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专题17 阅读理解之推理判断题讲解与练习
Part 1整体感知
一、推理判断题主要考查学生：（1）推断隐含意义的能力。
（2）推断作者的观点或态度的能力。
（3）推断写作目的的能力。
（4）推断文章的出处的能力。
（5）推断上下文内容的能力。
1.细节推理判断题该类型题干主要命题特征：1.题干主要包括六个动词：infer（推断），indicate
（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。
此类题目常见出题方式：
1. It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the text that _______.
2. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?
3. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?
4. The attitude of the author towards somebody/sonething is _______.
5. What’s the author’s attitude toward…?
6. The main purpose of this text is_____.
7. From the passage we can conclude that_______.
2.掌握表述作者观点态度的形容词、动词
（1）表示积极的词：support（支持），supportive（支持的），approve（赞成），approving
（赞同的），for（支持），in favor of（支持），optimistic（乐观的），positive（积极的），
objective（客观的），helpful（有帮助的），admiring（赞赏的），serious（严肃的），
enthusiastic（热情的），pleasant（愉快的），polite（礼貌的），concerned（关切的），
humorous（幽默的），unbiased（无偏见的），confident（自信的），impressive（给人印象深
刻的）等。
（2）表示消极的词汇：disgusted（厌恶的），disgusting（令人厌恶的），critical（批评的），
negative（否定的），suspicious（怀疑的），intolerable（无法忍受），disappointed（失望的），
biased（有偏见的），compromising（有失体面的），uninterested（不感兴趣的），worried（担心
的），hostile（敌对的），ironic（讽刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），bitter（令人不快的），cynical
（愤世嫉俗的），sentimental（伤感的），emotional（情绪激动的），sceptical（怀疑的），opposed（强烈反对的），angry（气愤的），doubt（怀疑）等。
（3）表示中立的词：indifferent（冷淡的；漠不关心的），inpersonal（客观的），impartial（不
偏袒的），factual（事实的），objective（客观的），neutral（中立的）等。
二、正确选项特征
1. “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2. 选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如only，never，all， absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模
糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如 often，usually，sometimes，some， may，might，
can，could，possibly，probably等。
三、干扰选项特征
1.只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理；
2.主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断；
3.过度推断：作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东
西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
4.错误推断：某些细节看似从原问推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置
和手段变目的等；
Part 2 解题方法
方法1. 根据特定信息进行推断
在阅读中作判断，一定要以材料提供的事实为依据，作出的推断要合乎情理。有些简单的推理判断
题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读D节选）
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and
new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad
news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the
newer ones that do the same things.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
根据节选段的最后一句“That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated
devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知，做同样的事，过时的
电子设备比新设备耗能更多。由此可推断，作者认为新设备更节能、更环保，故答案为A。
方法 2. 从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。
1. …The young man quickly answered,“Yes, sir.”
从quickly和“Yes, sir.”可以推论出，说话者似乎态度谦卑，甚至有点诚惶诚恐。
2. “…Lots of people think I’m just a green kid. I’ll show them.”Green原意为“绿色的”，由此引申为“不成熟的”，这里可译作“毛孩子”。从“I’ll show them.”
可推论出两层意思：1.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们做个样子看看。”（表示很自
信）；2.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们一点颜色让他们看看。”（威胁的口气）
3. The old man staggered(摇摇晃晃地走)along the sidewalk. He grabbed at the picket fence to keep
from falling. His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.
4. 粗心地学生可能会从“staggered（摇摇晃晃）”，“grabbed…from falling”推论出这个老头喝醉了。
显然这种推论缺乏足够的证据，因为学生忽略了“His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter
wind.”这一事实。事实上，作者描绘了一幅凄惨的画面。合理的推论应该是：这位老人上了年纪，身
体很虚弱。
方法 3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定
的褒贬性，来反映主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。掌握好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把
握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
典题例证（2019.全国卷I D节选）
During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me
to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls
and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing
jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
解析：根据第一段 During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which
allowed me to keep my high social status.可知，在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的洋娃娃和笑话，这让
我保持了高高的社会地位。由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；
lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的；酷的。故选C。
方法4.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯
社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或
操作方式。
典题例证（2010.全国卷III阅读B节选）
BMany of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These
colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries
contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly
high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids
we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares?
