05 如何使用词块丰富应用文写作
词块及其功能分析
▲词块概述
词块是存储在人们记忆中可以直接提取、使用的语法化的块状结构，是一种包含
了语法、语义和语境等多方面信息的结构。
词块(Lexical Chunk)为介于语法和词汇之间，固定或半固定的板块结构;词块是一
种“词汇化句干”，对于语言的掌握起着基础性和决定性的作用。词块体现了词汇和
语法的共同特征，将语法、语义和语境融合为一体。词块是一连串的固定的词语单位，
在语言运用时能够以整体的方式进行输入储存和输出运用。有学者从语言习得的角度
出发，将词块视为“多词词干”，说明词块在语法上的完整。21世纪以来，随着英语
教学的深入，我国有学者将词块视为一种融合词汇和短语的语言组合，认为词块在语
篇构造和口语交际中发挥重要的作用。
Lewis基于词汇内部的语义联系和句法功能，将词块分为四种类别:第一类为聚合
词:指由多个单词组成的词语或者短语组合;第二类为常用搭配组合:指出现频率较高的
词汇组合;第三类为惯用表达:指形式固定或半固定、具有固定语用功能的单词组合;第
四类为句子框架:指形式基本固定的句子模板。Nattinger & DeCarrico基于结构视角，
也将词块分为四种类型:第一类为多词单位词块:指长度较短的词组单位;第二类为习俗
语词块:指具有句子长度的多词结构，大多为不可改变形式的谚语、格言等，常作为独
立的话语出现;第三类为短语限制词块:指连续的且长度中等具有固定结构的框架式短语;
第四类为句型框架词块:指建构句子框架的短语，常以书面语形式呈现。
就词块的功能而言，Moon通过区分词块在语篇内容和结构中所起的不同作用，将
词块的功能分为以下几种:第一种为信息功能:词块是信息的载体，有助于传递信息。第
二种为评价功能:词块除了能直接传递信息外，还能发挥作用用来表达说话人自己的感
情、态度和判断，使语言更加生动。第三种为情境功能:词块常用于具体的情境中。第
四种为道德功能:词块可以用来表达说话人的要求、愿望、建议等。第五种为组织功能:
词块不仅可以传达信息表达说话人的情感，而且可以改善文章的结构。可见，词块功
能强大。
▲词块的作用
以心理学为视角，人们大多数会无意识从脑海里选择提取所掌握语言的表达，而
不是临时构思，不用花费时间组词造句。这样不仅提高了语言加工时效，而且也提高
了语言输出的正确率，减轻了学习者的负担。Nattinger & Decarrico (1992)提出，一个
半结构化词块相当于一个语言半成品，可以作为一个整体被提取使用。与常规方式孤立记忆单词相比，在特定语境中的词块与脱离语境的单个词汇相比，词块的记忆更为
简单，因为词块的形式稳定，一般不可随意替换，它们可以节约语言生成的时间，提
高说读写的效率。从二语学习角度来看，为了提高学生的英语学习成效，我国研究者
将词块应用到英语教学。丁言仁和戚众(2005)证明词块有助于二语表达的流利度，逻辑
性和地道性。从二语习得角度，Moon (1998)提出了词块的五类功能(评价作用、信息作
用、情境作用、组织作用和道德作用)。国内学者廉洁(2001)也肯定了词块在二语学习
方面的优势。
写作是一种主观开放性的题型，检验学生综合运用语言的能力，词块更契合认知
和记忆规律，直接调动词块，应用词块，而不需要自己临时根据语法规则和中式思维，
逐字翻译成句子，因此能节约构思的时间，也能减少出错率。由此我们可以将词块的
功能总结为以下四个方面:提高语言的加工时效，减轻语言的学习负担，增加语言输出
的地道程度、流利度和增强学生的自信心。
▲词块分类举例
以词汇内部的语义关系和句法功能为划分依据，来对词块分类如下:
（1）复合词和聚合词(complex word & poly word）：由两个及两个以上单词构成
的固定短语，如“above all"。
（2）高频搭配词(frequent collocation)：指的是在长期使用中形成的，以较高频率
出现的词汇组合。例如“have day off";"be late”等。常见的搭配词组有动词+名词(have a
cold、形容词+名词(a big challenge)等。
（3）惯用话语(institutionalized utterances）：指的是指说话时作为一个整体的表达，
的固定或半固定的句子，如“what do you do ?" "I'm afraid that...”等。
（4）句子框架和引语(sentence frames and heads）：主要用于书面用语，能够完成
一篇完整作文所必须的语言框架，如“ It was said that. . . "。
▲词块应用分析例析
【写作试题】
地球正一天天遭受污染，以过环保生活为题写一个环境保护的宣传海报，说明大
家关爱地球，过环保生活，词数100左右。
【参考范文】
Live an environment-friendly life
As is known to us all, our environment is getting worse and worse. Cars and
factories give off poisonous gas, making the air unhealthy for people's breathing.What's
more, people continuously pour waste water into the clear rivers and cut down the precious
trees.What can we do for our environment? First of all, when we go out, we should take a
bus or ride a bike instead of driving a car. Second, we'd better not use plastic bags which can
