2020年英语二真题解析_27考研真题_考研英语一、二真题+解析（1994-2026）_0.考研英语二真题与解析（1980-2026）_2.2010-2023年英语二真题及解析_2010-2023年解析

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Jfs:Jt~ § US News and World Report«~OOfrµgl§fil9\!-jllig))20191t= 1 A 21 8-xfj/JJLJg Being _a
Patient Parent Isn't Easy-But It's Worth It(fl/(ifof JL' 69JC-BJ:Jf::1f~ $~--{_§_ {K1f) 69 X¥ X¥ JJ*f!: 51
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I O Being a good parent is, of course, what
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every parent would like to be. 8But defining what it fl-J O ®~JF. ~ "1tt ~ fl-J i*l iii J:. ~ ~f -t m
means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1
particularly since children respond differently to the . ii , . J .* G Jt.~~ :/.J ~-t-111 ~-J-* * ij ~ ~ JL-Jr i(. fl-Jo...
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same style of parentingCD. @) A calm, rule-following®
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child might respond better to a different sort of
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parenting than, _2_ , a younger siblingc:D.
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a bit easier to 4 :· a patient parent. 8Children of 0
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every age benefit from patient parenting. @) Still, * ·~ , *
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5 every parent would like to be patient, this is no ®*~~~-~-•~a•,~~J:.*~#
easy _6_ . 0 Sometimes parents get exhausted and
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frustrated and are unable to maintain a 7 and
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composed® style with their kids. 0 I understand this.
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~ff-tE$:~",~it-®1iJ±1iJ±ift defining what it means to. .. (µfij~'1tt'YJ-5c-BJ:'119P-Jffi)VJ}k.@:12;l~i!
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instructive}§'"~ ls tttt~ (giving a lot of useful information)" ,~o an instructive experiencecr~ ls ttl19
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[ffiUi,~-H J~:mWJtE1tJ q:,f'FfffiAi-!, PJ 16~1JJT .±T1~ ,~, A calm, rule-following child. .• better ...
than. .. a younger sibling, PJ~W:1iJ JHtx;J-..t 1iJ ~?~ta~ children respond differently. .. (~~fa*.I ~T xf ltiJ
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;i:\) ,li.1-Ji~JE,:!m They study their instruments and, in addition, theory and music history. ({-W.ff11iffJlJt
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*ff .~~JlJtJJl!itlfl-=g-*!i: 0) ,)( q:, Fo ~ ~7tffi 'tliiffl:li:;1-fm~mt7tffi1~ ,~,(better. .. than. ..
a younger sibling) , i& M~ #~~#JU 12.-* i± : itl WJ mitt In addition ~ !Ji!. r 1tJ tt , wr 1tJ q:, 81 # EE and,
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but~:liw.l':Jlilio [C]at onceC=immediately; without delay~ at the same time)*-BtfaJ,fflrs.!iUJJ~f'F
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3. [AJ Fortunately ¥~1m ,_¥1ffi ,§r$ [BJ Occasionally {M~itf?.;{M~ ;lfB-.f"{!*
[CJ Accordingly ~ !lt; ffl~:im [DJ Eventually ji,F§-;f4r
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[ffl!Di~~ 1Jt ][BJ Occasionally(= sometimes but not often)*~lt, !Ji1.K"i-t JL' ~)t-HJ:" ,R {M~ff-.{E, ~
ft :If-~~" :ft fB -# flifl JE ~ M 5t ifJ= fj fl"~~ o [ CJ Accordingly PJ * 123-* ( = therefore) , :!.m The text was
too long and the editor accordingly cut it by 2-0%. cx~ii-lf ,fsl!lt~mM!J~T:li5tZ-o) ,~PJ*:n:i:\
(=corresp*on *di ngly) ,:tm We have to discover what his plans are and act accordingly. (~{f]!J6,~:ffm{-m~
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[~Ha.~. ri& J~ if ..t. ~ tJr PJ ~ '~ m 1 iJ ~ J:: ~ CZ) 1tJ ~mt~ !Jr x,J-tt ( defining. .. good parent ... tricky
VS another sort of parent ... easier to __ ) ,51 ili-#Xqi.i5(_ff]-p.:f-)t-BJ:tf19!(-tl1f!P :$3t?il-~~ttff.J-
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fip-p.:f-)t-HJ:), it{~ mill~ ti"~ defining i-!t Jlffl Jlr, [CJ describe*~ - Jg to say what sh/ sth *is like,
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"be+ ~?iI-wJ + to do"ta#J:im 14t ~ ~JE.:i:-t ffJ .:Ei;JJ%.:i:-t*.7F*1f i;JJ ~5(, :!m The apples are hard to reach. (1ft
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1f7* a{] fiU ~&ti:~~~-~' EE lltPJ .% '3=: 1i] this is no easy. .. ( this @] m to be patient)* ~mz '1 "j;j IL'*
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11'-Wl to i31 ili~fl:n&:iJOB{J.xf~,~O have easy access to information(~&$~~10Cf~L~U ;iilM.~fiJ_t~,t§l:~
sth is no easy access 89i~r!,iEiifu%j.\~J-j(there is) no easy access to sth;M.i!Sl..r.~,access Ei9.Xf~
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[~~.~-~ ]maintain a -- style m~.x:-HJ:tt~~ffijf.[ ~Bfxt!~i!Ja{J$'111 ,~mWJ~ composed
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[ffil.Vim~ J.:Pt/tJ.9!:1$J:xt!~ composed ~~#ftl**, M ~"it f..,"i! Slim, ~1**~, [BJ formal ffl
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riJll~JHilf~±friJ!l¾"tE~~~lfa<JCrrff~F-1' A.~~P,Jr~) ,iE~.N.a<J" ,:tm She didn't have any formal dance
training. cfltBm:~:tt{ffnJiE~a<J-ffiiJ!IM~o) ,{.§.Xt:f:l~~iit.l~~a<J¾x':-BJ:lf JL1fj.\/~~Cstyle) , rrff~~~ ·
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articlescmiu ti ~ifi.t /)(~); critical Bi~"~ iu Wi" fJ 89", l1t at JlJ ~ "11 Jt;, 11ft:", f.§.llt Sl ltl ~ ~ Ei
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CD parenting [ 1p erantrT)] n. ~ 1f , !Jc~ ®siblh1g [1s1b1ITJ] n. JL5(HH.fl*
®rul~following [ru:l 1folamTJ] a. jlq~!Jltl l'J<J ©composed [kam1pauzd] a. -mwttl¥.1 ,3¥-fftl¥.1 ,vUrl¥.1
But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very tricky, particularly since children
respond differently to the same style of parenting.
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3what it means to be a good parent
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But defining . . . is undoubtedly very t*riiclkly ,
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particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting.
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:i:JJtmjtff :::zis:1iJ.±T7'J But defining ... is undoubtedly very tri~ky,Jti:p defining ~Jt~itH~{D what
it means to be a good parent ~1*JE~1iJ-=f±i-'a,i~~"!Jf-JEfi¥lifjc-B;J:B"J1? Sl"-t'.fr~xlo ~Jg since 51~
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WI-~%-~$) :~~fflK ,-~~ £tJLffiB"J~-=fii£fi~~$_ o ff~@: 'fl differently fO different, lro51f 7-J"~jpj
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another ... easier to describe ~ffctx":xt L2A:W-JEl5cftilt"z*, 51 ili .mHi!½ 1¥J-rJnt,j ll"'ffij ,tY', ~ rm .IE.:i:\
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AJiL @{D ffl of every age @I Mlt "~~ ~ IAJ 9!U 1f JL~i='=1'f M1'f $", 5s iJJ "it ,i:., 1f JLJf 3:\" B"J if~
tto ®1D~rmi~tm~fjll~~Z~o ::zjs:{D VJ 1D ~j, 1D r*J IWM~f!i-8 ~1!,C..,{~,~-,Still, while :fr§J1J.f*-~
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M ff f,j lt ( 1* 1# it 'L') 7-J fnJ * ~ ~ o and 1* ~ ~ ='= ~ m: ~ , ~ ~- :k -* it tt o a tolerant and composed
style 1-J patient parenting B"J ~ Sl wJ, ep IW# ~1*~~ o @1D VJ f'p~JJl!Ms!ii 1t"it ,C.., xtt"~--~ o
. -. . . . Il . l . . . O . . - . Y ... o -- u ... ' r -. e . -. o -. n -- l . - y .. . - h -- u . - m .. - a . n -. , - -. - a -- n . - d -. . . s o . m . - e -. t - i -. m . -- e .. s - -. y -. o . - u . - r -- -. k -. i . d . - s . . -. -... -. -... - Q -. ) .. 1 .. t .. J .. t .. . J .. l . . J . t - . . . A -.. . . . , - ; - / .. f . - i1 - ' - T - - 1 ~ . t . - ~ . -- .. ~ -. - - - - = . f - . 1 . 1 - 1 - -- i - i - f . . i - ~ -. . .
can 8 you just a little too farCD. 0 And then the 9
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happens: You lose your paUence<Zi and either scream at®
:f= ;it$... .1. 1 : 1,t-:k. -k ht·~ , ~ ~ -fA .:Ji -=f 111 1.1:fL
your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and
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does nobody any good©. C, You wish that you could
*~~~.®~·~iif~il~~-~'~
11 the clock and start over®. 0 We've all been there. * * *-
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--. -. -. . . . . . -. . . . . . . ... -. -.. --........ -.... ---..... -. --. -......... -.. -. -.. --.. -. . ....... -. -........ -......... -.. - . . . . . .... -........ --.. --... -... -----. -. ----. --. - ~ ....... ~ ... .
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9. [AJ mysterious *!1MB<J ,xiHHI.Mt¥J [BJ illogical ~if~mB<J ,~~i1Hll!B<J
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goal is to try, to the best® of your ability, to be as tolerant and
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Section Il Reading Comprehension
Part A
*
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7-fs:x~ § New Scientist((~f4-~l0 2018 if: 11 A 27 8 )(~ Rats can make friends with robot rats
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24. Janet Wiles notes that rats J..~jJ.e,s/.~ffil~ :Janet Wiles X;f*fl~W~/~!Ji!o
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V "Rats have been shown to engage in multiple "t:J~,iJf-Jt~R}], ~ .l.*i!_,f-t j #-Jfj #._ -
forms of reciprocal® help and cooperation, including frlJ.!.J/J~¼~,Jt. tp ~,i~•;lj '.t.-t:l.!.
what is referred to as direct reciprocity wh.ere a rat will ,t-'frlJ,f-t~,Jlp~~*•J/J~lttfPJ/J~ gJ
help another rat that has previously helped them,"
~ ~ }i _;_ 7' ~"' "-t-~ -iJLil
0 0
says Quinn.
.-----;---~----------------------------------. -_I
:__ ~-- ~-i-~-~~~~~-fr-~--~--: ;I,
CDrelease [ri'li:s] v. ff$: ~ @reciprocal [rr'srprakl] a. 1[ g t'.19
®lever ['li:var] n. trff ~ • ~£~m~c
®trial ['traral] n. tit~ ~~ (Dperceive·. .. as ... (~······mJ;J······)
@genuine [ 1d3enjurn] a. AiE 139, ~ itl Jt~ 139 ··-.J ~~ . . ...® bond with. .. C.!§······}tJt:¥aO
®communal [ka'mju:nl] a. 0;f¾-139, lfil-f:*139
(3)~eturn the favour ( @Hfl)
"Rats have been shown to engage in tnultiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is
refe rred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that ltas previously ltelped them," says
Quinn.
