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专题19 阅读理解之七选五讲解与练习
Part 1 整体感知
分析解读
1. 七选五主要考查考生对文章整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑的理解和掌握。
2. 体裁以说明文为主（2014、2015、2016、2019及2020年全国卷I都以说明文体裁出现），且结构
清晰，过程完整，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以考查学生的综合阅读能力。
3. 设空类型一般有标题类、段落主题句类、过度类、细节类；选项大多为完整的句子。
4. 七选五以考查细节局为主。
Part 2 方法技巧
1. 浏览整篇文章，把握整体设空的位置。
在做七选五时，首先弄清全篇文章结构，理出文章的中心。语篇通常由段落构成，所以分析篇章
结构包括两个层次：一是分析段落之间的层次；二是分析每个段落内部的层次。选项与前后句之间的
逻辑关系，是确定答案的主要依据。注意文章的首段和末段，因为英文写作常见方法为“开门见山
式”和“结尾总结式”。首段对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义。如果它是文章的主题句，就可
以是读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有个整体的了解。如果首段没有主题句，
则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如果两者均可排除，则需
要在文章中其他段落寻找其他主题句，但要注意段首与末段的提示作用。
2. 辨别语境线索
边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以
确定答案。做题时可以采用带入排除法。如果一题做不出或不确定，可以先跳过，继续往下读，做容
易的、能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落的逻辑关系应基本清楚
了。再将剩余选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该语境，
能否承接前后的写作线索。
3. 确定答案，再次核对检查
在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯、合理，各段落内容是否
紧扣主题，语篇结构是否连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用于是否
恰当，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析。个别干扰项由于
某个正确选项的内容相近而具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析、仔细甄别，排除干扰，从
而得出正确选项。
1. 段首题逻辑关系 具体解读
主旨句 常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现。
承上启下句 此空出的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。
典题例证（2019.全国卷I节选）
40 While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make
sure you get enough Vitamin D — but still protect your skin — put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes
sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of
Vitamin D.
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
解析：本题考查的是段首句的选择。根据设空处后提到的“the sun’s rays”，“ Vitamin D”和
“sunscreen”可知，本段讲述了阳光对人体的好处，因此D选项符合语境。
2. 段中题
逻辑关系 具体解读
例证关系 前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是
归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。常见的表示例证关系的标志性词语
有 ： for example ， for instance ， in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other
words/that is to say等
转折关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的
标志性词语有：but， however，yet，while/though/although，or/otherwise，on the
contrary, instead, nevertheless(然而)，still，in contrast/comparison, by comparison等。
因果关系 表示因果关系的标志性词语有：so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result (of),
so/such…that…, so that等。
递进关系 若空格前两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很可能是个表示递进关系的句子。
表示递进关系的标志性词语有：too，also，besides，further，furthermore，moreover，
likewise，similarly，what’s more，what’s worse，in addition，as well，to make
matters worse, not…but…等。
并列关系 表示并列关系的标志性词语有：and，firstly, secondly; first, then/next, finally/last; for
one thing, for another thing等。
典题例证（2017.全国卷II节选）
If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it’s not an
important matter. excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) than when the
door is closed,you’re not to be disturbed.
A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no
B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes
D. If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public areaE. It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available
F. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not
解析：本题考查的是对段中句的选择。设空处的前一句建议要充分利用办公室的门来避免受到打扰，而选
项G中的it正好指代前句中的 a door, 再根据选项 G中的leave it open，close it以及该空后一句中的
knocks等词汇的搭配使用，可判断答案为G。
3. 段尾题
逻辑关系 具体解读
总结句 用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。
承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。
阅读七选五题型考查的实质就是文中信息点和选项信息点的对应，文中信息点与选项信息点通常以词汇复
现的方式来帮忙，所以找到复现词汇也就找到了解题关键点。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I节选）
The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you’re looking at
wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 .
