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专题 12 阅读理解说明文
考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势
1.说明文选材通常是科技领域的最
考点1 人与自我类
新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大
2025八省联考卷--体育锻炼促进记忆；
说明文
成就、新产品、新工艺等)；人们
2022新课标II卷—体育锻炼有利于心脏。
（5年5考）
比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇
的自然现象以及人文地理、风土
2025全国二卷--餐厅创意改造被丢弃食
人情等等。
材；
2.题型涉及到细节理解题、推理判
2025八省联考卷—独特的城市社区；
断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测
2024新课标II卷—人工智能安全发展；
题。以细节理解和推理判断为
2024全国甲卷—医疗列车巡回服务；
主。
2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖测试的背后；
3.从段落组织方式上分五种：总分
考点2 人与社会类
2023新课标I卷—极简生活方式；
式结构；并列式结构；对照式结
说明文
2023新课标I卷—群体智慧效应；
构；递进式结构；连贯式结构。
（5年13考）
2023新课标II卷—纸质书籍和阅读；
4.说明文常见的说明方法有：定义
2023新课标II卷—保护城市野生生态；
与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图
2023全国甲卷—书评；
表、比较与比喻和分析与综合
2023全国乙卷—电视烹饪节目影响；
等。
2022新课标I卷—改善老年人孤独项目；
5.如果文章有标题那首先就要抓住
2022新课标I卷—饮食影响语言发展；
文章的标题明确说明对象或是关
2022新课标II卷—软件应对司机分神。
注文章主题句、各段首末句明确
2025全国一卷--减少自来水中微塑料；
说明对象；其次可抓住文章的结
2025全国二卷--室内植物利于身心；
构归纳说明对象。
2025浙江1月卷--矩阵式种植方法；
6. 破解长难句：学会运用括号法
考点3 人与自然类
2024新课标I卷—科学记录生物多样性；
分析长难句，把影响考生理解的
说明文
2024新课标I卷—巴比伦微农场；
各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及
（5年9考）
2024全国甲卷—对猫的行为研究；
复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到
2024浙江1月卷—农民担心冰雹计划；
“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进
2023全国甲卷—保护灰熊新问题；
而准确理解句子含义。
2023浙江1月卷—太阳能农场；2022全国甲卷—凤头鹦鹉会识别形状。
考点01 人与自我类说明文
【2025八省联考卷】
Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams? Previous studies have shown that exercise can help
stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken
this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists
at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most
beneficial to learning.
Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that
challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but
two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes
immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁
共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the
computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more
consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why?
That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise
that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp
during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a
biochemical boost to improve learning.
32. What did the new study aim to explore?
A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health.
C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active.
33. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment?
A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature.
34. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later?
A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested.
C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks.
35. What might the author’s marathon running prove?
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究——锻炼可以帮助刺激大脑将新信息转化为长期
记忆的区域，以及进行锻炼以最大程度提高学习的最佳时间。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best
time when exercise can help maximize learning.(一项新的研究更进一步，找到了锻炼有助于最大化学习效
果的最佳时间)”可知，新研究旨在探索什么时候锻炼最有利于学习。故选A项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中“After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries(测试后，
所有受试者都观看了自然纪录片)”可知，实验要求所有受试者在实验过程中观看自然纪录片。故选D项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test(两
天后，所有参与者返回实验室进行回忆测试)”可知，参与者两天后返回实验室是为了进行记忆测试。故选
B项。
35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything
but sharp during or after a tough workout.(我已经跑了足够多的马拉松来证明这样一个事实：在艰苦的锻
炼过程中或之后，我的大脑一点也不敏锐)”可知，作者通过自己跑马拉松的经历证明，剧烈的锻炼可能不
会使大脑变得敏锐。故选D项。
【2022新课标II卷】
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most
people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start
even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become
dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to
the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser,
getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were
otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of
nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-
intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second
group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And
the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot
more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he
says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has
flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing
happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great
start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which
aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
32. D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in
a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the
University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽
屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变
化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
33. C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—
balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic
exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——
平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研
究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
34. A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the
guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable
improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第
二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the
clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35
岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger
groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这
项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可
知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【2020全国I卷】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles helpchildren with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
【答案】24-27 BCDB
【导读】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop
better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏
中发展更好的空间技能。
25. C。细节理解题。根据第二段( Levine说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游
戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话
的次数。
26. D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,
可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。27. B。主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所
以是关于科学研究的。
【2020全国I卷】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome
familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But
books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now
and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull
their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s
A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating
(令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the
Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save
Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach
to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the
highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But
remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He loves poetry. . He’s an editor. C. He’s very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.