1ilr±T:
says Quinn.
i~i!f ±i!t
that has previously helped them,"
1I~5l~fF~i-B- JEift~ 1iJ1lilJiariother rat
"Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation,
it$J~i~i-B- .:tilHri:g
including what is referred to as where a rat will help another rat
direct reci roci
J;jJ~jtff =*1D1Im':ll ffl Quinn';&.~' *ffl{jj~'Aj~~ says Quinn 3.3I:lifti 51 i-B-$:fri-=f ~
O
Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperationo -~ncluding ... 11 WJ
Jtl*~11f-Jl:9=1-fif!JL.IVJ-itfF1f~: 1imJL;m (direct reciprocity) ;Fom where 1JI ~ ~»...'AJfli¥~Jl:_pg ~-,.P-J
m
that J:Eiit»...1iJffl~1imJL;m~*•-W.IVJit2Mii § B~~mo
1::~)f~fr~f ~::1
~
=, *
m ll 9 , Ji~ 1t tl3 ut ~ ~ !ll i.i aJJ lt ~ 1.m # ,t :t:Jr 1* ~ , B. ft!~ l]ij :pJf :n 1ti i.iE m 1 1 ( M ~ @ ~ ~ fcJ ~ =
~ Fil ti~~ i& fJl a m. ~ lli a{) f± ~ 1~ ~ } o
ffi Im~ 1t t~ iv~= , i.~ PJ.l ~ IJHt ,t fir 1* ~ o ~ it iii.I : more likely ... to set the-social robot free ( £ ft.Yi icJ
14T ~ iJi U 3t fJl ff fffi. ) o
CD'A:111-~Bm~i~I :~Mff Fr~*iif*_=f ,#fii~:?tfffi. ~-~fJt~o Next ~iR*iJ\ ~:it!:A "F-~~;gave
z :
the rats the opportunity to ... 1r .;,~ ~ 1?1f ~ ::J!r 1¥1 ~ ~ M. fr tHJL ff M. EB fJlA~ , D ~ ;i=t fi :.;f;J : 3!t ~ ¾ ~
1t? lU±3<: ~~!!~n±5c ~? Ct t: 'AJ rp ffl EB£ robots, E!P: WLR fJl.ff mltt!Hi:¥d1r3ie rp)
0
2·'A:lft~Bm~~m!::?t~~*-2:U3lfil!t-Jll$*.*.~T~F4±3lflllo Across 18 trials eachC~~P.x;f 8 .Q
~ ~4Jj Riz!:fi 18 7Xiit~) 1.2,{ iit~7Xfxz$ 8 ~ iit~~ :W:z QJ~ o more likely on average to set the social
robot free ~JHifu~m_,g,-f*1~rtJ :£PJ§E-*•3!ti±x.ffl.:HM.o 52 per cent Y!U5EdJJ~-1!M1n1~~~1!13J1L
GD~ CT> 'A] 5 I ffl {iJf ~ ~ Quinn ~ i~ ,t tFr ~ ~
0
Q) 1iJ ,~, ii¥ : :?t ml~~ U 3t fJl ff ~ ~ J:J 7 Ji iE a{] U 3t ~ !fm o This suggests ( This ffi 1-t@JaJ }Yr J£ iJ\ ~ ~
~) ff li5 .xtiit~~:W: EB:5HJr o genuine,flii'ffl social being, sliUJJ" A.IE EB, Jr~ 139", ~ robot r*J ffi" JdiHJLff"
m m t.xt H~ , slii iffiJ ~~~-~...ts~ ~~uxm.ff fm.~ ~ lffJ ~
0
@®1iJ ~~ mil:?t.fill~itJlff Ulll~J:J liiEU 3t ~ 4m #izr fi~lfi a{]" ,t,Il" o
CD'AJ@Jfflgf ~~-, =m tfj ~ fill AJ"fi~~U?ilfJlff ~{£~ fEJ !t-Jj!WJ ~ ~°JI.. 7 J!~tr.Jffi~ o may *.iRfl~tl,
~p :5Hfr~ m3!t~f!Of fPJ, fl~tl Jt rp.@: ffil o ,M. 'A] because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and
playing(communal ~1-J"~1*B<J ,3¾µijEl<J") @J m~-= ~CDJaJ"UxfJL~ Silt~ Jr~ mlt1f1 IPJr!ff-IPJ mJL"B'-1 ITID
w
ffij; :ti! 1.2,{ have bonded more iJt~;!=t-;u:-~B<J~:t:W:: ~ mlt1fJ ~uxmff mlt}tfr 7$xsi E!<J'li~tll
= = 0
0 'AJ !ID !J3 ~ w I t~ t±1 ( ffi - M-~ ) ~ "iI. tr.] ffi ~ ffi $ 11 {~ ( ffi .!Ifl" ~ ) :?t ~ J! /!A ~ ®: tfj ~ :fj( fi 7J o la]
r~f*J.2,{ This could lead to sh doing ... and doing ... ~;MJ*.~"·1i~t1li/f"JYrilt~El<J~~$1i",L,Jll!m
~ !1!3!tf9Jm" = 1. ~ m~J!~~:it!?.i2~ EI BzfrJtfWf~iimff ~c~tX-tiL8)tJ!~~m~Af[3!t); 2. ~ fm.
~~ El B ;ff~-8 it!E a,t-tlL fJ~~i ¥Uf11.:H ~Ef<J@J 11i C~A~r~ § B) o
ffi 1.i~« ~I c ~~~~I..!\!.Tiffli.iE~ filt!t-J";Jtjr}.. ~T*5!: ~ c. ",t,Il o ~iti.m :direct reciprocity( ][fis!{)
*'AJ=$5tl.2,{Ji:it!:~-~tp-lif@iiE...t~*lYrJ£~ ~B<Ji;JJfJL"fir~{iE 8 m~ M.i?@J* El c "(wanting 0
the--robot to return th~ favour when _they get, trapped):± la) have been shown ... .*-1!13 ;'cfrJ-?j]f ~ B t2iiE~
~ ~~:it!:fi: $ fip % j\:1¥) .li WJ .& -ft-ff ( multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation) -fhm mi!
including ... ~ ~Jt rp-fip"l[~.li~ ( direct reciprocity)" -where ,M. 'A] :itt-tt"ff¥Hf 1tti1L ~ B<J r*J ~" ~
~~1i~ I ~fWWJii El B EBJtfte.~ ~", ~~~-ft-*?j(-J.It~ rp B<J ~ ~,i:.,J]!" fr 3!tflLff Silt tU~H~{iE B El B
rm!tmff ~ 1!3!t", IA.I atllff rr ~-ft-1?1f:n'ii:..JIJ!"~ ~J!ftlif [A] r1Wf3!t1fr ~3!tii § B B<Jt±xm~ n{" o
[~5if1it~l 1. ffi lmt2:AJ ff @~'A]a,t~~~tJ5t~ff: CD@laJ ~ii-ti: a,t~ (trapped/gave/were), fr
m 1 Jt~i9.::'i:ffi .ti:JIJ!; ®@@1iJ®1t~ JIJ!:a:a,t~ Cs uggests/ says Quinn/ she says), ti 5l 1?1f ~::J!r~i!fWf ~iJ\
~'Ji:_]:IJ! o 2. ffi Im@: ®@@'A] 1.2,{ .&ffi Ji~:MJ 1-J 5 I J=!Hff ~:;J!r Quinn ~i:g.~ ~-?j]f ~ 'Ji:..]:IJ!, PI~ 7'1-1*, This
suggests that ... The rats may have ... This could lead to ... Rats have been shown ... -f*~A i's]~ $l: ,g,
1*/fRiliJ\~~:W:-A1*flJ.!1!5tffr JH:ffil-tfi31.B ~ 'Ji:..~1ti:iiEftJJl!o 3. ffi Im ,1i~JYrJ£1?1f ~'Ji:..~"~
~~-3¥£~ § B IA.lrlff.lA.lmJLB<Jt±xmff mlt"~Y!U~JE@J~ Ttt ~m:ili B<J I'll]~:~ ~i:11fmtit&flLff ~'Ji:_
ili B<J f± x fif % o
23. According to Quinn, the rats · released the social 23_ ~~ti 1±1 , ~ oot ff nH± 3t m ff Fl~ I;§ J:J
robot because they '. 'Ein
--0
[A] tried to practice' a means of escape [A] ~~~-#JmB3~1J~
[BJ expected it to do the same in return [BJ ~ ~ fJ1. ff ~ ri~ 11i 1.2,{ IP] f-F El<J fi 11
[ CJ wanted to display their intelligence [CJ ~~WkiR § B El<J~ jJ
[DJ considered that an interesting game [DJ R~~¾-t-;ff~B<Jrlff-~
Cffl*~ f3'.i:Jffi Im~CD@JaJm 1±1, ~ mlt1!1tlif 1n1 rm~uxm~ Silt; ®@@JaJ5ttJrm 1±1, ~ m. PJ~~5;j1±
153'.ctJLff Rlt-JI.® 7·11~-~ ,~m!ffl-* § B~matm.flli~i¥1Jffl$.lW@lit,flr~!!~n([-,[B]IEf!fti
0
[~~f{llHf]IEfiffJ~[B]IA.)51..i!J(~ffi[Q~*'i:iJ wanting the robot to return the favour when they get
trappedo
[ A] !ffl-ffi fill~ CD 1iJ release them by pressing a lever ltlr.:@. 51.. '1 ~ a ;4!l ~Wt~ fl! ffi l'.t(J ~ Be! 1f 7* , {§.
"rtrF~ifilJff"¾~ am WJ tJLff RM m tW 1J st;,~ ¾:Mi. tW JJJ( lzL [ C]!ffl-@ 1iJ displayed behaviours ...
<:t:±3'.ttJLff ~~ ~~ili~-f*~~lUdl~fi-1-1) aaffit-1-J"~ am~melR § B lW~ :h" o [D]!ffl-@1ij exploring
and playing(~ R%iltr'lfi .!:ijtJLff R~IA.IWJ.~) aaffit-1-1"~ R:«ll4-Zflr ~ ft•mtt R¾~ '11A1-JJ!~-t-~
~tWWJ.~"
· c~i:, .0 ~.taJ*~¥t"m:~~*<~ ~**-
am~:t:±3<:tJLtt R) )JJ(~ 5tffi""$5t-6trHM,~>1t~1:.mm
**-*~
ffi trna@'i:iJ This suggests ff ls ?ttfr ,@@'i:i] may/ could :itt:fiffEJllL ~ becauseJead to$•
• 0
®:Mi•ffim5ttfr:~~tt3'.ttJLttR•.!:ij~Rl'.t(J•-f*m~-~-.!:ij~-~T£•1'.t(]Mm•M-•~~
£~~ic®~ ~~~~--ittJLff R ,ii ~1trfflrtJLIHl!ffl-**~ § B (-=f¾!!···) '[B]IEf!fti Jt
x O
~ ~ J'.ffi-:i5J 11 D¥: -t-JJtl ~ ~ .± ~ JJj ltlr o
VT O The readiness<D of the rats to befriend the social
f;tl A..;t:#~ Jl, i!.7' ~.±.~,l]t.2-I...~ ii.
robot was surprising given its minimal design. 8 The it~~~ fa, ;t-,i. ~,f}} A :t ~ 'e ~NJ
robot was the same size as a .-egular® rat but resembled a i!. ,R ~ 2-I... j\ ~ ¼ ii ;t-I... *-- ,J, ~a ~ '
?r~
~
0
simple plastic box on wheels. C, "We'd assumed® we'd
~1#..-+-f-~-f ~ ~ ~ "t!#~ "~1fJ ~
0
have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and
~;l. :f.J ,Jl• ~Ji ~ 'e /Ju ..L ~ #1 6(J ~ ;f\, Jt ~ ' iii ~
put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that
#~;f\,~~~~~;t-1...~~*~'~M*
wasn't necessary," says Janet Wiles at the University of ~ If}] ii. 1if" ,Jl-~ O" ~ ;k_ ;f•J ilE ~ ± :l:. *-- ~ ~ Jt
Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. r
-M:. # • ·~ ~ $.Ji"-iJUL ~ tlJ. JJh ~ ik.J;JDL
Vlf O The finding shows how sensitive@ rats are to ·~ ~ $.Jr -ti f;tl ' jj: 11. .J.!t '-If}] ;t-I... tj- -r i.±.
social cues, even when they come from basic robots, says *-
~ 1-t ½ ~f 1*° ,it~ , J!p 1t. i!. ~ 1-t ½ tJ i"'1 if
Wiles. 8Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they
6(J ~ 21... o ~ Z ~ -W., JL i:" -lt 1i-1i-~ ~ 2-
are fell ow beings, even wheP they display only simple
A.~ :f.J fiiJ ~' J!p1t.J!.~~2A...R ft 11. tH ~
social signals. C, "We humans seern to be fascinated® by lf ~ i.±. ~ 1i -t "a 1n A.~ 1,;J. -t :tt ,l]l. 2-A..