bring about the white pollution. Third, it's of great use to plant trees, which can absorb carbon
dioxide and release oxygen. Finally, as students, we ought to turn out the lights the moment
we leave the classroom, turn off the tap in time, and reuse our textbooks and so on.
The earth is our home. Let's take care of it and live an environment-friendly life.
【词块分析】
▲应用文写作使用词块的路径分析例析
【写作试题】
假设你是吴鹏，根据以下提示给同学李维写封回信，建议如何克服考试的压力及
紧张情绪。词数:100字左右。
提示:
1.告诉他大部分同学考试前都紧张，要有正确态度;
2.平时努力学习，做好准备，不要太在意结果;
3.考前适当运动，如散步等;
4.充分的睡眠有助于发挥，睡前洗个热水澡、喝杯热牛奶有助于睡眠。
【参考范文】
Dear Li Wei,
Glad to hear from you. You say you have some problems in overcoming the pressure of
exams. Don't worry. Let me give you some advice.As a matter of fact, most of us middle school students feel nervous whenever we're
taking an important exam. There is no doubt that exams are important to us students, but it's
more important to have a right attitude towards them. Therefore, try to study hard every day
and make good preparations for exams but don't worry too much about the results. And I
think it's good to go out for a walk or do some outdoor exercise before exams. Besides,
having enough sleep can make us full of energy and make it possible for us to perform well
in the exam. A hot bath or a cup of hot milk before going to bed might help you have a sound
sleep
Don't worry too much about exams and try to relax yourself. I am sure you will do well
in the exam. Good luck.
Yours,
Wu Peng
【应用分析】
第一段引入：表明写作意图
I am writing to..., I hope that...,That is to say..., In my opinion..., As far as I am
concerned...
第二段阐述：围绕问题，给对方提出具体的针对性和说服性的建议。
(1)说明建议的内容;(是什么)
(2)提出具体建议的原因;(为什么)
(3)指出采纳建议的益处。(怎么样)
Here are my reasons.
1 .First /Firstly, you'd better try to change some of your habits so that you can get used
to the new environment as soon as possible.
2. Second/Secondly, you should take part in /take an active part in some...activities,
which will help you learn more about...
3 .In addition/What's more /Besides，it would be a good idea to try to…as much as
possible. As an old saying goes,…
4. Last but not least, it is also very important /vital /significant that…
5. As long as you keep on..., you are sure to improve your...
6. Only in this way can you make great progress in your...
7.Only in this way can you have a good command of…
8.Only in this way can you have a good knowledge of…
9. If I were you, I would....
第三段总结：并给予希望，希望能给对方有所帮助。In short..., All things considered...,To sum up..., In brief，Please take my advice into
consideration and make a final decision.