However, they are rich in vitamin C.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.
解析：根据节选第一段中的“These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little
powerhouses of nutritional protection.”并结合节选第二段描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果可以断定这篇文
章可能来自健康杂志。答案为B.
Part 3 阅读理解仿真组合练
A
Research published in the journal High Temperature found that an hour-long soak in hot water produced
similar blood sugar responses to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity.
Sound too good to be true? While the research on these effects is still initial (初步)，there is a plausible
explanation for this.
"It seems that activities that increase heat shock proteins (热体克蛋) may help to improve blood sugar control
and offer an alternative to exercise," the lead study author Steve Faulkner wrote. “These activities—such as soaking
in a hot tub or taking a sauna (桑拿) — may have health benefits to people who are unable to exercise regularly. to
an hour- long session of cycling or an hour-long session in a 40℃bath.
The scientists discovered that both groups were better able to control their blood sugar levels in the 24 hours
following their soak were approximately 10 percent lower than those of the participants who exercised.
Researchers say this implies that “passive heating" (a means of rising your body temperature) could assist in
lowering blood sugar levels. Passive heating can affect proteins in the body called heat shock proteins, which helps
regulate blood sugar. People with diabetes (糖尿病) tend to have lower levels of heat shock proteins. Passive
heating can raise these levels.
It's critical to point out a few limitations of the study. For starters, the experiment only monitored men, so it'sdifficult to say if the same effect would happen in women. It also only included 14 volunteers, which was an
extremely small sample size. More research needs to be conducted before scientists can come to any official
conclusion. And, of course, you should still continue exercising regularly.
That being said, the study does offer some more promising insights (见解) into the healing effects of hot
water.
1. What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Strange. B. Ridiculous.
C. Reasonable. D. Confusing.
2. What can we know about the research by the U. K.'s team?
A. Cycling made no difference to blood sugar levels.
B. People with diabetes usually have higher levels of heat shock proteins.
C. 14 lean and 14 overweight men were involved in the research.
D. A 24-hour tracking and monitoring was carried out after the one-hour activities.
3. How should scientists improve this study?
A. By extending the study period.
B. By changing the research method.
C. By including women in the research.
D. By adding more scientists involved in the investigation.
4. Which of the following best expresses the author's main point of view?
A. When you run a fever you get passive heating.
B. Passive heating can raise levels of heat shock proteins.
C. The research is of significance in spite of some imperfection.
D. You need either a hot bath or regular exercise to keep healthy.
B
The annual marathon in my town occurred as scheduled. My job was to follow behind the runners in an
ambulance in case any of them needed medical attention. As the athletes began to pace themselves, the front
runners started to disappear. It was then that my eyes were drawn to the woman in blue running shorts and a baggy
white T-shirt.
I knew we were already watching our “last runner”. Her feet were turned in, yet her left knee was turned out.
Her legs were so crippled and bent that it seemed impossible for her to walk, let alone run a marathon.
The driver and I watched in silence as she slowly moved forward. We would move forward a little bit, then
stop and wait for her to gain some distance. Then we’d slowly move forward a little bit more. As I watched herstruggle to put one foot in front of the other, I found myself breathing for her and urging her forward. I wanted her
to stop, and at the same time, I prayed that she wouldn’t.
Finally, she was the only runner left in sight. I sat on the edge of my seat and watched with respect and
amazement as she pushed forward with sheer determination through the last miles. When the finish line came into
sight, the cheering crowds had long gone home. Yet, standing straight and proud waited a man. He was holding one
end of a ribbon tied to a post. She slowly crossed through, leaving both ends of the ribbon fluttering (飘动) behind
her.
I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her,
it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When
I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy
the task before me really is.
5．What words can best describe the woman?
A．Proud and determined. B．Strong-willed and honorable.
C．Modest and courageous. D．Diligent and considerate.
6．What does the underlined word “crippled” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Disabled. B．Healthy. C．Perfect. D．Strong.
7．What has the author learnt from the woman?
A．Don’t depend on others when facing hardships.
B．Nothing is too tough to accomplish if one is brave enough.
C．The disabled can also run a marathon despite their walking difficulty.
D．It’s not winning but finishing the thing we start that really matters.
8．What could be the best title for the text?
