
[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics.
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32. The author suggests that the C4two-step-flow theory99
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.
[C] has won support from influentials.
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.
EC] influentials have more channels to reach the public.
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.
34. The underlined phrase these people59 in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence.
[B] have little contact with the source of influence.
[C] are influenced and then influence others.
[D] are influenced by the initial influential.
35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A] The eagerness to be accepted.
[B] The impulse to influence others.
[C] The readiness to be influenced.
[D] The inclination to rely on others.
2010年英语（一）试题第8 页共14页Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the
scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.
Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just
not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would
pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks5 lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be
unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning
of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices
that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use
models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term
assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB5s chairman, cried out against
those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what
one lobbying group politely calls "the use of judgment by management.^^
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall
planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this
year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did
“not live in a political vacuum55 but "in the real world“ and that Europe could yet
develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued
assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect
the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will
not be known for years. But banks5 shares trade below their book value, suggesting
that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks
which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those
supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.
America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to
levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even
combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up
rules on stock options and pensions, fbr example, against hostility from special interests.
But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
2010年英语（一）试题第9 页共14页36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.
[B] collect payments from third parties.
[C] cooperate with the price managers.
[D] reevaluate some of their assets.
37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing role of management.
[B] the revival of the banking system.
[C] the banks9 long-term asset losses.
[D] the weakening of its independence.
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB?s attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences.
[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
[D] take gradual measures in reform.
39. The author thinks the banks were Cfion the wrong planet59 in that they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A] satisfection.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness.
[D] sympathy.
2010年英语（一）试题第10页 共 14页PartB
Directions:
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them
into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed.
There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out:
the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from
about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is
expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting
wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across
Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as
the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a
tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe5s largest markets are at a standstill,
leaving European grocery retailers hungry fbr opportunities to grow. Most
leading retailers have already tried e-commerce with limited success, and
5
expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in
their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just
the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and
drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible
trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather
than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be
acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international
consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably
apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the
management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers
2010年英语(一)试题第11页 共 14页that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in
substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer
inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,
especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the
competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must
understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European
wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but
entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed
too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been
closely examined- France, Germany, Italy and Spain- are made out of the same
building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-
and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy
straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when
they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines
to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in
the trade as uhoreca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale
market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail
market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $ 268 billion in France,
Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000- more than 40 percent
of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in
retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more
Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this
fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some
large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, fbr those
that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable
gains.
4i. ~ i—性3. I7 |44. 性5.
2010年英语（一）试题第12页 共 14页PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefiilly and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is
that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures
are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they
are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love
it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century
songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with
some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to
control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,
(47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue
as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic
advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.
(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures
preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak* or that they prey only on
'SvorthleW species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are
members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them
for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been "read out of the party“ by economics-minded
foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber
crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced the noncommercial
tree species are recognized as members of the native fbrest community, to be preserved
as such、within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in
building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree
species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is
hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many
elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its
healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will
fiinction without the uneconomic parts.
2010年英语（一）试题第13页 共 14页Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates9 Association a notice to recruit
volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the
basic qualifications for applicants and other information which you think is relevant.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates'
Association95 instead. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
2010年英语（一）试题第14页共14页