策略应用实践练习
1．2023年6月5日是第50个世界环境日，今年的主题是“塑战速决”。你校举办了
相关的主题活动。请你为校英文报写一篇英文报道，内容包括：1．活动目的;2.活动内
容;3.活动反响。
相关词汇：“塑战速决Beat Plastic Pollution
注意：
1．词数80左右;
2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
World Environment Day on Campus
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____
English Club
2．假定你是李华，你的笔友Tom来信和你讨论他对太空探索的看法，他认为花巨资
探索太空是没有必要的，请你据此给他写一封回信。内容包括：
(1)你对他的观点的看法；
(2)你对太空探索的看法和理由。
注意：(1)词数80左右;
(2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
(3)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Tom,
I have known your ideas about exploring space.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
3．上周末你参观了校学生会举办的“乡土中国(Rural China)”摄影展。请你为校英文报
写一篇报道，内容包括：
1.活动介绍；
2.个人感受。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________
4．你校英语社团在为6月6日全国爱眼日的特刊进行征稿, 主题是: 保护眼睛, 科学用
眼。请你写一篇短文投稿, 内容包括:
1. 目前高中生的用眼问题;
2. 保护眼睛的意义和方法。
注意: 1. 词数80 左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。
参考词汇: 全国爱眼日National Eye-caring Day
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
5．假定你是李华，作为一名高三的学生，你发现英语学习对你来说具有很大的挑战性，
尤其在阅读方面，因此你向外籍教师 Kevin求助，希望得到他建设性的建议。注意：1.词数80词左右;
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______
参考答案
1．
【答案】
World Environment Day on Campus
June 5th, 2023 marked the 50th anniversary of World Environment Day, with this year’s
theme “Beat Plastic Pollution”. In honor of this occasion, our school organized various
activities to sensitize students about the urgent need to combat plastic pollution and promote
sustainable practices.
The event started with an engaging presentation by environmental experts, who
highlighted the detrimental impact of plastic and emphasized the importance of reducing,
reusing, and recycling plastic. Then a plastic collection drive was held so as to encourage
everyone to bring in their plastic waste for proper disposal. Additionally, students participated
in a poster-making competition, creating thought-provoking artworks that showcased the
importance of sustainable alternatives.
The response to these activities was overwhelming. It is through such collective efforts
that we can hope to “Beat Plastic Pollution” and create a cleaner, healthier environment for
future generations.
【写作指导】本篇书面表达属于应用文。2023年6月5日是第50个世界环境日，今年的主题是“塑战速决”。你校举办了相关的主题活动。请你为校英文报写一篇英文报道，
内容包括：1．活动目的;2.活动内容;3.活动反响。
【要点分析】1.词汇积累
主题：theme→topic
选择：alternative→option
举行：hold→host
重要性：importance→significance
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Then a plastic collection drive was held so as to encourage everyone to bring in their
plastic waste for proper disposal.
拓展句：Then a plastic collection drive was held, whose aim is to encourage everyone to bring in
their plastic waste for proper disposal.
【句式亮点】[高分句型1] Additionally, students participated in a poster-making competition,
creating thought-provoking artworks that showcased the importance of sustainable alternatives.
(运用了现在分词作状语)
[高分句型2] It is through such collective efforts that we can hope to “Beat Plastic Pollution” and
create a cleaner, healthier environment for future generations. (运用了强调句)
2．
【答案】
Dear Tom,
I have known your ideas about exploring space. I didn’t agree that exploring space is a waste
of time and money. Actually, it’s more important than you can imagine.
The space technology can help to improve the techniques in other fields. With the help of
satellites, GPS is widely used all over the world. Besides, space technology represents a country’s
scientific and technological level. Last but not least, exploring space helps us to think the future of
mankind.
In short, exploring space is so important that we should continue this great project.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【写作指导】这是一篇应用文。要求考生给笔友Tom写一封回信，讨论自己对太空探索的看法。
【要点分析】1. 词汇积累
重要的：important → significant
帮助：help → assist
领域，方面：field → aspect
广泛地：widely → diffusely
2. 句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：With the help of satellites, GPS is widely used all over the world.
拓展句：It is with the help of satellites that GPS is widely used all over the world.