0
robots, and it turns out other animals are too," says
)~)~'*-~I' .. ~~ RA -1--~#J ~ -lt-#_o'' ·~
Wiles. [ 419 words]
~~-iJliL
:--~--wHt-Jiff ~~i.i~-~;j(~--:
~ ~~
'--------------------------------------------·
CDreadiness [1redinas] n. l!~
@regular [1regjala] a. -'iilia<J CDminimal design Cf& ffiH!ht)
@assume [a'sju:m] v. @JE, ii~ @facial feature (ffijtlfS~u[)
©sensitive [1sensat1v] a. fiit~a<J ®social cues ( fix m % )
@fascinate [1fa:!81ne1t] v. ~lj~
,-----.-------------------, ,,I
: • i!1l,Hff • :
~
* , '-----------------------*-'
ffi -t ii m- tv • n& ma fffl. tt-J "m ,ia ii it " , mw roc x-t fll H fill u Q 1~ ~ tt-J fdfl lrl tt Mi w i f ~ ~
ffiJtij
0
~ 1' ¥.it ffi W, ;g. Btil !m ~ ~ i.2 tt 1l1l Jlt *ii lfla 1¥-J m i i mil ~ M ~ ~ iiJF ~ ~ ~ f1J AZ ffi o ;A: it-00 : CD minimal
design ( ffl "5 tfJ ii it ) ; (2) surprising ( WA ~ ~ ~ ) o
CD 1iHJHfj .± ~ o The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot ( befriend ~jg" .Eij ...... 3'.t IDJ
";&";readiness 5ji,llj"*~ ,l!:ft")@lfili.ffi [Q~~~"~ a~t±3'.cff1.ff ~lt-JI.®·lifil*m 1W#!!#-=li:!ff~
16r x m:.&
1:"; surprising 5fn imJ:i!-'it~" ili A~:¥4", ffi~ ~ {i}f JG:lf ")]{7-fi: ffiAA"; given its rnipimal design
(minimal design ~~~=3:@1D rather minimalist)l!l3~Pz:W-.@:f§ :.flLfHtlia:itt&;;tttm1Wc1frz.~:tfL
~ ~6'~ % ~ 76 ~ ffl ¾ ~ :® , {§_ 76 ~ 173 ~ ;;ft~ 71 M 1ff. , :i! iiJfl ~~A~ 6'~) o
x 1iJ 1'r il:l fll ff fill *Ji~ i!i it , iJr. a_ij ~ ~ Ji m, ffi *' g ili but ~ ii-1D pg ~ m: ,m - SL.. £ ,~ :a: fr5 : j!c if: ±v ~
O
iA.trL~ ~:k;J\~ 76 ~ffi ~ ( the same size as a r~gular rat) ,!5 @JJ.ili:1t1D minimal design, slft iftj f}Lff ~~ 76
~E8&#e:k:.R~--t-i/:iHe--FE81'mJHJtf--t:&;:Ca simple plastic box on wheels)o
Q)~!I sl Wiles i!ii i.~ a_ij ~~~~*El WJ, iH~ W~ ~~ ~ ~ ::k :;k ~ tfHm ~ We'd assumed we'd
0
have to ... but that wasn't necessary 8 lfil. ",WF JE :If J:m AA"~"~~ ,WF JE 'it~" E8 M tt a$ -W :i£ a
-
O
moving head and tail. .. facial features ... a scent to make it smell like a real rat ~ir ~ a simple plastic
box on wheels E8xf tt, i)t~,WFJG::lf )]{7-fi: ffiAA "tfL~ ~r&£71{jj 1{., 76 Ftl::;1-~~i&Jt'it ili E8 Ux{tf %";
that wasn't necessary 1f faJ ~ ~, ~ iiJfl ffi ili ~ ~ffe'it ~::k::km ili ffiAA o
-~-i11~M~ffiW :~M~tt~ffi~~--~~7••~~*11.ffM~~~~~~-
:Dsensitive( 1at ~ (fJ) ; ~ fascinated by robots(*& f}l~ A~ 51 ) 0 ~-~:
0 °*'~~,
CD~ ..tffl Wt ait: fiJf ~~m!~aJ.1:1t ~x-t-=f-U3tf~~~~ WI~·ta ~~1~~* ~ faJ ~(r-JtJlff
~o
1iJ T ~ ~ ~ how sensitive. .. even when. .. 5j iftJ 76 Ftl xt U 3( {tf % t& 71 fit£~ , _§_ ~ i-B-SL.. £ ,~ it Fo : how
sensitive rats are to social cues £ ~ § ~ Rats. .. highly attu11ed to social signals; even wh.en they come
from basic robots ~ iiJfl @l ~ § .@.:ia: fii] whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats basic irf-J.ili:
O
J: X minimal design, 8 lfil. 76 ~xtf±x{ tf % E8 ~ J!l fit£~ o
0Q)~ iit-~~ t~A~ ,tij W: 1t&l.-tl?.~~*11.ff A. ( •) ri.&sl
o
W~ffi It JL~~fi;J.fi-A : ~ti1&*11.~A(r-Jf± ~ 1~ ~, ~Jt:~-JJ ~ ~o Similarly tf!~~I ili ~{i;],~~;
treat robots as if they are fellow beings ffi ~ JLJl11t .!Ji!.fi Jg" ~m~ At£Jg ~~",Ir¥ mffi tm ~ 76 Fttfi Jg
"~VLJH1,HW.71:f{.iEf8l±x~!fm(perceived the social robot as a genuine social being)" evep when 51~
m~ 0
E8i-1~~i-B-JA 1iJ ~m!J: 1D~~, 8 lfil. 76 JLJlfi -JJ E8 ffl {i;J. tt; display only simple social signals irf-Ni.
come from basic robots,:ltt-~si-vaJ=:lf ffi{i;J. tt: t!Lff A / m E 8f±x{tf %-11J. faJ ~, -tf!~~ Ofoj JL:Il/76 ~~
;Jt~Jg~~o
Q)~ 11= ~: fdJ#J~ A- ~ ,-tl?. ~f.&:~Jl~ All& ~I We humans,other animals iJ"JjlJ¾_t 1D children,rats
O
E8J:SL..1,P], ~JF:xt J: 1U:it!:fit1UJS ,~,~ o fascinated by robots/too 9!Uffi ili A~~~tJS1J!VLff Ao& 51 o
l*
[ ~ 3t t1iE 11 x 00 ~-r_m ~ {E i.m~" 76 Ftl B~ :a ti i& tfL ff Ftl 'it ili E8 U x {~ % "E8 iVf Jl ~ ff iJ?. 1!13 , J1. fWf
5Hf tE T: 1. iJl JJIJ X r:p ~ >l 1k. it,~ iiJfJ X ~.±~:highly attuned to social signals, identify friends to
c;opera te, detect social signals, reciprocal help and cooperation, direct reciprocity, befriend, sensitive. . . to
social cues ~~m fPJ"76 mxH±xftf %E8~1Jrfif£~tt" ;2. mJJ1Jx r:p $1--"xt~" .~~tit~ r:p *:it¾ IDk:
"Jt76~"ffi3c:tk.Jt1f :rats,adult rats,living rats,a regular/real rat,a genuine social being;"f}Lff~"ffi3c
:tk.Jt 1f: non-living beings, (social/asocial) robotic rats, the robot, basic robots ~ o
~::~::~ij~~::~::~
~,!
24. Janet Wiles notes that rats __. 24. ~~*1 • 1*~Wrffi tl:i :1t L,l
--0
[AJ caP remember other rats' facial features [ AJ AJ ~ ic fi ;Jt ft 76 Ftl E8 ffi iliWHil:
'*
[BJ differentiate smells better than sizes [BJ £ ilf-r 1K :xt4. ffiJ ~ ~¢ ~ jc;j\
*
[ CJ respond more to actions than to looks c c J x-Hr ~ tr. xt fF ~ ~ & m ! l!
[DJ can be scared by a plastic box on wheels [DJ ~1J!*~rE8mf--t:&;:irfilJ
[ffl,fUE m] Ei3 /MFF A~ 3cm-j,pj Janet Wiles J:E UL~ffi:R ,-t~ o ffi*~®1Dffi ili, Wiles.@:~ -JJ * ~ *~
m f f Ftt 110 J: ~ fifi {JJ • ~ ~~ % ia: it cA J ml9 J ~ :!k , ~ ~) , 76 ~ ::;1-~ ~ ~ ~ ;tt x M1 ff. , {El.~* iiE ~ ~ ~
f5!:1f &,~, ~p: ~if f!Lff m*¥lft~~;ilJ{ ,{El.76 Ftl-03?&~~ ;Jtf7i)Jffij JJi€rr'E, [CJiEiiffl
o
17[ fri"JU;W]LE~JJt~xtffi/,m@1iJ We'd assumed ... but that wasn't necessary li~ili (r,J"xt~ mBt:
.z.
i~, t/Lff_f l t'fJ ~ ~ i5t ii~ Ji~ cj f;fi ~ J! fl I~)" (fJ iE liJIJ ff~
o
[AJ,[Bl.[DJ)fljfflffi/,-l?ii@@/p]m.&(r,J facial features, scent, smell, size, a plastic box on wheels
•:t±
~'*,
JJt~tl ili "~ M.x-tffii$~ttE, 1*~ ~ ~ -1* 5'~%~tiE (r,J ~-f*li m..", m~x i~ ~ "~ ~ttfil (t,J ilik:!x
*) ,
# ~ yJJ ~ ~ Fit.~ mI ! fl~ "fl. •If~ If*~" Cl !P : ~ fit. xt ~ ~ ~ fil #~:(£#I 1i $1 ~ ~ 1.Y! ~ lit ffl t1 o JA
J3-1'jij ~~ ,xq,i~.&B<J¾:~ ~x-t"tJLff M."B<J&m.. ,#*m.&x-t"Jtft!!.~ fit."(t,]Ji.m.. ,[AJ1i14x#*; x
m m• • m•
q, **m.&~ mxt" '*iR"ffi" 1* ru!-j(1J\" B<J ~ lqj li m.., [BJ~~ H~$x; x q, ili ~ Ei ~ c ~
r
(r,J ffl f:--1-ib: ) f~ IDL~ , [DJ J:JH=f X # *
o
[ lt l5 .~-!ii]*~~ ~ ~-ij}f JG A ffi. xt TM JG xt ~ £f,J ~ tis: ' ~ ~ ~ iE ~ H! ff A~~~'~ '-t
0 • /',
~:itg~.& Wiles xm,~ ,~m1*l11!• o J3 &~ ,}]!.:ii~ q,~~f;Jt~f5t''1ilfJE~Z.-", .i.RiUi.E1iftiJffi-mJ1[V!
m..MJE~-offiAmOO@/p]ffiiliMJG~-~fftJLff•*IDWM,~afil~R#~jtxM~,~~A~
i~ ;@Ip] Wiles l~H=fH!;H!~ffi ili ":JtffJ@: LV-fJ&H.Y!~~:IJD...t ··· ···ffl C~j!HiE~ )i)t~ &,~" o ffi-tm1tlaJ Wiles
LV-iJ:~~f~~iiffiJ"tJLff M.xH±xf~%jWjJ3t~~ ,~~·ts~*§ 5'~%~itffiMB<JtJLff fit." o ~1*H!m-aJ~, Wiles
#:(£i~~"tJLti fBU~%~1t~ ,Jtfi~( @Jm..ffi:::::mr*H~f) B,@~ i31®~ fit.(t,Jx~•-" ,[CliHif!
0
J.J.*:x
25. It can be learned from the text that ~ats 25. ~~mRJ"tt~m ,~~
-- --0
[AJ appear to be adaptable to new surroundings [AJ fr), 3¥-~LHr~ ~m~ f.1'~
[BJ are more socially active than other animals [BJ ~Jtft!!.~!JmJ!fJHHl±x
[ CJ behave differently from children in socializing [CJ iEl±x:nffii ~ JLll*•~ lq]
[DJ are more sensitive to social cues than expected [DJ xH± X f~ % 1¥1 !it~ J3t jWj T f.vtM
[ffliiAE1ll~ /\mCD/p]ffi ili '~ fit.~~itffi~(fJtJLff fit.xM~ 1¥Jfi7'1 iliA#:¥-4 ;@@laJfff.f: ivfJG
Affi.~~7'j~~mnm~~-arm~i¥J~ffifflB•,~~~1!•~m,@•~~~~*~~~o•-tm
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26. Which of the following bas contributed to CEO pay rise? • ~ ffll it : CEO fir ftffl ..t. $ 89 Jffi ~ Z - o
27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are • ~ ffll it : :fzD 4-tt-.J CEO ( ffl ~ U: . f § ,j ~ • ~f·f1 )
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28. CEO par has been risi'lg since the l 97ns despite -- $~ffl!it :CEO irftffl..t$B"J o
29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it • ~ ffll it : YE P~ CEO jij Ir .g-II 'Ii 89 •
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30. The most suitable title for this text would be -- ~:>e~ ~:&~~>CE§' B"J&:ii~~ o
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I O It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top 69 ~ , ~ ~ -tJt. -ff 't CC EO) 69 ~ $1 J: ~
ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers T -1Ji ~ CEO 69 ~ $1 iif ~~ Jt ¾ i! .9l if" 1SJ
on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for ~ ldtl 69 300 ~ , i1n J1. ti -t%-~ # ~ ~ 69 1t it , m
large publicly traded American corporations has, by J: i!f-~ 7 0 -+ ,f\ lf Jl}j f)_ *-, ~ 00 :k_ ~ J:._ rp IA'"-$]
varyingQ) estimates, gone up by about 500 %. 8 The 69 CEO ~ldtl J: ~Ti~ 500% o ~ l!1 lUVA'"-$J
typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes 69 ~~ CEO .J,t~.fg:-Jf-1it#-J1J 1890 :a~ it o
about $ 18. 9 million a year.
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~ x 0 JJ* firm~" 16 il ~ ffe iA ~ $ ~ , -W-~ ITff vVi] ~ ~ -~" o wt :tfr-% J§ 1-1 ffii ~ , and :ii tt ~ ~ -t-5t tJ 5t ~rJ I;) ~
tll~ffl 300 timesCCEO ~~ii~ Ifir~B"J~ fliJ Xt H~) ~ 500 % Oli:JL-t~ CEO fir~ ~W.fliJ 5t:ft)fWHf ,g,
~t] ;ffiAi! by varying estimates 1*:l:!M~!f&B"Jl'iJ#tL
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II OThe best model<D for understanding the growth J.f. f¥F. CEO £ff-iii! J:. ~ <r-J ii. 1i :fl~ Jt. , ½
* ,
of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where .J4l Tffi. ~ /A'- $) {r-J ~ .:lldJt. ½ ,,ff. i£. it J.f mi
business opportunities for the top firms are growing CEO A.;f" '.f.iJto k 00 ~Ali.~ <r-J 1%A.lf
rapidly. 8 The efforts of America's highest-earning 1 % <r-J.h# ~-A~¼-R~ff.J~H#~ h
have been one of the more dynamic® elements® of the z- ~,ti!.¼ -i>L~ k -it$,~ CEO*~
o
global economy. 8It's not popular to say, but one reason ~#dP JI:!:, _z *- fr-J - + ~ f!l )t_, icvt-t k I!]
their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have R ~ 1f fr-J -it- j Jt. ,fe, .:L tf ¼ *- -i>L , CEO #fl ~
upped their game relative to many other workers in the -t>l1t T .:r.#~JJto
U.S. economy.