A．A Humorous Stranger. B．An Unforgettable Job.
C．The Last Runner. D．The Annual Marathon.
C
Your colleague’s sharp comment keeps replaying in your mind. Two of your students are trapped in a “he
said/she said” battle. When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of
negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-
distancing”，the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively. According to a research, when
people adopt self-distancing while discussing a difficult event, they make better sense of their reactions, experience
less emotional suffering, and display fewer signs of stress.
But what might self-distancing look like in action? Consider a typical “he said/she said” student conflict where
they are each focusing on their own feelings. One is thinking，“I can’t believe he did that to me.” And anotherinsists, “She really hurt my feelings.” However, if you ask them to take the self-distancing, they might step outside
of themselves and ask broader questions: “Why was he so hurt in this situation?” or “How did her anger affect
him?”
Although this approach may sound too simple to be effective, studies indicate that a change in point of view
can have a powerful effect on the way people think, feel, and behave. Here are several different techniques you can
try.
First，consider how a thoughtful friend might respond after quietly observing their situation. Besides, avoid
using the pronoun “I”. Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they, and they were able to see the stressful
event as challenging rather than threatening. Finally, ask yourself, “How would I feel about this one week from
now or ten years from now?” This form of mental time travel may be effective because our attention is directed
away from our immediate, concrete circumstances.
9. What is self-distancing?
A. Getting stuck in negative emotions. B. A stressful situation.
C A study on relieving emotional stress. D. Reflecting on yourself objectively.
10. Paragraph 2 is developed by____.
A. example B. definition
C. classification D. process
11. Which of the following statement uses the techniques of self-distancing?
A. I’m angry with him.
B. How I wish I could go back to the past!
C. How did these two people get to this point?
D. He grabbed my notes, and then, and then...
12. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Why Self-distancing Matters
B. The Application of Self-distancing
C. Breaking the Cycle of Negative Reflection
D. Ways to Reflect on Emotional Reactions
D
Some of the most attractive pictures to come out of the Alaska earthquake are the photos that show slope (斜
坡）failures, in which parts of formeriy solid hills caved in，tore or let loose. And if there happened to be a road or
building on top of the slopes that failed，the result was horrible.Slopes can fail without earthquakes, as the result of pouring rain qr w：eathering. But the shaking caused by a
quake — particularly a large one like what occurred near Anchorage on Friday — can either speed up the process
or create entirely new failures that wouldn't have otherwise happened.
Several slope failures were documented in the； Anchorage area in the hours after the earthquake Friday, the
most interesting of which was on Vine Road southwest of Wasilla. It’3 as if someone.came along with a large
destroying ball and dropped it on Vine Road, which wrinkled like a broken egg.
Scientists seemed surprised at how many slope failures occurred as a result of the 7.0-magnitude (震级）
quake. The center of the quake was deep，at 27 miles below the surface — a key reason why the damage in
Anchorage was relatively light. Such an earthquake would be expected to produce shaking over a large area, but
probably with reasonably modest top ground accelerations, Friday/s earthquake would certainly be felt, but the
surface of Earth wouldn't be moving badly enough to produce widespread landslides.
Photos from Alaska show a lot of lateral (横向的）spread, in which the ground tears open. Whatever is on
top of the ground at the place it tears in half is also torn in half afterwards, like highways or buildings. The
buildings surrounding the spread are also at risk of damage because of the force of the ground spreading out away
from the tear. There’s also documentation of block spread，in which part of the ground breaks off a hill and slides
away mostly perfect.
13.What do we know about slope failures?
A. They may cause earthquakes.
B.They usually happen with a road on top.
C.They always happen with earthquakes.
D.They may pull parts of the hills apart
14.What can we infer from Paragraph 2?
A. Earthquakes have great effect on slope failures.
B. Most slope failures occur after the pouring rain.
C. Earthquakes result in slope failures immediately.
D. Slope failures occur mainly with large earthquakes.
15. What did the scientists think of the Alaska earthquake Friday?
A. It produced shaking over a large area.
B. It caused fewer slope failures than expected.
C. It wasn’t felt for its deep center.
D. It didn，t produce landslides.16. In which circumstance can we find the ground slides down a hill almost unbroken?
A.Land slides. B.Slope failures. C.Lateral spread. D.Block spread.
