外研版新高中英语选择性必修一Unit 3语法讲解与练习

动名词作主语

动名词是非谓语动词的一种形式，兼具动词和名词特征。它可带宾语、被副词修饰，并存在时态与语态的变化（包括一般式、完成式和被动式），其主动形式亦可表被动意义。在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，但不能单独作状语。

一、动名词的形式和语态：

1.动名词的主谓一致

单一动名词或动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数;如果有 and 连接两个及两个以上并列动名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。

e.g.Reading books is fun.读书有趣。

Swimming and runningare good for us. 游泳和跑步对我们有好处。

2.动名词的否定形式

动名词的否定结构是在doing前加上not。

e.g.I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before.很抱歉，没有提早给你打电话。

He hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己没有用功。

3.动名词的形式和语态变化

主动语态：一般式是doing, 完成式是having done 

被动语态：一般式是being done，完成式是having been done 

①一般式

动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作（或在谓语动词表示的动作之后）。

e.g.I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。

Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。

We are very interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮很感兴趣。

His coming will be of great help to us .他来对我们大有帮助。

注：但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词after,on,upon,或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前.

e.g.Excuse me for coming late.我来晚了，请原谅。

Thank you for giving us so much help.谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。

②完成式

动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作之前，在谓语动词之前完成或结束。

e.g.I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。

Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。

He regrets not having taken part in the work.他后悔没有参加这项工作。

We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.我们因提前完成了工作而受到了表扬。

③被动语态

当动名词的逻辑主语是动作行为承受者时，用被动语态。

A.它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。

e.g.I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。

B.它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。

e.g.I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。

C.在多数情况下避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其在口语中。

e.g.I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 

我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。

D.动名词被动语态一般式无进行意义，being不可省略。

e.g.She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。

4.动名词的复合结构

通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语，带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。即：当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是动名词逻辑上的主语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

①逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。

e.g.The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.

这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）

Do you mind my(me) smoking你介意我抽烟吗？（宾语）

They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.

他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。（介词宾语）

②逻辑主语是无生命名词是，通常只用名词普通格。

e.g.Is there any hope of our team winning the match我们对赢得比赛有希望吗？

③逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this ,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone 时，只用普通格。

e.g.She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

④在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替：

a. 无生命名词

e.g.The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。

b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义

e.g.Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？

c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列

e.g.Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？

二、动名词的用法

英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征（例如可以带宾语、表语、状语），具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念，另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同：在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语。

e.g.They run into constant discrimination in trying to find a job or friend.

在寻找工作和结交朋友方面，他们不断地受到歧视。

Living in digs means having one room in someone's house.寄居的意思是在别人家里借住一间房间。

1、作主语

e.g.Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。

Climbing mountainsis really fun. 爬山真是有趣。

动名词充当主语的几种类型

①直接位于句首充当主语。

e.g.Swimming is a good sport in summer.

②用 it 充当形式主语，把动名词（真实主语）置于句尾。

动名词充当主语时，用 it 充当先行主语的情况多见于某些形容词及名词之后。

e.g.It is no use telling him not to worry.

常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile等。

注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。

③用于“There be”结构中，在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词作主语：

e.g.There is no saying when he'll come. 很难说他何时回来。

There is no telling what will happen.无法预知将会发生什么。

④用于布告形式的省略结构中。

e.g.No smoking ( =Smoking is not allowed here ). （禁止吸烟）

No parking. （禁止停车）

⑤动名词的复合结构作主语。

当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。

e.g.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

⑥在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构作主语：

e.g.Does your saying that mean anything to him?