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• ~~*fie
The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limitefl_C EO talent in a world where
business opportuJ.JUies for the top firP1s are grow(ng rapidly.
ta~tJHt:
for understandillg the where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly
growth of CEO pay 5I ~ iP] .:Ei-ef JEi-R i~i-ef ~ffi
The best model is that-4+----i1¾---1 of limited CEO talent in a world
2
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model, iUf~~fflJfL where 51 ~ l'r-J JEiit 1A 1Di3?. ~ CEO A ::tffi fljR l'r-J ffii ~~:ijL
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model B9 pg~ :-0~ifij"~fJL~:il$<fi3j(-;k) 1ffl CEO A::t~ ~ Cf jt~;j*\) ,~-@-"i:iJ~*'AJ ~A::tm~fjt~
~ ffl! fr.Hf CEO fr M_ t ~ <4 w ~ ~ j;J J1:) , ~ {IJJ. $ xW. l'r-J iJBJ. i-ef '7:. ~ JilU ~ xt CEO 1* if B'-J ~HF£ iJJ
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f:21:Jf l'.l{Jffti;!J iJ ~ii~{tp,ff~, ~llt rJJ tmfi=~ xi" CEO M-f*M=fil~~-5£ ~~, mr m~~ ~x1 CEO r*irl'.l{J ¥if
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i! .M.-'i:D 1 , X>E9iU:iJD£i!~fi= ffl, .!::jfrJiffi l'.l{J not popular f1JM~ffr~$l" £~~::kit*, -tl1-03~si j)aj-r" 0
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26. Which of the following bas contributed to CEO pay rise? 26. 7' Jlj lffl~ !Di£ CEO fr lfff ..1: ~ 1Y-J mi [i;J Z - ?
[AJ The growth in the number of corporations. [A] 0P.]~ilEJ{J~-fL
[BJ The general pay rise with a better economy. [BJ iNJf M-~ , I~ ,1t ii1Lt 7* o
[ CJ Increased business opportunities for top firms. [ CJ ]Ji~ 0 P.] EJ{J iffJ ~ fJL ~ ~ $ o
[DJ Close cooperation among leading economies. [DJ ±~~#'f~ZfBJB'-J*tJJirfi=o
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fffi*, Ea lit CEO iiHlifll_t.7* o i!ii[C]iE~ o
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ill 0Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, '*"+t!J CEO, .i. ~- ~ -t ~ 00 t!J :k_ 1~
must have many more skills than simply being able to "run a1 ~it, ~-jJi .ilfl ~ ~ i ~~~,rm~ vlvlk
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e..
the company." • CEOs must have a good senseID of ~ f-1~ W' rm o CEO~-jgi ~½Nth rfi
financial markets and maybe even how the company should -~~ff{r!J~-h,~~~-~-~¾~
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trade in them. They also need better public relations S•'*"M,(f..~~•-t~•~lo~~
skills than their predecessors® , as the costs of even a minor ~1£{f1 ,~{f1 i£. 1; ~.t.ffi li {r,J I~~ jj~ h,
slipup<:l) can be significant. 0 Then there's the fact that ~ :/.J J?p{t~-+·J, ,J,t!J ~-il. ,~ ~1i~+\11t
large American companies are ~uch more globalized than rmA,~~:k.¾~t!J¼-¼UL~
•• o
ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger ~,*B~~~~Jt!JOO~o~,(f..~#{r,J
*ij
number of .countries. C, To lead in t.hat system requires #. t t ,t. ~ 4Ji ~ ,ff Jfl , ,JldJi ~ ~Ht A. t!J
knowledge that i.s fairly mi11.d-boggling®. CD Plus@ , ~~*~o~~,~~~~{r,J~~;k¾~
virtually® all major American companies are becoming tech ~,(f..~~#~A~#~¾~#~o ~~
companies, one way or another. 8 Beyond this, major ~tr, :k. CEO Vi ?A -l--fl. ~1f1 - .t.,(f..1t. t!J
CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have ,rr~ a 'f .:r..tL
always done.
I
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~ 'AJ*~ CEO l¥-J~~~iRo a good sense of(iEfdftt¥J~jltJrjJ/}Jl!jfjJ)Foi&!W1'-Ji.ut~ift financial
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than their predecessors t:J tlH~M It ( CEOs VS predecessors) Bt M: X;f It" Jm-4- VS :ti-¼", 5.i ill ~ll-4-1llf
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ift spread sthrre~:'fm~IBf /:5t~:1f), across a larger number of countries t:J 1rw.1 across<:tE ·•· ···4l-6tt, :i!1i
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G)1:i]ffit±L.t~~t/;~ CEO ~titi~~31<o .±ffl-To lead in that system ffiftil CEO l{R~"ffi~...t.~~1*
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the mind" ~-~Ax#di~/xl ~ ~~") ~ D..J.ssUJaJ iU WJ fairly( OOJ!, ffl ~ H& ~ CEO 't~A ag ~ i,R ~-tl-, '/it
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way or another(ffl:i!#~~~#Jrt! ;~ff~:f-*F) iJtf!ij ttl9!$5ca<J*0Pl ~ffi~ * IE J, lv.~ § Jr~~~fft!A
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® 1:iJ ~~ft* 0 ~ CEO ft~ fill fi ~* ! }t B ';% lIJ!. ~ o major CEOs ( major J{[" ffi: ~, '.m: ::k" Z Sl) ~ fill ___t X
s
major/ large American companies, ffi ff ::k 0 Pl a<) CEO o the day-to-day work ~ fill CD~ I % l*-1 ~ run
the company, ffi-0 ii] a<J S 'lit~ ff ff Jll!I. fl=; still have to ,@!.H CEO f3: 9}-Z~l!: ml _xg-~fip j:[~ ag *1f ~~ bt~
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27. Coi,1pared wit}I their predecessors, today's CEOs are 27. ffl tt fir fl f(1 , :fa] 4- a9 CEO ~ ~
required to -- --0
[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork [AJ t&~ J!s!il B9 Bj jR~i,9-,
[BJ finance more research and development [BJ ~WJJ!$a<)liJf~I.fp
[CJ establish closer ties with tech companies [CJ ~f4tt0ffllt.fr.':~~Wa<J~~
[DJ operate more globalized companies [DJ f'.~ff£1J0~1*1ta<J0irJ
[ffiil~UL] ~-=~tf 11) ,~,@!~~: CEO !JZ,ffliAf ~1!$ a<Jtt~ ~Jg~~~ CEOs must. .. , They
o
also. . . -. Then. . . -. Pl us ... -. Beyond this ... :,t ~ CEO JYf' 1m a<) tt fm o A r:p @@ 11) ffi ili "~ 00 ::k 0 Pl a<J ~ 1*
1tlill~frr ,,tt{f CEO ~~)f # 11'.ta<J~i,R", EE lltPJ~ ,CEO ~~f'.~ff£:bll~1*1ta<J0Rl [DJiE~
o o
[ in~ M ~ J [DJ operate more globalized companies .XiJ ml® 11] CEO EB lIR ~ Z- To lead in that
system( ;tt r:p that system ffi ftil ©11JnLtl "~filll.itm::$1!$ 00 *a<J~1*1tWll~frI ff9 ** ffl ")
o
[A] ,[CJ?ti!JltJffl have a good sense of-.tech companies ia.Ji.::P?Jt ,[AJffi.®:X"~il!'rp~~iJJ,"ftiiful
1-1" m j Rgi,,R", [CJffi.®:X"*0ffl tE ftil f4tt0fflff~ c ! Fa$ CEO ~A*ffi ~l4tt 0ffl a<J tt H~)" ltiI ful 1-J
"CEO ~fll-tt0ii.1 il:'11..J!am:r-.,lll ~" [BJ Ea j(r:p financial(ffi ftil"~ihm~")~~ ili igjlA] finance(~
o
··· ···~#tWf~) ,_§_"i.Jf ~"tEX r:p Xffl PJ 1«
o
[~J:5 ,~,!a] EB /m.::P*-tliiO~~JE'ULJU~.=~ ,{f~Jlj~a<J~*1:iiAJ (also, Then,Plus-.Beyond this) 1v.
.&ffl.:kilrSl.*:i£((D11Jffi:i£ift] many more skills '311.9!FoX a good sense of. .. ,better. .. skills,requires
knowledge,have to do ~Jl~*tt~/ffii,9-,) PJffUO~~¥: ,g,:,t~#J o PJ ffi-~Jj ~ ® 3I <v~ ?t:i£ B9 ~Jg! tt
~ /l{Rffji-ttxt :ffi(X*~lk"ffi IR""Wf~" ,{§.tfj ~ T "fll-tt0ffl"*°"~1*1t0Pl", ~~Jll!m CEO E.i
p;i;j~,0 ffl ag~~-**, [DJ" CC EO) t~ ff ~1*1t0Pl "ilr50t fill@1ij" CC EO)®! ~~1*it0 ffl", ~ W:I9t iE
feffj, ffil[C]~$ CEO ®!~a<J0ffl*!Hf~~f4tt0ii.1 ,_!:j@1ij"CEO ®i~~~~::k0ii.1iE~Wf ~'1Wtt0
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N O The common idea that high CEO pay is A.1f1 ¼ ii. -i-A :h CEO tf.J ~ ~ {i :k. :fl Ji. J:. Jt.
* *
mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history zj-91 .I. {r-J f1J ;1j1] '* ~ j!_ ~ ~~ {ll ~ ff-#-JfJ ~
0
very well. 8 By most measures, corporate governance ~ :k. i ~ ~ iii ;ff-, /~ '3J -;1; ~ mJ :. i!t ~ 1 o -+
has become a lot tighter and more rigorous<D since the R~*:k.M~~~~Fo ~~.cro•~-~
1970s. C) Yet it is principallycr> during this period -of ~~~~A#MJ:.~tf.J~*••~~~~~
stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and
23rising. OThat suggests it is in the broader corporate si,ftlt;J.!fr-Ji!.1i.lt-tJtJL i!_~HA ,~~~TYi:K.-f1i~
r
interest to recruit(j) top candidates fol'." increasingly A..J.)... '.f J:l j¼_ ii ~it {r-J 1.1t %sf¼ 1,i:::- '3] f(-J ~ i~ .
. tough jobs. :f1J jt
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' ------------. -------------------------------' ~
CD rigorous [ 1r1garas] a. F** ~; F DJ~ ~> ® ~ r - ip ) sh offC~JJ!!tJ ;AA-i,'F;il'la······ttto
(2) principally [ 1p rmsapli] ad. ± ~ im I ~~ @by most measures(bUc$fi1rffiDfElh W. $fit~lt
~~
®recruit [ri'kru:t] v. }?HJ;~ ffl
©in one's inte<est(?<l'i.······B'l*'l~ ,<'il!l!Tl
• t£~mffic
~
CDbe all/mainly about. .. ('.m~~[riiJB!]¾······)
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ffl [lg ,n~~~: ~~ffl'*'i.)..~"CEO ~f)r£j";f1}~ a{]ffi'ffii*~" ~j_ iti.iE CEO ~ Wf a{)~Jl'li.: ~ Db -=f
}JHt 0 fil fft ffi o *
ffi 29 ~ ~~ ~ ~ - " 0 iil i~ !I ~ F M fe) ~ ffif fJr " t~ P~ CEO {Eij ~ ~ ~ 0 'i=.il ;¥11 ~ o ~ ti iffl : in the
broader corporate interest ( f-1 ~ 0 ii.I £ J 5~ a{] ~1J frii. ) o *
m
CD 'R] 1~ lli "CEO ~ JJr £ ~ 0 fi) 1¥-J tr ffi !* ~ " i& - -iii&~ ~t ~ Z1 ~ JJj 5e. ~ 3:: T 3:: The common
0
idea Fo lltt IA] mift 1A 1PJ that. .. fuUfiN-:ilii~~, ;ft i:p CEO .Ei people( AJffi"Jf-~ stt"~" JitA~T ~ A.m ")
8H"~~ VS}jl-~"M-.mxHt,~~mm is mainly aboutC:ffi:~~l'ilJJ!fil¾······)~ high. .. payC~lir).!:j
ripping. .. offC~Hflj) ~*.=}C:~ ,ffl~AffJ-11-ilil&t® CEO ~if~~~ :~~1ffi'.m~Hftj~_m11~M-.m ±T
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doesn't explain history very well(historyffi":tt¾~~~-")a~~ft~&~~.!f"iN-:ilii~~~jc
~JM ~", XtEfi-X~fi...tl!i~rX~J~~Jl.~$~-r ~ &~
o
CVCD'AJ sl tli :f; ~-: 0fil j~i.l~FM fa]~~~ CEO ~ fJr o M1PJ EB Yet ffiti ,~lvtil:tHHJr~m o
0 'RJ iJ: W-fi-tlBlr-¥ ffl:'~c 1¥-J ff m: 0 ~ j~ Ii~ F o 1P] tt By most measuresC:flU& $ :ffi: ffi:ltfij fl, 1A jc
$ftnmf *~) 1*JIJl.::tT 1'r3£$~ ~AJ#tt ,.#~F.:l::~JJ!ltli-; ~7ft~7itift corporate governance ffi0 ~ 1'r
~~(±~ffi JN:*)x;f~ ff~ (CEO ~IIR~t~JJl!A) ~ 1![7I-Ejifitj iHJL ittJ, $. 0~ ram~F~ l!f:~ JN:* xf
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CEO ~ 1Kr if !1! 19 F *
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that+~~ ~tf %"C ~-Jg" iE¾tE~ at AA~~ 7 ~ft%,;) 81& CEO f#itl ...t ~ ~ ttJE "W:J.:" 0 µj ra JJI!~
F" ,;lti:p this period of stronger governance ~x,J-(2)1P)"70 ~{t~*J,r~~ffl~"~~.!f;ffiU~ ~-@-0iu
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AJ ~,~CEO ~ir~'fr0~.IN:*~JMo
@'AJ Mil. ~-1¥-J ~ fil ~ jijg : CEO ~ J1r ~ ~ 0 iiJ £ j 5z a{] ,1J ~ o 1PJ tt That @I ffi@® 1P) f1r ~ $ ~ ,
suggestsCl!i~, l'aJti~~) i31 ilixf ...t~-~~~.mimif ,Jt~i!1 A 1PJ C*i'~ thatHl~ffi 7 ~~'aJA it is ...