A. While all of them are useful
B. Whatever you’re looking for
C. If you’re experimenting with a color
D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time
解析：本题考查的是对段尾句的选则。设空处前面的内容指出大面积的颜色设计主要涉及墙面、天花板和
地板，进行选择会花费大量的时间、精力和金钱，所以引出F项的结果，即大面积的颜色设计要一次性确
定好。而设空出作为全文最后一句，也能说明其应该是总结句，而非过渡句。F选项中出现了so这一表结
论性的词，同时根据语句间的逻辑关系及语义连贯性，可知答案为F。
1. 利用词汇复现找对应
词汇复现是为了保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同
一概念进行重复描述。词汇复现主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词
复现等。通过寻找复现词汇可迅速确定答案。
2. 利用同范畴词找对应
同范畴词是指与词汇相关或同一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语义衔接的目的。考生可以在选
项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准确地确定答案的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系
的越接近，其衔接关系就越紧密。3. 利用代词找对应
英语表达中代词出现的频率极高。在精读各段和各选项的过程中，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词
或指示代词，特别是选项中以及空格前后句子中出现的代词。根据代词的单复数及其在句子中所做的
成分，可以找出代词指代的名词或句子，从而帮助解题。it代指单数可数名词或整个句子；they或
them指点复数名词；one代指可数名词单数；that指代不可数名词或整个句子；this指代单数可数名词
或句子；these或those指代前句的复数名词。
关于小标题的选择，一般来说，小标题比较精简，常以短语或简短的句子来呈现。考生可以根据这一特征
快速浏览七个选项，并有效缩短选择范围。小标题往往是统领全段的，因此，考生应认真阅读该段内容，
了解段落大意，把握段落主题，根据段落主题一致性原则，排除过于宽泛、以偏概全、偏离主题的干扰项，
从而最终确定正确选项。
典题例证（2020.全国卷I节选）
● 37
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are
concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料). 38 . However,
there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our
earliest years.
●Recall(回忆) your childhood memories
A. Know why you garden
B. Find a good place for your own garden
C. It’s our experience of the garden that matters
D. It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers
E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
G. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have
解析：本题考查的是对文章小标题的选择。先由下文另一个小标题●Recall(回忆) your childhood
memories
可推知，此处小标题应是精简的祈使句，根据前文所述的技巧，可以马上将选择范围缩小到A项和B
项，本题下面的段落列举了一些人的观点之后，提到other reasons that might explain why you want to
garden，结合该段中的其余内容可以推断该段主要是分析种植花园的原因，由此可确定答案为A选项。真题典例（2018.全国卷I）
Color is fundamental in home design——something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to
manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room
that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 36 , color is the
key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.
Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important
point. 37 , they can get a little complex .But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions
you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.
38 . They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows ,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add
visual interest to our rooms .Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful
sofa ,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable .
Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves 39
. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a
space.
The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you’re looking at
wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 .
A. While all of them are useful
B. Whatever you’re looking for
C. If you’re experimenting with a color
D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time
G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways
解题思路
36. B A、B、C为备选选项。上文中的“want”，“looking for”与B项中的looking for为“词语
复现”，故答案为B。
37.A A、B、C为备选选项。A项中的“all of them”与逗号后的“they”为“指代一致”，故答
案为A项。
38.D 设空出在段首，可推知本题考查主题句。上段末尾指出了需要做出的三个决定（the small ones,
the medium ones, and the large ones）。最后三段分别介绍了做小的、中等的和大的颜色选择的不同情况。
根据最后两段首句中的 Medium color choices 和 The large color decisions 可知此处讲 Small color
choices。本题需用“逻辑判断”的方法进行解答。
39.G 下句中的They指Medium color choices，同“smaller ones”进行比较，而选项G中的a step up
from the small ones与下句中的a bigger commitment，a more powerful effect相对应，故答案选G
40. F 上句中的relative expense与F项中的pays相对应，故答案为F项。
解题技巧：
1. 通过设题位置判断
a) 段首设空一般找能概括本段中心意思的选项。
b) 段尾设空一般找能总结归纳该段的选项。
2. 通过标点符号判断
当设空处后为逗号且逗号后面的句子结构完整时，可判断该空应为状语从句。
3. 根据语境线索判断
a) “词语重现”不仅指词语的简单出现，而且指某词语可能以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现。
b) “逻辑”指示物之间存在的必然关系，包括时间先后关系、空间位置关系、因果关系、归纳总结
关系、总分关系等。
c) “指代”是指用代词代替前文提到过的人物、事件、物品等，如it，he，she，they等。
d) “同构”是指上下文使用同一结构或类似的句子。
Part 3 七选五仿真组合练
A
Gratitude (感恩）makes everything more special. It connects you to where you are and who you are with arid
what you are doing. Read the following tips for developing gratitude. 1 ，you will truly get the benefits.