2、作宾语

①作动词宾语

某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：admit,appreciate,advise,allow,avoid,be used to,burst out,consider, cannot help(can't help),delay,depend on,devote…to…，excuse,enjoy,escape, feel like,finish,get down to, get used to,give up,imagine,include,insist on,keep,keep on,look forward to,mind,miss,pay attention to,permit,put off,practise,resist,report,risk,set about,succeed in,suggest,stand,think about,understand,worry about,...。

e.g.They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走，说个不停。

I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。

Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。

注：用动名词表示一般的行为，或者是正在进行的行为。也可以说，动名词表示泛指的动作常这样用的动词有：hate，like，love，prefer，dread等。

②作介词宾语

除了be about to do这个结构外，几乎所有的介词都是后接动名词作宾语。

e.g.The rain prevented us from completing the work.下雨妨碍我们完成工作。

注意：there be和it is也可变为动名词there being 和it being与介词连用。

e.g.The car stoppedbecause of there being no fuel in the tank.

因为油箱里没有油，所以汽车停了下来。

A.动词+介词+动名词

e.g.She complains of the book being too difficult.她抱怨这本书太难。

B.形容词+介词+动名词

e.g.I know who is responsible for breaking the window.我知道窗户是谁打破的。

C.名词+介词+动名词

e.g.There are many ways of doing it.有许多方法可以做这件事。

We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。

③作形容词的宾语

e.g.We are busy preparing for the coming New Year. 我们正忙着为新年的到了做准备。

3、作表语

动名词充当表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，充当表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事，即表示主语的内容，此时系动词相当于“是”，通常可以把主语和表语的位置互换，语法和意思不变。如果句中的主语和表语同为动词时，要注意保持两个动词在形式上的一致。

e.g.My hobby is swimming.可改为：Swimming is my hobby.

4、作定语

动名词充当定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。

e.g.a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking

a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing

a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading

5、作状语

介词+动名词也可在句中作状语，表示时间、条件等。

e.g.On leaving school,he went into business.一离开学校，他就投身到商业中去了。

语法练习

1.____________(expose) to sunlight will do harm to the skin, analysis from a recent research says.

2.The company acknowledged____________(receive) the customer’s complaint and promised to solve it soon. 

3.It is no use____________(complain) about the result without taking any actual action. 

4.Christmas was almost upon us and presents needed____________(purchase). 

5.____________(admit) to a key university requires hard work and good grades.

6.These birds devote most of their energy to____________(raise) their young. 

7.She regretted____________(not take) her teacher’s advice when making the decision. 

8.____________(observe) how elephants treat diseases like Ebola might even solve difficult medical problems that humans face now.

9.In the end, he acknowledged____________(obtain) his father’s financial support.

10.____________(live) there for three years makes Tom familiar with everything around.

11.The sailors steered the ship carefully to escape____________(harm) by the powerful waves. 

12.After____________(refer) to as “the quiet one” for years, she decided to let others hear her voice.

13.Your____________(collect) relevant information will be of much help.

14.I appreciate____________(you help) my English homework.

15.His main problem is____________(waste) too much time on computer games.

16.We are now at a____________(turn) point, so we should be very careful with our decision. 

17.John couldn’t resist____________another look at the diamond necklace through the shop window.

18.The young man was praised for____________(save) the boy’s life. 

19.The young man finally admitted____________(steal) the car. 

20.I am looking forward to____________(give) the opportunity to participate in the activity. 

21.His friends gave away some information, which led to his____________(arrest).

22.Tom was ashamed of____________(lie)to his parents. 

23.He managed to eat a big lunch despite____________(have) eaten an enormous breakfast. 

24.____________(bless) with such a supportive family was considered a great advantage in his personal development. 

25.In class,____________(discuss) actively with your partners will help you think differently. 

26.He denied____________(say) such words to his deskmate, which hurt people too much. 

27.The court banned him from____________(attend) football matches.

28.Adam forgot____________(make) an appointment with me yesterday. I waited him the whole afternoon.

29.When caught cheating in the exam, he begged for the teacher’s pardon and tried to escape____________(punish). 

30.____________(finish) her project with distinction, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students. 

参考答案：being exposed; receive/having received; complaining; purchasing/to be purchased; Being admitted; raising; not having taken; Observing; obtaining/having obtained; Having lived; being harmed; being referred; collecting; your helping; wasting; turning; taking; saving/having saved; having stolen; being given; being arrested; having lied; having had; Being blessed; discussing; having said; attending; having made/making; being punished; Having finished