to do sth(itft%A±i!,.iE±ift1-J to do sthnf*ift in the broader corporate interestT~~lli5.¥.~,
m.
aiJ?.~ 0 irJ ~ CEO ~Ir~~ EB, -tfL& rPJ ~ CD 1PJ ripping people off~~~ 1-t:ilii #~ ~ ffl'~tt top
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28. CEO pay has been risirtg since the 1970s 28. J::-ttt~ 70 ~ft~:.l* CEO flrlfl-1[1'£
despite -- J::$,~- 0
[A] coritinual iT1ternal oppo;itiori [AJ ( 0 µJ) P-J ms&x-t,tr-l-~Wr
24m
[BJ strict corporate governance [BJ-0 #Hl!Fm
[ CJ conservative business strategies [CJ ( 0'iiJ) lffi_ill_!_~llitt~j;J{¥~
[DJ repeated government warnings [DJ( 0'iiJ )--Nl&JU~m¥1s-
C*w;t~111:J~ im~@01D ~ il:tv~ifr~•m ill :.m~_t ttt~ 10 ~1t~*0m rttm1t1~J!j;J Fm,
r
fg CEO ~ fJr R _t i~H~ ~ tr€ tr€ ,ill ~ -W: 5.¥.1-t. r€ H][ at AA '~ BJ iHJL
[$!U~W:[BJ~ .x1@@1Di1:tv~ffr~~~ittlHt}~, corporate go ernance has become a lot tighter
and more rigorous a<J--frtl~:J! o * *
[ AJ IE CD 1D if itli ~ f!" CEO a<J ~ ir1~ ~ J3t __t ¾ .x;j m I a<J ~J ~u "ii J3t fl M91-te ffi x ii: 1k a<J f~ 0 ~
J~\ ,,
pgfil5mI-1[[i.x;j CEO :$:~ir" [CJ11! § fffi"~#i*R" iE:~a<Jlffj~~llittf±f±~PIPJirM7.K}jZ-: lrn=*iE:~*JtK
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~ ~'11 ~t ~ 'Jt irM 7j( f Ji# ili~-f¥ ~" 'f§_ffi ::t#- ii: R" 1ffi" ~ ~ ~" [DJ ~@@1D *. lit ft "0 m ¥ it m
JJ J3t ~ Wi-s! 1t c0 ~ FJ ~ rtt m~F-) "ea fff 1-1 "~m--N~~-0 m5 £ 1-t rtt 0 m c ~ m .x,t 0 ~ a<J ~ff J ~ ~\ F-)" o
[~Pj ,~, ~ ]*~~1'fil:tv~1'r~-r:f=t a<Jilzv-ftJl ( al despite f*~), JEUZ.1JJ@@1l] ~ ,@1l]-Jgi,lzv-
1~,@,, P]"fJJzv-JE-Jg~~*11! ,@1l]-Jg~1frffi,@, (Yet), PJ ffl r ~iii:~~*~ o J!t.1**~ ,@1l] ffls! ilaJ 1D ~
"it is+ tf JE BtAA + that+£~ a<J $ff" lJ H CEO fJrnff!_tjjfHf% a<Jtf JE BtAA~~ during this period of
stronger governance, ;lt ~ stronger governance ¾ .x;j@1l] .± -=f corporate governance ... tighter and more
rigorous l¥J ~ Jjt~;J!, EB Jlt~~~ 1D ~*1l" IE¾:(£ 70 ~ft~ *0 'iiJ ¥it tl~F-l¥J :i!~ BtAA CEO irM !fJ :(£
~l!/i-_t~", PJ~JE~~[BJ
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*~~PJffiWJ~ri.± §'-~: ~ ~1D~7R~ri.± §'~ >1..-~fF·mt#~f!"CEO ~fJrfjj*~liffl.
.I%1J~/~irtl" ,RJEJt",f¥~,g,-f*l1J~/irtl", ti!{@CT)1JJ1-JiBffl '*®_t'.frm CEO ~lira<J£~~jj(, ~
91U ~
rz:rr6(-=f-z~:
it't?& CEO ~ir~-ff m. JJ!Urit:OOF-Bt@"f~IE"; im$~!JJIEffi Ii ~J~" pg $li:Xt"
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"~~{¥~"*°"~JffW~"~Ifil-=f"CEO iflJiffl_t~" lit ~~~:r lffi"*.* ,ff!'lit'litill!ir T·mt#~f! ,x~r
-fti iiE ~ rt .± §'
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V O Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid ~tr' lfi. ~ {r-J CEO ~ 1£-~,ft~ tr~ {il
to outside candidates, '10t to the cozy© insider picks® , it_A.{t!J ,r7r,~]=.{f#?;-JljS~~~ {iJ.J f*l ~A.i!, ~
*
another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of -t.!.. RA CEO ~ ~ -1' k ~#YA~#.~ a]
depredation® at the expense of the rest of the company. ~~-i~-~R1{1-~#4~$0 ~~aJ
8 And the stock market reacts positively when companies ~ CEO In-ill ~ Jli 1{t-~ ~ i: a~ at , Jli rfr ½
tie CEO pay to, say@, stock® prices, a sign that those
~~~~~B,~!..~~~-~~ffe~~
practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO. /~ a) 1{1-{t -1' {5t {51..~ ;;,lJ 7 CEO o
[399 words]
CDcozy [1kdl.lzi] a. ff~a{] ;3e~a{] ®justify [ 1d3Nitifa1] v. ii£ fY:l ...... iHffl C~ iE ~L :;fif J1.)
@pick [p1k] n. zrpa{J.Ac:gx;~) ;fjEztl:D!Ea{J.AC:gx;~) (29 ~)
CT)depredation [1depra1de1Jn] n. W-~ ;t;/JW- • t£~Ji~r.
®say [seI] V. t~ jj-j,~ d~~ c:Dat the expense of sb/sth(tEffitt··""s-9ffl(Jtr'
®stock [stok] n. JN:f,t; JR~ @tie sth to sth(~·· .... '.it~~-&i--;~ ...... :Ji~)
®confirm [kan1f3:m] v. iil:fY:l ;:9tu'il ;:bOS.91(29 j]I) @build up(~iffift:k ,ft5i)
CV motive [ I mautiv J v. ~ :;fif Z9J m' ~ f= 1:. Z9J m; ~ ®
Cfrz;/J)(29~)
,-·--···-·······-···-----, ,
' • ~3i~ ~1.:h- • ' ,,/,
:_ _.. .~ :'.~~-Y.! ..... : ~ -
~n~ ~:L*~= "CEO ~~Wr~{"1t*9~~A7f", im~F r*1 $~i!~"fO$~ = "CEO fJro,tl~rnJJmft-7
25~ ift" i~ PjJ CEO ~ JJr ~ .!tfJ T 0 ii] fl-ffi ;t: ii im : CD not some kind of depredation ( ~ £ ~ ~ ~.~ ) ; C> build
O
na
up corporate value ( ~ 0 ii] ift ffi ) 0
CD1iJ ~ii*~=~ lt: pg im O tttt Furthermore tt!ffi*~ 51 AJ't{tl?.4J:~ !i~-t:i@##;: o 1JJ T 3: T ~
m
I&~~~ the highest CEO salaries are paid to ... not to ... 1t 0 irJ :(£ lJr ill~ ul. ..t ~ ffi ~ 1tt ~ , J't 9:t
insider picks~~ {~'ffljwj cozy( ff ~1(~, ~z.~~:ftiJU, !i1-tJ'tx1 Ji. ffi outsi*de candidates ~ ~ ,~" J.l.::f:f
*3csliL~~ JJ ~ ;,~msrm ~A7t" another sign that. .. ffi:-1*1-J ± f ~ 1P.1 uzm c 1*1 that 111 ~ 139 IP.1 mi! b\ 'llJ
0
- ~ sign ~ p;J ~) , i~ jE EE ± T $ ~ fl ltfi" ili 139 {t!f ,~, , J't q:t another sign ( $: ~ =. fl'-J l*J ~ ) Pf M ..t ~ That
suggestsOfi:~-139 P-.] Ml), some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the companyC:X,f 0 Rl B'-J
,fftffitii(.tf) ili5lllf M..tm::k9:-tf m~¥!- ripping people off C~J tfU-tJ-im.m I) ~'llJ k-{ -0 Pl~ ~{i\tr!-C f~ rPJ
o
-r ~lJr;,~JP} CEO, mi~~ P-J Wtt!ti CEO) i~iil:f'F~%Y.,~ CC EO j@j ir~ ¾xt-0 Pl fl'-J,fftffitii( .tf)
o
Q)'i:i]~~*~=-~lt: pg 511§ 0 b\ 'll] 51 ~wj when *ffi" § (~fift~{4ili m!.) a,J-(~"tr-1:.~fift~~ )", Hi
*lzsl.* ,companies tie CEO pay to stock prices 1-J~~M CEO ITM*=I&~Jl.-f*ttr)it[(j~wj say **{'9*1~j),
~~imrPJ"~~~ CEO jllljfr" ,±'llJi~~l!-*nts<3~*"1Rm. .t.1*" ,~IP)uzffi-a sign ... -llfi-~
CEO ~ lJr #~¾:Jg T nfij .IE. tli ~ frJ ~ mi ~J j1j1J -t: :ii _m I , mi¾ liJft ~ ::ff WJ r 0 ~ fr ffi those practices @] m
o
~~lirlll~ffihttt~ :~ CEO lJrMI~ JR1ft~f!sl1Ut~ffl ~rte CEO 1' A~J~ IP]~~ f1J~ffl*1I>t ,,b\ mi~
ffih CEO~ JJ~ft-~~ VJ, *~JR1ft ..t.1* ,it.tffil~fr-0Rl mffi
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fl
29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it 29. CEO 1¥J il ffi :tOt ~ !I tt , ~ '-7 1:: fl
helps JtfJ -=f --0
[AJ confirm the status of CEOs [AJ~&.1 CEO 139:lmul
[BJ motive inside candidates [BJ~ffih l*J Wf1*~A
[ CJ boost the efficiency of CEOs [CJ!£~ CEO B'-J Cif'F)~j$
[DJ increase corporate value [D]~:fJ0-0 ~ 1ftffl
Im~*~
[ ffi it 1E ft[] ffi "CEO jlflj ir¾it~F~raJJI!~ ~*ttf, ~ ~ xt-t:Ji ff! I B'-J ~J ~u 'rm ~~if 0
Rl / ~-!* m. I B'-J J rz ~J ~ O!P CEO jlflj Ir 1'f ;;l=t-fr JJI! tt)" ffi .li ~ k,{ J3 - }JI! EE • ~ CEO ~Ir~ -fr JJI! tt :
o
CEO ~lir$1Jffl rl!& 51 ;,~wrm~A*;; trm~~ P-J HJS:t:ffiA ±, l&~~1Wtt-lf-Jiff.J. I~J M, Ii Tm~ WJ r~:bo-0
Rl 1ft ffi CJ l.-1* ~. ~ 1-J : xt CEO JtdJr ill~ ffih nt ~ ctm !=j 1N: 1ft tt ~) -fJHt CEO ~ ft--0 ~ t2 ff~ t1!--0
mJR1ft ...t~ ,-0~ft-ffi) r#-itEJ~[D]IElifft
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[ lfi;~-~J [D]1itlX;f Mffi .li~* 'llJ ~ CEO #I*~ fJr B'-J irM ~WJ ttr ~ B'-J ff: Jfl build up corporate
value(~:fJ0-0RJ1ftffi)
o
[A]tl *~•1-J"fefr~ ~:tm&ffl llHfc: ~flrEJmli CEO B'-J*X~:tmuI", @:X#*~lit, _§j~r_m~~ 8
H "ffi~~3¥-~!m{iz~ jjlJ" & rffi~U~ T CEO ~ir~irJJl!tL [B]~ffi n@:CD1JJf~L!~!-"~f.Jiir~¾::h TI&
51 ;,~ $ f1* J2'i; AC ep ~ ffih ;,~ $ f~ J2'i; A) rm ~~ 1c ~ 139 P-J $ A' ~:l2'i; '"~ffl' *~* o , [CJ~ -fr~ -= ~ I fl= tt ~ ~ f~ ,~, ~ ~
Ji~CD1D"1c~89 P-J$A~"libM1-J"tEff *1c-rJl1.~ ~1$f~r", urrrff }Jtltfi" ili "~flrEJ~WJ
f1Bff]i%~ -=f~" 'fmi~'llJ 3:: §' ~ 1-1"-0~ 1~fPJ-r~JJr;,~~ 'mj~~ P-J $!£tt"
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[ 11 I1j .~. ~ J *JWJl,s - ~ •illa-=f m ,~: can be justified Cjustify ~ 1-1" iiE ~ ······::ff ill JJI!; 1-J •·• ••. ji$
f?")~ffi~it ffif"~fr~if JJl!'li/iE ~·Ii"' it helps it.t-~~~~~ '~ "~fefr~f'Fffi" ,l&ffll2x IP.]}¥ ~JJ!IJ
lit*
1W ~i~~ja .It C~ 1* x,f CEO ~ lir B'-J if ,ffl-, :tm i1J ltfi"-1:D 51: it is in the broader corporate interest to .. ·. ,
high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation ... )EJi]Ui:*W.f~ _,s=~1Hlr~fil:~i0l'AJ: [BJ,
0
[D]:fr§JIJ~* § ~.li~~W.f-1'-tt 1D ,xtW.f1'K'llJurfi1D1!i-! 51.. :frffi C~ .fil "i-!~ :frf)i-"), ~*~[ BJtiffi T ~
-1l] .:Ef 89Joc~r_m C1 ~fPJ r~ ,r;,~~ CEO, W~~ P-J $~ti CEO), W[D]¾xtffi= 1D IP] uz i-!f~ ,~, B'-J
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2630. The most suitable title for this text would be -- 30. *3t&~~l¥-J~IU! 0
[ A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid [A] CEO 1¥JltrMff:~ii~
[BJ CEO Pay: Past and Present [BJ CEO firnffl ::i:i~*°Jfil=tE
[CJ CEOs' Challenges of Today [ CJ CEO A, S ffii llai l¥J j'j~ ~
[DJ CEO Traits: ! ot Easy to Define DJ CEO a<J~mi :~Ut5E51...