【句式亮点】【高分句型1】
Last but not least, exploring space helps us to think the future of mankind.（运用了动名词作主
语）
【高分句型2】
In short, exploring space is so important that we should continue this great project.（运用了动名
词作主语和so...that...的句型）
3．
【答案】A long-expected photographic exhibition opened in the school hall last Sunday, which
was organized by the Students’ Union. Themed Rural China, the exhibition showcased the
distinctive culture and traditions of China’s rural areas, as well as significant changes in recent
years, through these remarkable images taken by professional photographers. The event drew
large crowds of students and teachers. They admired and praised each breathtaking photo.
The show delighted me because it not only offered the opportunity to gain insights into the
amazing rural areas, but also inspired me to devote myself to our great country. In conclusion, it
was a fantastic and rewarding visit.
【写作指导】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生对于上周末参观校学生会举办的“乡土
中国(Rural China)”摄影展一事，为校英文报写一篇报道。
【要点分析】1.词汇积累
吸引：draw→attract
展示：showcase→display
激励：inspire→motivate总之：In conclusion→ In a word
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：The event drew large crowds of students and teachers. They admired and praised each
breathtaking photo.
拓展句：The event drew large crowds of students and teachers, who admired and praised each
breathtaking photo.
【句式亮点】【高分句型1】A long-expected photographic exhibition opened in the school hall
last Sunday, which was organized by the Students’ Union.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语
从句）
【高分句型2】The show delighted me because it not only offered the opportunity to gain
insights into the amazing rural areas, but also inspired me to devote myself to our great country.
（运用了because引导的原因状语从句以及not only…but also…并列结构。）
4．
【答案】
As the National Eye-caring Day is approaching, let’s shift our attention to our most used
organ — eyes.
In today’s digital age, high school students, in particular, are spending long hours reading,
writing, and using electronic devices. The over-use of eyes can lead to various eye problems,
which may arouse a major impact on their learning and even affect the quality of life.
For the sake of eye caring, it would be wise for us students to engage in daily eye exercises
and arrange the study schedule better to guarantee enough rest and sleep.
【写作指导】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生为你校英语社团在为6月6日全国爱眼
日的主题为“保护眼睛, 科学用眼”的特刊进行投稿，内容包括目前高中生的用眼问题和
保护眼睛的意义和方法。
【要点分析】1.词汇积累
尤其：in particular→ particularly
导致：lead to → cause
各种各样的：various→a variety of
由于：for the sake of → because of
2.句式拓展简单句变强调句
原句：In today’s digital age, high school students, in particular, are spending long hours reading,
writing, and using electronic devices.
拓展句：In today’s digital age, it is high school students who, in particular, are spending long
hours reading, writing, and using electronic devices.
【句式亮点】【高分句型1】The over-use of eyes can lead to various eye problems, which may
arouse a major impact on their learning and even affect the quality of life.（运用了which引导的
非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】As the National Eye-caring Day is approaching, let’s shift our attention to our
most used organ — eyes.（运用了as引导的时间状语从句）
5．
【答案】
Dear Kevin,
How are you? Faced with the challenge of English learning, I’m writing to ask for your help.
As you know, I am weak in English, especially reading comprehension. Although I have tried
every means to improve it, like expanding my vocabulary and doing a large number of exercises,
so far all my efforts have ended in failure. Now with the important exam drawing near, I am at a
loss what to do next.
I would appreciate it very much if you could give me some advice on how to improve my
reading ability effectively. I am looking forward to your early reply.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
【写作指导】本篇书面表达属于应用文。现要求考生向外籍教师 Kevin写信求助，希望得
到他关于英语阅读方面学习建设性的建议。
【要点分析】1.词汇积累
帮助：help →assistance
很多：a large number of→ plenty of
临近：draw near→ be around the corner
给：give → offer
2.句式拓展简单句变复合句原句：Faced with the challenge of English learning, I’m writing to ask for your help.
拓展句：As I am faced with the challenge of English learning, I’m writing to ask for your help.
【句式亮点】【高分句型1】As you know, I am weak in English, especially reading
comprehension. （运用了as引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】 Although I have tried every means to improve it, like expanding my vocabulary
and doing a large number of exercises, so far all my efforts have ended in failure. （运用了
although引导的让步状语从句）