【答案】24-27 DBBA
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作
者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. D。推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what
makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.”和第二段“The beauty of rereading lies inthat our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the more I
feel time has wings.”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25. B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及
“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是
他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可
判断出A Movable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
26. B。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实
是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s
work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们
的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
27. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected
poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥•科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作
者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。
【2020全国I卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to
fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at
all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately
twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000
or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among
race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a
history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some
practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics. B. It’s less challenging physically.C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【答案】28-31 CDAB
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样
运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. C。细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay
straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all
times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面
接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。
29. D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with
running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，
比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。
30. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段 Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想
尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议
想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research
shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可
知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由
此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。
考点02 人与社会类说明文
【2025全国二卷】
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes
from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an
uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From
technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more ofwhat we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It
changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items
like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to
raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste
for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply
thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the
concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all
the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider
serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and,
with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue
Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address
problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life?
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment?
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.
35. What can we learn about wastED?
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为
例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
32.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the
phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer
at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其
说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)”可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，
由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
33.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.(每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为
只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
34.主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was
technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and
produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet
potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned
into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所
有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红
薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了
wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲
的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from
the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收
获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，
wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按
计划结束了。故选A。
【2025浙江1月卷】
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix
planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the
designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden
more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in
a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used
modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow
together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the
planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.
Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to
the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with
cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy
the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the
garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most
gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon
absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced?
A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens?
A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种
植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，
不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。
【解析】
28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do
a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden
more like nature does可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作
用。故Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。
29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant
large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可
知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large
areas of parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。
30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的 adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、
enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf
的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅
致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。
31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。
第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种
设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意
为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。
【2025八省联考卷】
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what
makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and
rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments.
She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves andnot be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and
how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed
to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks.
The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk,
and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know
their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial,
business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for
greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people's interactions
should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such
high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the
higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and
maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
28. What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community?
A. Efficient public transport. B. Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings. D. A comparatively large population.
29. Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development?
A. Local residents. B. Government officials.
C. City planners. D. Construction workers.
30. How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built?
A. Lined with plants. B. Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected. D. Convenient for the old.
31. According to Jacobs, the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. security D. urgency
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. C
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了Jacobs一生致力于推进一种独特的城市愿景，尤其关注
是什么造就了一个成功的城市社区。
28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an
energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting
urban environments. (她构想的核心在于，城市生活应当充满活力且丰富多彩，人们能够在密集且令人兴
奋的城市环境中相互交流。)”可知，Jacobs认为对于一个成功的城市社区来说，人与人之间的强烈互动是
最重要的。故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For Jacobs (对于Jacobs来说)”以及“The best judges of how a city
should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. (一个城市应该如何发展，最好
的评判者是当地居民自己。)”可知，Jacobs认为对城市发展做出决定的应该是当地居民。故选A项。
30.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossedsidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately
enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better. (人们居住的
街道应当是纵横交错的人行道构成的紧密格局，这样人们才能相遇、交谈并相互了解。这样一系列复杂但
最终丰富了个人经历的相遇，有助于人们更好地了解自己的邻居和社区。)”可知，Jacobs建议如何修建连
接紧密的人行道。故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that
there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch
over the neighbourhood. (它们也是安全的地方，因为人口密度高意味着有更多“街头的眼睛”：店主和当
地人熟悉自己的区域，并密切留意着社区的情况。)”可知，Jacobs认为，“街头的眼睛”给人带来一种安
全的感觉。故选C项。
【2024新课标II卷】
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-
powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This
absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the
forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that
powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into
the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for
a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as
AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,
moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says,
will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future
now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep
control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they
are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history
and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future
with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness
rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，
强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
32.词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code
(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience
translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person
rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the
close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，
但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人
士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自
己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不
是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
33. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional
experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business
person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,
by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以
将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非
常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将
令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选
B项。
34.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence,
or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘
化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.
Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our
downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我
们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如
何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。35. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need
to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap
addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的
惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨
在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read
one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就
是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制
AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一
本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
【2024全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five
government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
28. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year. B. About ten months.C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远
地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that
travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that
time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans
and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一
站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，
圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
29.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization.
The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer,
rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding
financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like
Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特
别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生
到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
30.细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two
weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内
停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约
两周，故选D。
31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and
living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best
chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作
和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们
想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
【2024浙江1月卷】
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late
1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the
child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be
given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed
a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, butby our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various
types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34. What does the author suggest readers do?