...... .
~m
[ffitik h J*xE=t ~51 A "CEO ~ltr"J:11.~ ,ffi=3I*~iB:i£W:J:ll~l¥J,@-Jj_ft: :Jti:pffi=, = ili
CEO ~fJrEiJtttft~~iJlffl ~le, ffi tm ,n~m ili CEO ~fr~ ~x;j0P.] a<J-ffr-(a!iJ-~, Ji rm~m:ft0P.] 1ft
ffio ~it-aJ~ ,*X±~ie~ CEO ~fira<JitJJ.tt ,[AJ:&%sit*X± ~ o
[,tr;:m:ffiP&:J[Alidlr*~.:E ~'EJ/*iih~Cti~ CEO pay has gone up;ffi=~ limited CEO talent
in a world ... ,CEOs really have upped their game ... ;ffi.=~ Today's CEO. .. have many more skills ... ;ffi
n
Im~ it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates. .. ; ffi ~ high CEO pay is not ...
depredation at the expense of the rest of the company, build up corporate value) ff]~ .It m~ Ej ,g, ~
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* Xz § The Guardian (( ]! 3i)) 2019. 07. 12 X. It can't be left to Europe's cities to clean up
noxious airC~-aJ~~JJl!~~~'={.x EB ©(1fH*~m * M~) JC¥ IE" IJiffllE' mrtf ~ 7. ~ 'JE ~ Ii~, 1W
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~xtl!J3 "51 A 0*H !, ff!Jtn-m ili "tw.1Ii1kJfHJlJJ~~&. $ :#f *~ t51oc*1Ja~$ £-t-A, Jtm* :®-8'-J ~ ~ JliB~SJ £
tt igJ • ~ JJl!~:x iiL ~ ~&,, , IA.l a1 r.:r ur m* H" ©(ml*~ iikm ~ ~ m:tB ~ , ~~ m f- {, $ ttJ fil ~~~fr 1.;" 0
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ns
31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean $~ffll ~: ~ ~m_ "fM ~~IR" a<J ffl *
'lfi5L
air zone?
32. Which IS considered a weakness of the city-level • ~ ffll ~ = m ~ ~ ~ ri, ~ 1~ w m ~ tt-J
~'.!IJ-o
measures to tackle dirty air?
33. The author believes that the extension of London's i1= ~ j.W, ,ra :t t ~~Ji" Jm iii~~ tt ffi IR" tt-.J ~
Piol/ta~L
Ulez will
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34. Who does the author think should ~ave addressed the i1= ~ j.W, ~ : M ~ fcJ ~ ft-J :1:.1*
o
problem?
27* ,
s *-
3 5. Jt can be infe rred from the last paragraph that auto ii JI I $ : ~ T 59. $~ff] EJ{j jl Wt-
companies 0
faJliillL~: 83 *@~ Madrid's clea11 .air zone,city-level measures, tackle dirty air AI ~~JCaJfm1*it
"**~ma<J:24.fs~~J]!ffi»m"
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faJB~lll :CD~~ 31,32 ,33 lllIEJ~ ,r1=11-1c~" fli~_m_mra:2E(.1K "B<J:i1E~'lf&. iJt~/51 te "JJixm :2
4.fs~~J]!ffiM[~iHfiEB<JrlU~z~" ,J~H@.tltI:Um T"tt ~ffi~ Ulez"m~ffin&B<J~o(iiJ/~JL ®34 M
Who. .. should have &g$ft~rX~fri-$$?t~~~rfjzjj-a<Jffefr.±-f* ,ffl:itl1t"*w.fh.~tarJl!~4. fs~
ffij ~ ~{JHdT~ * " ®Jf** 34 /Mi~ 35' MAJffli~, "r-c1t:0P.] "~i AJfi~~-tR:~4. f5 ~ foJM (addressed the
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problem) H ft ffi
faJ Ii.~, it" : ;;$: xa ~ JMf ~ :& "~ 7. 75 ~ ~ ·JJI!", 11= 11-:f£ ff m: ~ ~ 7 ~ J11! ~ 7. 75 ~ a<J m ~ Hr MII 8<J :itE ~ ~
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I OMadrid was hailed as a public health beacon(i)
-¾-Jf----t---Jl ,J½-tt.£1t~it~Jil?-1."€f.J
last November when it rolled. out ambitious
A•~A#ilikh·~-~.~~'t~•~
restrictions® on the most pollutirig cars. 8 Seven·
~~E±~~{f.J~~o~+AAfk~aM~
months and one election day later, a new conservative
<r-J;f;-k, ib1*~ iffi_~~t<r-J-tir-Aii ,pix.½~
city council suspendedt3l enforcement© of the clean air
l?ptf:'J1:. T"ftit~~!R"€f.J-iJt At,~tB 1 ~~~
zone, a first step toward its possible demise®.
~ft 't~_&~{r,J 1tt-ffe
II O Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made 0
*
opposition to the zone a centrepiece@ of his election
~1l R ~ *-, 1!! rfr .Yd~~ • 4 ~ $.Jr • l½ T
campaign, despite its success in improving air quality.
8 A judge has now overruled(£) the city's decision® to
P-1 $.Jr-j1;J" ,t ~ ~ ¾ ~ ,&_ ~
*
'S 1t ~ :t ~ ~ #J {r,J
e -tt ,~ .i. !~ m- ;w , - ,,g 't ~f! ifJ r rfr JJt If.Hf
stop levying® fines, ordering them reinstated®. But Jl:.~-~0 ½~~«,*+••~-~*o~
with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks
JJ:.., aJ **ii ~,, ~-{f. 1lfr, "~tit~~ IR" -Jf... Jt J_-~
uncertain at best.
JJ:.. 1lfr it
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-·-·····---- ... ····-· ··-··············----------------·----·········-·-······· .. ··-----············ .. ·--------·······----------
:·.~ ·. im .ftjf i 1:i ifiii~Hif ~·· :~ ,l
'--------------------···· ..... _________________ 1-;/J;
CDbeacon [1bi:kan] n. 5'i~A,ffilml!fBJ ~ ®levy [1levi] v. fil: (&)* ~
@restrictio,i [ri'strrkfn] n. ~11itJ*{91J ~ ®reinstate [,ri:m'steit] v. Ci!~ ,ffl.tt1~*{91J~)
®suspend [sa'spend] v. ({51!)fUW 1.:.:~:~$~······~······l
@enforcement [in'fo:smant] n. iAfi-, ~nffi
®demise [d1'ma1z] n. ~ 11: ;~"C ~
®roll out(fFJl[ffia<J~#i~~];iEA:fiili[ffia<JFJ'b])
®centrepiece ['sentapi:s] n. (:il{ia<J/:ilAl!.lBI jJ a<])
~ (!)conservative city council( *~iliUJt£ f!{Jrpi)(~)
$,t
j
~~ @election campaign(~~~~)
CVoverrule [,auva1ru:l] v. 1I'l:Jc
®legal battles(jjJ/!filll!l/ilO
®decision [d11s13n] n. l:Jci)l
························ 11
: • iiUl1Hfi • : ~, -
'----------------·-······'
)tj11j~J:J sl ::Y:.$~ ,tm!J*irilr~il*1*: Q,fl~ m~~~~i~Jlffi~ ( .. iff5a ~~~") 1fii~tt:if ~
~, iitr£~ P,ij o
it li • i~" 7't 5a ~ ~ ~ "tt ~ ~ tt tr-11fii mo ~at iaJ : CD a public health beacon ( 0 ;tt JI~ ii,_ tr-J ~ • ) :
~ possible demise( ~~ii /St~ )
0
28w~~~m•w~~~~-&~=••~0~~~••~M•o
~1Dffi~*a,ij~~,••~*# *~
when ft~ tB "JJ; ~ £ tB El'* JJ ff t£ ttr n& "~ "JJ; ffi £ ~ 1f jg 0 jt .TI.~ ff iii Mm" Wi -t-$ ft z faJ ~ fEI
~ ,JAW~ximfft£ttrn&~0jt.TI.~fffliffl~*, a,ij ~~x .:tl£-i!»!o ~-t-~51.. WJ hailed"~tm, ~i'M
()\.B,X${Lt~JiU°;lt)", beacon"ffi~a,ijn ,m,m"fflji ,jt[Pj5_!aiftj)'~!f{.x.f JJ;ffi£~4. f5 ~#tJll[ttfnffi:~~ it~
~ ,~fz¾-~it*mx-t-=f~4.f5~#tJ11[.TftJ!.~ Ja 'ii.tt~ SL..; ambitious -ift"fJ.:k, ~1fJt*51.. "~fit,C,,
"~m
E8 .~tfilfft E8 ,~ ff 1L' E8"ffi friJ #tJll[~,. ~ JJ;~£#tJ11[ fJ ~~4. ~ft!.16'1~ ~fit t,, X ffiJt5I $ 51..