Write in a diary every morning and declare how you want to feel that day. 2 .This puts me in a receiving
way so that I can better attract my dreams and desires by taking subconscious (潜意识的） and conscious steps
toward choices that serve my ambitions.
Go on a walk. Walking—with zero social media disturbance—is a gateway to gratitude. I walk my dog in the
morning, walk through my neighborhood，and mentally express gratitude for everything I can think of during the
walk. 3 .
4 ，do it physically. This means sitting down and taking a moment to feel gratitude in every area of your
body. I work my way up my body，beginning with my feet and working up toward the rest of my body, bones，
and organs, until I reach my head. This is a great place to start if you’re feeling extra low!
Next time you’re with a group of friends or even strangers，ask them to go around and say what they’re
grateful for. 5 I am always so happy, surprised, and amazed at how open and appreciative people are for the
enquiry,
A. I use the 5-minute diary
B. This is something I do regularly
C. If you're wondering how to express gratitude
D. If you can make the time for this sirhple practice
E. If you're having trouble expressing gratitude mentally
F. It is important to make use of the time to make friends
G. It's the perfect time to set up your brain for positive thinking
B
Almost 200 graduate students and postdoctoral (博士后) researchers gathered April 21 for a career-development
event at the annual meeting of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology where they learnedabout varieties of scientific careers, participated in skill-building workshops and networked with peers and
speakers. The entire event was full of useful information___6___
Your career path is less like a ladder and more like a jungle gym.
We're all programmed to see our career path as a series of linear (直线型) steps up to a final goal —
undergraduate, graduate, post doctor, forever job — but this rarely happens.___7___Don't be afraid to take a risk
when opportunities present themselves if they will help you build your unique career.
Create a “skills toolbox" and use it.
The skills you develop as a trainee help you stand out in the job market. When you're in the lab, talk to your
colleagues about their experiments. Challenge yourself to learn new techniques both in and out of your field. Work
on developing critical thinking skills, which will help you however your career evolves.
And acquire skills outside the lab. Explore entrepreneurship, science writing and communication, policy,
outreach, education, even art — whatever resonates with you. ___8___
Communication skills are critical to success. Less jargon (行话),more passion.
Science is a language most people don't speak fluently. When communicating with diverse audiences, think of
yourself as a translator. Eliminate jargon and create analogies (类推) to make your research accessible. Work on
making your science story relevant to the audience, which may mean that you don't share every piece of data you
have collected. Most importantly, practice.
Training courses like the ASBMB's Art of Science Communication are available to help you develop these
skills.
___9___
In professional interactions, be confident and remember that your skills and knowledge got you where you are
today. Don't be frightened by people who question what you know, and don't let negative experiences diminish your
self confidence.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity. You don't need to see the entire staircase to
take the next step.
With these words in mind, explore your options, network and talk to people in fields that interest you. Don't
know where to start? Start with videos under the heading "Career Paths” at asbmb.org and the career section of the
ASBMB Today website. ___ 1 0___ . For the price of a cup of coffee, you can get started on the path to career
success.