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Eat Less, Read More
B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入
了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating thetreat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到
第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待 15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选
D。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing
the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years
ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we
shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑
仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”
可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our
caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the
temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更
仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱
惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not
tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us
to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to
preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机
和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学
龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信
息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
【2023新课标I卷】
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and thenecessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B9. A10. C11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including
a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if
you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，
然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故
选B。
9.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for
thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online
activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远
离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑
选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your
own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed
to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过
程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部
分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to
build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具
箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际
情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。【2023新课标I卷】
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come
to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some
cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,
they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The
key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group
members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did
they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大
量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, thoseerrors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When
enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate
estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other
out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for
whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者
低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相
似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们
的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本
段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，
讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应
这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s
estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的
“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were
allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal
number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion
groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的
独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的
平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计
数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to
get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those
most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对
100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选
择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研
究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组
内的讨论过程。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many
questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管
Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作
者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推
断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
【2023新课标II卷】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here inalmost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout
history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books
and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —
absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds
of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of
the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in
their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page
outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as
any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly
networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance
of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an
everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the
world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured
objects and could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本
身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these
connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at
school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同
时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦
点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
10.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these
connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at
school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同
时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦
点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景
可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，
故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任
何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private,
“off-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读
器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
【2023全国甲卷】
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that
were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a
world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people
who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love
for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work
in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder
like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a
book about undestanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he
does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in
history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own
interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls
them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up acoffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is
something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiners book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiners book?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者在 13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Socrates Express唤起了
作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s
World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book.
It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本
Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本
书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故
选C。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and
then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end
result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and
have no regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每
一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉
底一样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了
Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由
此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。30.细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour
learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲
学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活
中。故选B。
31.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves
the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，
可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据
最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity
and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express 是一本
有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考
中。)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。
【2023全国乙卷】
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of
meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-
than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and
whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative.
C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31. What might the author continue talking about?A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D 31. B
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习
惯。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish
and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当
你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食
物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉
得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
29.推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that
Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in
their cooking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两
菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped
change what people think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的
烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英
国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
30.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分
之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更
好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
31.推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer
“uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不
酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选 B
项。
【2022新课标I卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling
lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes
have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done somethinguseful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes.
B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research.
D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory.
D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose.
C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】28 D29. B30. C31. A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
28. D。推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to
reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少
孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
29. B。推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been
bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m
enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点
很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用
的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
30. C。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people
here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以
及划线处前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
31. A。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people
here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以
及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part
in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative
activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩•刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣
和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
【2022新课标I卷】
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of
some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-
year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the
world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】32. D33. C34. A35. C
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
32. D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett
noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the
languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the
University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30 多年前，学者
Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现
在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知
Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。
33. C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of
ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by
touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making
it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，
唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声
音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。
34. A。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was
a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f”
and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found
in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之
后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在
今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明
研究结果。故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained
stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today
is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven
Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使
用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产
物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。【2022新课标II卷】
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried
a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the
state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to
be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一
名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers,
and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their
phones when they are behind the wheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动
也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just aboutany measure, appears to be getting worse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可
知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各
种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
29. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,
emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.”（这项技术可
以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer
能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使
用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”
（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的
“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the
cell phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改
变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。
故something指代的是法律。故选D。
31. B。主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说
服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving
more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的
是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是
否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们
的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控
器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
考点03 人与自然类说明文
【2025全国一卷】
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea
and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic
snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics
in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental
Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then
filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.
In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in
plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by
just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three
common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously
found in water such as vinyl chloride.Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming
increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more
microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised
concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated
how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an
environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New
Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water?
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about?
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚
至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学
物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级
饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth —
they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds
and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的
污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。
它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate
(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to
an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling
reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.( 至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来捕获
塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低
于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)”可知，决定在水中捕获微塑料的有效性的事水的硬
度。故选A。34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic
exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year,
contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.( 尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料
接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑
料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。
故选B。
35.细节理解题。根据最后一段的““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the
boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in
Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking
water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”( 格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳•高肖特-林赛
（Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay）没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示的微塑料是如何
通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很好。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，这样它们就能去除微塑料。”)”
可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay提出了这项发现的潜在应用，升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
【2025全国二卷】
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the
opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad
sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion
in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature
to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without
plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there
was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding
yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and
lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an
exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad
says.
28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants?
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity.
30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers?
A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability.C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home
【答案】28. D 29. D 30. C 31. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过 Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理
健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she
didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of
2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相
反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖
室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
29.细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students
who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.
Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich
workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种
效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低
了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中
生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should
allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be
invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad 说：“医生需要不断
实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐
心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生
和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。
由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
31. 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过
Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文
核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最
能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
【2024新课标I卷】
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have
collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new
Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of amobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-
catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos,
and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出
现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from
physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标
本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有
用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias
(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，
比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数
据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that
tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering
plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数
据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段
“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often
citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备
上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，
导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of
their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他
们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户
让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故
选D。
【2024新课标I卷】
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of
travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce
the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions ( 排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
29. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
31. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输
距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon
Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场
（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
29.细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，
还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数
据。故选B。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of
them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting
garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and
chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半
的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。
BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的
环保意识。故选D。
31.主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, BabylonMicro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场
（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also,
there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it
significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the
system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个
方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的
水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees
live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they
encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are
passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF
员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾
桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳
和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、
通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
【2024全国甲卷】
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声
音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are
special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans
using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find
food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts
as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
25. How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示
爱意。
24.细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all
animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals
or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们
依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is
brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是
为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
25.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite
impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多
敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，
宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
26.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其
令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to
their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但
猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带
回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
27.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来
表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的
习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”
作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
【2024浙江1月卷】
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a
result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail
Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain
before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project
flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years
“Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban areafrom hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification
Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot
be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating
wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the
University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell
in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one
really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice,
doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded
in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative
legal safety.
28. What does the project aim to do?
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Who are opposed to the project?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials.
D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999?
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【答案】28. B29. A30. C31. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加
里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机
在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about
$2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a
chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自
1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约 200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心
中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹
的形成。故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights
— worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在
艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地
上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a
research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant
tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create
killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·
多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，
我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命
风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提
到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to
stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof
concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.
Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，
“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有
人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，
从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
【2023新课标II卷】
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If
you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are
relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that
wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to
submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then
examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’sexperience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at
beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.
After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These
include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge
of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a
workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.
And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior
author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然
对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互
动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中
的野生自然。12.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban
areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s
unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越
难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的
地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a
written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then
examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游
客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查
了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动
的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call
a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted
most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模
式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与
者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，
他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项 D准确
地反映了这一目的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps
people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For
example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a
weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this
interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，
这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让
一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷
泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别
并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公
园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第
五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature
interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can
interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与
自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该
研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然
故选B。
【2023全国甲卷】
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of theAmerican psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the
world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a
grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As
grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly
being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or
more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by
settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and
allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm
animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and
campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other
farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free
place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who
manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A. The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg,
occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams.
(灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我
们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故
选A项。
33.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
(1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in
the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to
delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000
只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，
这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长
故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their
recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,
which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to
lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰
熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对
灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单
上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A
项。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,
sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and
attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric
fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies
away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad
habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采
取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱
剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也
能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆
斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些
麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
【2023浙江1月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown
rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a
lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be
installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much
thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to
control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of
the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into
a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What do solar developers often ignore?
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do?
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】32. B33. C34. A35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using
chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar
farms as destroyers of the soil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果
是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保
的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开
发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.
(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能
农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选
C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection
and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都
是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have
transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil
improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改
造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年
里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再
结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
【2022全国甲卷】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved
skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently
shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on
visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
24-27 BCDD
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
24. B。事实细节题 根据第一段中的第二句 Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds
have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. 以及该段最后两句 ... the birds were given
five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，给它们形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就
能把盒子里的坚果取出来。
25. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from
around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合
选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
26. D。推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work
out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape
selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来
选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
27. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to
Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤
头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会
识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，
最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
【2020全国I卷】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies
have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas
of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their
workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)have taken it a step further changing the
actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants
that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmfulchemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that
we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光) in experiments using some common
vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about
one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used
to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a
one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂
switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far
removed from the power source(电源) —such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote
highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water.
B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【答案】32-35 DACC
【导读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了
一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有
可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discoveredthat greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15%
more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦
进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物
装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。
33. A。细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to
show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可
知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化
学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。
34. C。细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help
save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可
能有助于减少能源消耗。
35. C。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed
in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a
power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission.
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量
的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。
发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此
麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些
优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取
代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。
【2020全国II卷】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably
didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for
fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different
styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast
wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in
the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us." says Michael Massimi,
an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince
people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option thatthey can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in
New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria
fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She is trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show
it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
【答案】28-31 AADB
【导读】本文是说明文。介绍美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。
海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平
衡表示担忧。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第二段得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出
海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否
则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣
时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。
29. A。推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters
$5 a tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科
学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据第五段 The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for
nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到
了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在 20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据 but
判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由
于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和crashed倒闭的意思最相近。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第二段得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，
我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。