1
**~ ,xie ~"}~ friJ ~& t!J ttmn&:,$:53', f{~Jt#t I!l[~~mt& jg* jc, ff 9}f,& 1-J xjl e; the most polluting
cars liA (ifB :ffl:,~ ~ Jll[x;f ~: il:AfJ~tt ~ ~ $ , ZJ1' ~p, i§b 141::$: ft$ o ff:~ fi 4E Wl restrictions( ffl ft PJ fi4E
WJ at , 1ff: 1-1" ~~®Ji~ J£ , ~~®Jr! i~") JJt 6zt m r PJ ~ m ~ Ji1J ~ ~ Wi 1! ~ ~ i~ , fflJ wa -t ffl Jt _t ~ i-B· ~ 1ff: w jg "ff
t£ttfn&"
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J§*m
~;~ 11-~g--t;-'j'-~ B -tt.~ffiHi: i&:jJrinii ~ i:p lt~fiffio ~1Dffi:,~t"E~~-t-~~!R:.it~?t: - ,
'AJ1:ta1faJ~i5~f~ Seven months and one election day later*ffiL~IY3fft£ttfn&JAiliEl'~9=11.tf8B-ffB]fB]
!Wi, ~ JJl!J Of liiZCD1D ambitious,~ T~ a:gi)xlz ~"#Ar& iW ff ~Jff fit 1 L' *JJ *JJ, *-fPTJt~ Wi 3t ~ 1-J ffi ~Jff JiJriA
IP], m:$ !A * .m *~ t~ ~ .ii:" ( conservative :m: ~~ff~ J& ?t ~~IP] 1t rJ£ ""i& "Jfi. iJif VS f* ~ rJ£", ~~!Ji!. ff ft jj
=,
Jl:j); 1iJ JE~jt a first step toward its possible demise Ji!. 5E" ffi ~J& ~ 1.t ff ftttfll&z.*" ~~&ti:
15 51..: fiJff~J&tFI~~~~"~rli~4.IR"fffttlill&iEftjg friJ~9& ,Jt i:p possible iP a:gm ~:tm, -~PJ~
1¥-ft~ffimiSl~fflm1jjf8 JJ :ii!:~ mJJ tft:tPi:r<ff t£mn& ff: ff rn enforcement"i~-~ 5.!a ®J ftt. fi" ~,.&5E
o
mfWJ the PJ f!J 1$-r, clean air zone 1Wffi1t1D"¾~ 11 A JJ;ffi£ ili El'~ xiffi ff fttlin&", ep m r PJ ~W1!1~, rm
~~ fOi i1! = ~ fmJll[ IR " ~ r i o m' * * m
~ ~ ~ t5r. )a ~ Et I&" 3 * if ij ~) # ,cf?_ l.\f Jt ifij ~ 0 ~ iii] : (!) opposition to ( & x1 ) ; :]\
ma );
overruled ( G) uncertain ( ifij ~ ~ o
;.]' ~ 1HB ffi in tE ( ffi in i)l ~ ) ~ iOm : ~ ;~ & x-t o ± 1iJ ff !VJ make A B" M! A ~ 1-J B" ~ ~ < A =
opposition to the zone,B= a centrepiece of his election campaign)!iA(efijffirfjKxif"ffi'Yli~4.IK"~1!£tk:&
xif ~.li: ~,&x,*t~ -*ffl-ft*1, J;lt~~Bt ~ ~,c,, ± 5iE ,J't 9=1 election campaign ;iOl1*~tl :-}JOO ~~"m'ia
~ 4. IK,, ~ -atr~ 3¥-~ ~, 3¥-f~ J¥t. ~ f8 ~ ~ -JJ.. tm, ~ -1f oo Hi~ i** ttrft jg~~~~$ B,X $ B,X Y m ~
-$,t ,A.B{Jf1J~c~IP]~~-JJ..:i$iJ9rf-t*.~AflJM~~> ;ttitt despite ... JJl!Jit~~iA~~-~"' ffi'ra~
4. !K' !¥J~.ll. B Ioc1tfRt&~~i", 1rffiffim Kfi1-J":ii ~-~iiEttik" o ff: success~ 7-J" C~$ Yr Ioc1-~ l¥J) ~
JjJ, ~"9.f*.J!J',", Jlt~~;g Wl~w7-Ji91wl, 1rti~J11[7-J"Ioc1t ~M~*"
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2 ~ ~ ~g ¥ fft. j=Ji: 1g ~ & fill.:~,~~ f~ the city's decision to stop levying fines JJSf litrs ~ city council
0
suspended enforcement of the clean air zone,!iA(ifBmi;x'.~A4~"~Yli~~IK"~Pffi''w.il:i&Iocvl~" ,:itrmi
"m
1iA (ifB ia ~ 4. IR" ffi IPJ "friJ ur A 1'* IR~~~ 1'1F -Jb_ 1-f, $ fil i& fr:1 ~";overruled, ordering them reinstated
fl~*~
(order sth done~~ ,them @Iffi fines) a,ij(efij P]r!$ jJ *ffl"' ~~-~m~Jfffijg"~:iiffl!R:.r!
ff: now -i-!J.J.:k, *. tm*.i5B-tfaJ" ~fiJ ,JIJ',ft"Z~, ~mlfi•xt H:z~"f&W", J:J ~ ~1!'§ ~ffi{f
~" 0
1¥J-tt~
m-lf:zfaJ
0 * *
:~ 1:iJ }:~Hf" ~1 is~~~" ag ~ icJ: 7f°' aA Mo But ftj 7F ~ tfr, m@ 'aJ "~J :tff- r~ JU A judge ...
overruled. . . reinstated)" Fo -N:kff" ~{9!H~ flkjg luJ c ahead. . . future ... >": legal battles m luJ "m ~Jff Im
K vs ~'§ZfaJ ~trli@l&" ,with ~1?~:W:"rfr~J&~t!~trlffl$3tJl-'ffi'ra~4.IK 'fiJ:ffl:~liA"Cat best"JE
;!;it'~$"' £~-~tt~m 'IP] B-t*.it±~~ll: "fiJ:ffl:~ a,ij "fflS~¾M ~ '"mYli~~ IK"1i PJfm~~~~)
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[ ~ ~"i frit II] ~ #;J J:., 13 ~ ~ ~ Bt fa] 7-J *8J, ff a1 fa] ti i,R ffeJ last November. . . Seven months and one
election day later. .. now ... future ... ~$14~.l& $ ~n*U *:IL ~JIJ',"mYli~4. IK"®,ff;:-$-~: ¾~-+-A
z
fft ili - jc ~ B Fo ~ .ii: - JIJI, ft r! '§]ft~~~~~ - wJ :ffl: ~ ~ ; ~ iS' J:., i9J wl tt f~ -~, rolled out,
suspended,made opposition,overruled ffi~"~rt~'9°.IR"~~t~1f ~ lixif-Jr :Wl{fjff{Jff /~'§ VS ifrmi>l
~ /ffimtf:o
2931. Whkh of the followi_ng is true about Madrid's cleao 31. ~-=f.Y_,fa)l"jl~~~l&" I tl 7' !VJ ~ i.~
air zone? $.iE.?
*
[A] Its effects are questionable. [ A J 't: ag ~i ffi 1t ·tf IL
[BJ It has been opposed by a judge. [BJ 'tB:ililJ-{lil!'§l'Jg,&xt o
[ CJ It needs tougher enforcement. [CJ 'tfiJl1!FJ.iB'-J1}1.fr o
[DJ Its fate is yet to be decided. [DJ 'tEl'-J-iftijg n!iJ*{ijij~ o
[fflti~w:J m=~*1PJ~~m ili = JJiffilE "mrt~E(. IR"El'-1**~~*1&~~ wi o t11 ~P, -t El'-J-iftijg
n!iJ*{ifij~o i'&[DJJE{ijijo
[$~~~] i[{ifijJffi-[D] fate ... yet to be decided IP]5l*l& ~ffi=3:?K1D future looks uncertain*o
[ AJ :+&Wffi-3:* 1D "mi5l ~W~~M[" .. ffi =3:tt 1D "rtr &. xt"~~ tli ;tt &. xt J1I! fi1 "c ~ M[) ~ ~ {ijij
fE" ,fflJ&~lm.~ffi=~CD'PJ despite JW5I ili 1¥J~x!Y.$;g;; its success in improving air quality'" mrt~E(. IR' tf i&
@~ec.~:1t1foo*1-i ~M~iJf!"ffl'/1; [CJJJ!Ut&Wffi-~@iiJ"fUW;g;;~" .. ffi=~d)1D~x!Y.$;g;;"tfi&@:27.
~ • 1I oo * 1~ ~ :tff-3<":Uf! "~ * * !ll m: ili " ' rn rt~ ec. lR '3<:t* ~ M , m i5l ~ ~ bll W: w ~ ;g;; ~ , Jll!bll 1~ iu 1! Fm El'-11}1.
fr" ,llrn ffi=~@kD"mi;tJ& '=t' 1.t.~~ vs l!'§~~~~"llJ¾l" 1Jitt1Emrt~7. g"oo11at El'-JfaJ®Ht:~~"tt\fr ~
~-~!ill~~
JJ", fflf¾"tm~~~~n&" [BJ~&xif"m~:27.g"ag J:~m ffi=3:CD1D i:p El'-J"m-K"fntr~11@1D i:p ag"l!
0
'§", ffff@1PJ~{ifijffite"l!'§ttD-m-iSl~tick: ,~~~~~®:Jocri1~ct11f!P ,xt#"mr~~7.g")
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[~!5 .~-~] Which l'Jg~~/ff~,ffl,~¾"~J ffl ~Jffi~ttffeJ@I XM J§L-tl:xif 11J JjrJxt
Jt«x~ m
~" o :tllllfs:llfil, tl*'t&Wiitllfil-iftrttJJ1IDtJ¥t/i iW~!Ei ~JJ!U ~ N.~ T*.ilWJ~-m, Ill ~~~ffi-, =
~, -fll-tHi~r.m 1:2.ilWJ C~ ,i:,, ~ WJ/z;)JWJ) ~*m:rffi @IX~ m: [AJ effects xt bllffi =~ CD'PJ its success in
improving._ [ BJ a judge X;f bl1 ffi = ~@ 1D, [ CJ tougher enforcement x;f bl1 ffi - 3:@ 1ij suspended
enforcement, [DJ Its fatd;f b11ffi=3:@1ij the zone's future o ~!Ei--tl:xt 2t~, [DJjJ ~X IP] 5(~~
0
ill O Among other weaknesses, the measures
-~~~~A~~,~~~~~~~~~
cities must employ(!) when left to tackle dirty air on *-
J1J ~ rfr !k J:. , ~ 1f1 fiJr ¼' ~Ji ~ ~ .ft~½ ~ I iJ... ii
their own are politically contentiousa) , and therefore
~{; -t-ix. ' l!"l Jt. :f&. ~ ~~ Ji ,:J:. ¾ i!. ,l l!"l ;(J i!. ~ .ft
vulnerable®. 8 That's because they inevitably© put 0
~~~-~~~~~~~~~*·•$£+
the costs. of cleaning the air on to individual drivers
A-$£~~~~~#f~¼*~*~
who must pay fees or buy better vehicles-rather than
4-~~,l·-*~ 4±?.,±?•~•*
on to the car manufacturers whose cheating<5:> is the
fr ;(J ~ ,t rt ,iiiAf ~t ~ ~ -A-JI.~ l!"l
real cause of our toxic® pollution. o
CDemploy [1m1pl::>1J v. ~.ffl ,*=.ffl }) ®toxic [1toks1k] a. lnts<i
@contentious [k;:m'tenfas] a. 51 ~4ft-i5la<J ~ (Z)deem [di:m] v. iJ.jJ ,;.f1H~f (32 lfil)
@vulnerable [1vAlnarabl] a. !Mm&t+ifra<J .~~~i:frs<J I ~ ®mild [maild] a. (~frj~)$.Hls<J .~FIB<JC32 lfil)
©inevitably [in1evitabli] ad. &,~ ~1::.lt!!
@cheating ['tJi:tIIJ] n. -~(ffi{~:iU!'8Lfc.Z$)
~ be biased againstC:X.f·00···~~Jlil../~0B<J ;32 '2)
That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay
fees or buy better vehicles-rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our
toxi~ pollution.
30That's who must pay fees _or buy better vehicles
.±itt+*ig]W] 51~-tmft:ti!f ~i!ffa¥g1 JHUiiifiJ i~i!ffa¥g2
~ift.M-1D
because they inevitably put the cost of cleaning the air
51~-tm .±:i!f ~i!f Ai-R
whose cheating ~ the real cause of our toxic pollution.
:ti!f *z;IJinJ *i-R
* *
J;jJ Im )t ff : ,1jJ ± -=f ~ That's because. . . o because 5I ~ l¥J i! b\ fij] 5I ill ~ ~ i$1-t !JJt Jfl a{) ID: i& •If i£
~Mff That( @ImtiJ,1j]J9ri}}UfH~tlir:o&l¥Jtif~Z!l.tH~~ ,jl:r:f:(lfR~ta~ on to A rather than on to B ~lil~
fil !JJtx.J-~j; A Yfff .=f~ B; who 1:H ~ l¥J ~i-! ,M. 1Ui.#.~ A 16,f& 00.xt 1¥J P~1-i:xl:izUJ, whose 51 ~ l¥J ~m ,M. 1D 51 ill B
B~Jl&~-fi-12.Ezlfi* ,i~l!ij B fiiJ~~ff A1¥Jftl~ ,~il-8~"xjf!-~mxt-ft!JJtfftk:l'iiJJffi, ~jf!-~~~Yfff il!"
1¥Jx !:U[~z:tl ~
.-·····i:i.·················11
~,HJr • ..: ;; -
,: _ __• __l_i=_i_ _______________
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m
ffi =~ii .%i: 7-J ~ ~ $ ,t , $ ,t EE ~ ~ -t flj1J ( ,ad rid) ..t 7i-£~»Ji I.!-\!~ (cities) , ~1 :f.ff Jl:t ~ ~ fi:t 1-'
ffl~t't-Jf
ffi =1] ¥ ~ 9: B 0 " ~ 1i" ~~ Jl:t ~ m ~ ffl-~ ~ - 1'-ii~~ ,ra o ~ it iffl : Q) politically contentious ( .iii fi:t J: 1¥ .r£ ~ it
1 11/51~.ifiif:t~i.)l) ;-~ put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers rather than on t the car
manufacturers( ;,~;w)E ~~l't-J,i;x,*tmil*::trm~Fr-=t$~Fifij') o
'I 'AJ ~ 13* ~ ~fj .~ Z - : 5I ~ .iii ift ~ i>l , ta ~ ffl ~ }f ffi , Jlte ~ij ~ fit ,1jJ ~ Among ( ~ · •· · · · r:p Z - , if
O
· · · ·· · 1¥1-~ r:p ) other weaknesses HP B f!ij fiffJ m ~ m n& ff if $ ~ ti ~ij z !it , llt !it i£ -ft-ffl ;It r:p - r_m ;
politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable MI HP f!ij fiffJ W: ilfJ ~ij -~: i!;{ tit __t ff if {Ji-i5l, ~ 1m f&. ~ 5t iU J1,c
*) ,
m-. m.