A. Don't be afraid of new challenges.B. Work on believing that you belong in the room.
C. Below are five tips for career success that struck me.
D. This will help build you into a well-rounded candidate.
E. You may move sideways in your career or even take a step or two back before moving up the ladder again.
F. Once you find a job that interests you, identify people in the field and ask for informational interviews.
G. Imposter (冒名顶替者)syndrome is a reality for many people in the sciences, especially those from
underrepresented groups.
C
Characteristics of an excellent scientist
The Free Dictionary defines (定义) a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more
sciences, especially natural science or physical science. 11. Let’s look at some characteristics of an
excellent scientist.
Curiosity.
12. Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because
they wanted to know how things work. If a scientist doesn’t have the drive to ask questions or even wonder, then
he/she never gets to the first stage of the scientific process.
Patience.
13. There are very few jobs that take longer than this one. Even if you think you have received
some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If you’re an instant-gratification (即时满
足) type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical (道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve
people’s life as well as the environment and living things, since they are all linked and they can affect one another
in the long run. A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal or outside commercial (商业的)
interests. Sticking to an old belief contradicted by evidence is dishonest. 14.
Working habits.
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation, keeping it in mind and recording it.
15. He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking skills connect
him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A.Becoming a scientist takes a long time.B.An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.
C.It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.
D.However, that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.
E.He/She can work well alone or in groups, depending on what’s needed.
F.To make discoveries in human knowledge, you have to think differently.
G.One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
D
(2019·济南模拟)Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful. According to the wellknown saying, talking
to yourself is the first sign of madness.
__16__. Talking to ourselves, whether out loud or silently in our heads, is a valuable tool for thoughts. Far
from being a sign of madness, selftalk allows us to plan what we are going to do, manage our activities, and even
regulate our emotions.
__17__. You are very likely to hear him/her talking to himself/herself: offering himself/herself directions and
giving voice to his/her frustrations. Psychologists refer to this as private speech that is spoken but directed at the
self. We do a lot of it when we are young.
As children, according to the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, we use private speech to regulate our
actions in the same way that we use public speech to control the behavior of others.__18__， we don't abandon
this system — we internalize (使内在化) it. Psychological experiments have shown that this socalled inner speech
can improve our performance on tasks ranging from judging what other people are thinking to sorting images into
categories.__19__. One recent study suggested that selftalk is the most effective when we address ourselves as
“you” rather than “I”．
We internalize the private speech we used as children — but we never entirely put away the loud
version.__20__， turn on the sports channel. You're bound to see an athlete or two gearing themselves up with a
tart phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot.
A．As we grow older
B．If you want the proof
C．Go with your friends to debate
D．But there's no need for embarrassment
E．Although we may think it seems silly to talk to ourselves secretly
F．The effect of our words can give us a valuable perspective on our actions
G．Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with his/her toys
A 1-5 DAGEB
本文是一篇说明文。懂得感恩让一切变得更特别，如何才能具有感恩之心呢？文章介绍了如何培养感恩
之心的四条建议。
1. D【解析】空后为逗号，后面另起一个简单句，根据句子 结构判断应从C、D、E项中选择一个状语从句。结合句 意判断应选 D 项，this simple practice 即指 developing gratitude0句意：如果你能拿出时
间做一下这个简单的练习，你将会真正地受益。
2. A【解析】根据上文的diary判断应选A项，表示“我使用五分钟日记”，下文的This即指“五分钟日
记”。
3. G【解析】根据上文语境判断应选G项，表示“这是让你的大脑积极思考的好时光”，“这段好时光”
即指散步的时候。
4. E【解析】空后为逗号，后面另起一个祈使句，根据句子 结构判断应从C、D、E项中选择一个状语从句。
E项中 的mentally与空后的physically互相呼应，所以应选E 项。句意：如果你在心理上难以表达感激
之情，那就从身体上表达吧。
5. B【解析】根据上下文语境判断应选B项，选项中的 This即指上句的内容。句意：（下次当你和一群
朋友甚 至陌生人在一起时，让他们四处走走，说出他们的感激之情）这是我经常做的事情。
B【答案】6. C 7. E 8. D 9. B 10. F
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几条实现事业成功的方法，包括构建自身的“技能盒”并使用、沟通技巧是
成功的关键，少说点行话、多点激情、运气则是准备好时发生的情况。
【6题详解】
分析文章可知，文章通过总分的结构进行阐述，故文章第一段最后一句应使用总结上文，引出下文的句子，
且文章后文提到了几条实现事业成功的方法，由此可知，C项符合文意，故选C。
【7题详解】
第三段提到，绝大多数人认为自己的事业路程应该是直线型的，而句中提到“but this rarely
happens.”but为转折连词，说明绝大多数人的事业路程不是直线型的而是曲折的，E项提到有人会在自己
的职业生涯中退后几步，然后再上台阶。由此可知，E项符合文意，故选E。
【8题详解】
第五段提到要在实验室外学习技能，探索创业、科学写作和交流、政策、外联、教育甚至艺术，任何能够
引起共鸣的东西。D项中提到this指的是前文中提到的在实验室外学习的技能，这些都将帮助人成为一个
全面发展的人。由此可知，D项符合文意，故选D。
【9题详解】
第八段第一句提到“In professional interactions, be confident and remember that your skills
and knowledge got you where you are today.”在专业互动中，要自信，要记住是你的技能和知识让你
达到今天的成就，由此可以判断该段讲述的是与自信有关的内容。由此可知，B项符合文意，故选B。
【10题详解】文章最后一段提到“运气是当机会和准备相遇后的产物”，当你不知道怎么去找工作的时候就可以从某网
站开始浏览自己感兴趣的部分，一旦找到自己感兴趣的工作，就可以要求进行信息性面试。由此可知，F
项符合文意，故选F。
D【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了杰出的科学家们的性格特点。
11.C 根据空格前指出Free Dictionary定义科学家为对一门或多门学科有专业知识的人,尤其是自然科学
或物理科学可知,此处讲的是它还将科学家定义为使用科学方法的人。
12.B 根据这一段的小标题“Curiosity.”可知,杰出的科学家们具备的一个特征就是要有好奇心。B项中
的“…be very curious about things.”与之符合。
13.A 根据小标题“Patience.”以及下文提到几乎没有其他工作比这个更花费时间了可知,成为科学家需
要很长一段时间,A项与之符合。
14.D 空格上一句提到,坚持与证据相矛盾的旧信仰是不诚实的。D项指出,没有强有力的证据支撑,这种信
仰不应被改变,这恰好是对上一句的补充说明。
15.E 根据小标题“Working habits.”可知,下文主要会谈工作习惯。E项指出科学家们无论是自己一个
人还是在团队中都可以工作得很好,这也是在说一种工作习惯,符合题意。
D语篇解读：我们容易把自言自语认为是疯癫的表现，然而心理学研究表明，自言自语不但不是疯癫的信
号，还大有裨益。
16．选D 根据第一段第二句和本段介绍自言自语的好处可知，本段首句为表示转折的过渡句，故D
项符合语境。
17．选G 空格后讲的是很容易听到小孩子自己跟自己说话，所以G项“去任何一家幼儿园看一个小
孩子玩他/她的玩具”符合语境。
18．选A 空格前介绍的是孩提时代自言自语的情况，后面应该是这种情况在长大后的改变，故A项
符合语境。
19．选F 上文讲的是心理学实验证实了自言自语的正面作用，故此处是继续叙述其积极影响，且与
本段最后一句中的研究有顺承关系，故F项符合语境。
20．选B 空处下文讲的是在体育频道可以看到一些运动员的表现，这些都是证据。故B项“如果你
想要证据的话”符合语境。