,8iB ~ij ~ Jl ( A r:p vulnerable Pf weakness, therefore fi ~ 129 ~ .ilt 1f VJ f!ij fiffJ ...t p;l;j ~ r:p M-~ ~ ffi Ji!
w;
"m1t~1=(. 1K "~filJifi!;{J&!fr IB J!i!B-tfrriE~~®-f*, ;it~frr iJ ll1 tk: "T ~ tt~ 1¥1 i!;l#t t~ when b\ fij] JJW
11 (cities are) left to(~§ leave sb to do sth"IB~$ (jtffi~ A~'t:k:~ ~xii¥)$) 00 5t/5tff.~A:D1. ~")-.
on their own(on one's own"l!i! §.:Im", theirf-tffi cities)·tf slil ~ ~ ~tlir:ni 1¥J 1ttJ ~ 1f" • rp § B "Z.~, ~ l35F
~MWff~i£~"T•m§B,~ttiJ:i:~*Rffl~®Am.~~ffl1¥JWffo
* *
~ Pl i$J a}l rf#i. ~ : ~ J;J ~ ~ ffl M!I ~ f.i¼ *no~$± -t Aim ~FR* 1: F iffi o That @I ffi CD 1PJ , ~ ft.J put
the costs ... on to A rather than on to B-. ~ J:Ei.! b\ fij] who must. .. whose. .. is the real cause( who %fr
iPj A= individual drivers,whoseJ'cfiiPJ B= the car manufacturers)~~f!ijfiffl•rp*rlirl¥J1J[P]ttffi~"~
$~f=fllj"CB) £Jinx;~~ ¥5~ 1¥)$1:l;m§, ffi1 $ £-1" A CA) !11 ~:l.§./~1t~i4lffltftt5 !£*" A r:p
o
inevitably mu~ "ffi~2t1.:. a{) &H·&·r.:t:"~ffe"•rtr iJ :it~H&, * x ~~"J:*~$~f= 1ffi, Q ~ ~"J W: m~ We: II l*J Ji
fi:$~", cheating IV."~ mf'Fili, ~~" ~ ~" 1-t:$ 1:. f= ~ fti~Hl;lt*m.:il ~ a<J m• 1t1J ~", toxic"~ :il
a{], 51 j§ r:p$ a{J"~ffe" ~tiJ~1=(. t5~1¥JF:m:W~: x-t J.. ~~-~ ,~~0:ttJ!1:.-ftt* !'ii]~", ,M. Yfff ll'f m.X
§fij]"F=ffi'l¥11f~mn&ili it~~~0:ttn1.:.~*a<1m~f!ijn"
0
(ffl~~H.IJ-,~l*J~fij]lV, the measures cities must employ. .. they ... @Iffiffitl,therefore-.That's
because tP'tP*'ti ur ,ffl~"m~~r5ffl'nflI~~t-1it .. ~.f'1.~"1¥Jl&*~~ :.IW:~~~.f't~-A~®:~1t-i-.:X.-:14f
=,
~ t5 nx;* :lJD $ ± -1' A ( ffij ~~ ~ $1.:. f= 1ffI) ,ei fs] the clean air zone-the measures cities must
0
employ ~~i.t~±~l¥Jtt~" EE tf~f!J ~M <'mm~~ rR. '-m~#t1"5tlir1J&)", Seven months and one
election day later. .. suspended-vulnerable-politically contentious-put the costs. .. on to individual
drivers,:fl:l8li.t~~mi¥Jmm1*A" EE ~~iU*ftft-Ctifr~-t-1' ~ ~-7(g/t1Ji r:f=i J1:-:14f ~8 ~*1Jo~$
:i:1--A)", EE .lltl!ijfiffJ§~~"M~~-1'f9iJ ,ffl~*ftft~W"1¥J~f'F-¥~ o
31,------------------------,:1
:._ _•_ __~W ~I!i~!if":tt1Q-~'l1; _•___ :. ,I -
~
32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level 32. ~~-~-~~~m~n~~~~mm
z~?
measures to tackle dirty air? ~tt-1-1-sl~
[AJ They are biased against car manufacturers. [AJ 't:ffJx,J-f-t$!!:t=fflf~ 9c0 ft
o
[BJ They prove impractical for city councils. [BJ x,t ITT i5l ~ rrff ~ , 't: ff] ~ tJJ ~ ~ o
[CJ They are deemed too mild for politicians. [CJ x-t~rir*rrff ~, 't:ffJ ~m!JJ ll:i:1:$£
o
[DJ They put too much burden on individual motorists. [DJ 't:ffJ~:u$~{f1Jo~tJl.i9J$$.±1'-Ao
* ;
c f fi ,1 :iE w: J ~-=~CD 11) m m m ~ t5 r!k ~ 7. ¥it m! m n& 89 --t-'i•i :.~~ij z• ~:t~i = i3 I tt. ~¥it$ i5l , $} tB ~ t-¥
@/pJ l!fiJff~f51 m~m7ifil~~7.mm nx*:bo~$.±-t-.A. rrff~F '31 89:ltiE" ~-¥"1-t$!!:t=ftfi"
= o
"i:iJ JA!, ,$.±1'-.A.~:i!!mfil T*~~T § B miEtr~rf-t$!!:t=fflf89~ff: '~[D]iE~
0
[ ~ fm 1fl; if: J :lt! -=f + [DJ put too much burden on individual motorists ¾ x,t ~ =~~ft .± ffi' 89
Among other weaknesses, the measures. . . are. .. That's because they put the costs. .. on to individual
drivers ... rather than OP.. to the car manufacturers. .. 89 ~ 1t fflJ~ o
[AJ~~.:::3:@/pJJOC~~f~ put the costs ... on to A ... rather than on to B i:p 89 A,B x;jiftiJ ,~~0
ftx;j~ EB "$.±1'-.A."iJl~-Jg"f-t:$1::.~fflf"(B:: biased against. .. "x1··· ···~ ,Gx;JA!,/~0 ft" 1=j biased for/
towards/in favor of. .. ",Wu :t<Ji ······"-Jg fj_ ID]*.-*) o [BJ~ ffi - 3: @/pJ fl=* %Y. ,~ "~ ffi 11! ITT i5l ~ ( city
counciD i:r 1.1:~Jifil' mra~7.JR '~-fi-Jg "i:iJ fiUt~W:itn"&JE itJ 9c9& <demise)" ittJ fff-Jgmi5l~%V.,~" ~ ffi
11!7" ia~E{. IR PJfi~9c 9& ,~tn ~ ~ Ci mpractical)", #~ = ;t : tJ ::ft-1-J ~~m m7ifil 89-~~ Z:tl o [CJ~§ ffi-=
~(D/pJ politically contentious ... vulnerable,'ffi"iM~ -)j4f" '31 'Ji:.~~*$, i5 l ( ~p, ~ilre~¥it * ff] %iL~ x;j
aa • m =~ " rm~~
JI)" 1-i" %l'.,~ - ~ =~¥it* ffJ iA °J'J :ti 1J 1t ~ ~"; $} m ~ t-¥ ,w; ~~fl ce p , m ~ "i:iJ
tk:/itfflJ)"ftafff 1-J"¥itm!jJ Jt~~ ,j($£" *-•
0
c ~ I5" .~-~ J -m ~,I[\• = )E w. 3: oo ~" m ~ mn& 89 • ~ij z~,, mi* ~J:£ , ¾ J1I! ~ Jt i:p ~ IB il! • , ~J
llHX~WL~"imfefu weaknessesFlrffio §~EBCD'llJb\ml~#J Among other weaknesses, the measures ...
are·A fiffl 5E A 1-J Efr ~ m ~ iiY Jifil 89 i\fJ ~~ ~ : 5I 'Ji:. ~ ~ $ i5l o -11} EB @] ffi iii.I + f5I =*= fii ~ iii.I ~ #J C-Tha t 's
because) "i:iJ ffi@/pJfff ff(D/pJ, rrfflOC ~~#J B rather thane mi~F) C !JVR$i5l* ~: ~~ 7.~1-tnx*ffi-iMn&
1Jo r $ ±"'r .A. rrff ~F 1-ttf:!!:t=fflf ii~ t&5E[DJ ~~ 'M' ~.\JU&: ~%i!.~JJn'Ji:.~~~1-Wffi itJ ~ ~.A.!fm .± -1*,
;rt i:p B,C 89 city councils ,politic o ians :a:~rt i:p C o E B weakness "i:iJ5E* m ~~ = N ) #x~ rifflm:lk, rrff A a{] car
manufacturers, indiv1dual motorists Ji!tl 1* W] ~ ~ ~ IA] J( ~ ~ 3: 1* )(, :it!: mi !ffi ~ W: 1i] it.~ JR if~ #g
put. .. on to A rather than on to B,ii~HJlt)E[D]J.JiEfiffltjfo
N Git's not hard to imagine a similar reversal<D ~ *- ~ t-, ~ro 1~ (1-J i! # -tl!.. ½ ,I!. ~ :ft :g_ .1.
happening in London. 8The new ultra-cri low emission 0
"~ 1~;ttF it -&Ir I&. CU lez) "~l cf i~ .,t RA 4 ~ -:rt ,tr
zone (Ulez) is _likely to be a big issue@ in next year's *••fr-Jt*~•~~••~~-~aa,~
e
mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and
extends© it to the North and South Circular roads i.n
Jl-~~flJr-it 3t1] fr-J JJIS# -f" 2021 Jf-;Jif-"~1~;tt~
m.: -tr g "~ Jl .i. 1'] ;fl:.~~' }]JS ~ - ;t_ ½ ~ jff" Ji,
2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark _intense *
at~ 'i: JJ ~ fr-J , lt -:t ~f j fr-J i~ -$- -$ .i. " fr-J 51
opposition from the far larger number of motorists
J.!l&..~
who will then be affected. 0
ti
C~::~/(~~f~~~}Ht~:::
CDreversal [r1'v3:sIJ n. <:i:i:W ,ift~E.lc;~~a~P~~ ~> @extend [xk1stend] v. ~1$ ,if~
@ultra- [',-.ltra]prefix. f&Yffij/~~ 'lit~~~)~~
®issue ['xfu:J n. iSllm ~~ e t£~mA~
spark intense opposition fromU31~······8911Ji?.!!lim)
32,---······················:1
: • iif ~,tffi • : ~--
'------------------------·
~ ll9 ¥.i * t * il ! im t~ tfj 1£ f! Ulez ~ im (lffi !:j Q, fi m U lff )6 ~ ~ [& II ffi fi;.l. 1¥-J ~ m o ~ • ii] ! a Similar reversal
( flHllJ. a'-J ~ l o
CD'AJ~~ :f£~~imllaiffi~{llJ.1¥-J®:ffl&~o It's not hard to imagine ~~i£r __tx_"jft~i[~)FIA.)'
iftJ-fiitr~ ~~"5! ili t&J!.W~ BS* ~ 5E 11:1tiY!tl; reversal( W JtH~5!:H-tm" ~ia2~ IK "ift1fi &~" fiHf: iftJff
fl ili - ~ff~ Jff q::t 1.1::. ... ~ ~ fiJ ~ r- " ; similar ... in London *. l!f3 ff ~ g ~ ff ft 00 Cg !j fil 3f) i? 7K 2js: ffil
(:ttf l~I)
0
®0'AJ1$ff, PJ3~®:fflPlrffi"UJei"&X~~ik:~$ta'-J~ t§"~m°*iiff ,~Jti!-~f.fi/i. ~~-sl ~
£ *. r-t$$±"~~i?.!!&n"o
@1i)ff EE A is likely to be B ~fig ( A 1i PJ~~¾ B) ~ feffl ffi~ Ulez &J!.$iSl·~ (big~ issue ffi:ii, ~
~itmJttiSln!BSI:k~nrt.Jz,r!-,tJ)qPiHl~iSlR!l*oJ~N r1i~BS$iSltt) ;in next year's mayoral election WI.th
m m
Ulez itr~ 1& *.BS*. st fsJ "i5" ,g" l!f31¥ -K ~ ~"
®1iJlA1iJ if fiJ1J~jC~I!Ht"i,:ifilJl · ffg}E/tt,iJJlUH1f£t-lr:b",UtrlK" ,±1iJ i.t is sure to spark intense
opposition ,g l!f3iftJ-fi&~BS1i1lfili: ~ "Jix1%11i~?.!!", from JilU 51 ili ±~ Jixt 1J lt"ft $ $ ±" c5 Eitt
=
far larger number &fHHff.tf-lppj:~ 1K BSfJ J&M.OOZJ ,!lJ'~J.Kfflf~f-lpjjj:~ IK~ B 1£3&*~ &Xt; 5Eift
lffm
who will then be affected put the costs ... on to individual drivers,l!l3feffli~$$.±&xt Ulez BS~EE
* * ")
"ft ffJ 11t i§ m # t fI ,8,x;
o
c¥Jt~t1itI:11~rtm-f*-jJ"%\J.,g (CD1iJ)-W*f c@®1iJ) ,,~•: ®®1iJ ~~" g_,~JEmia2~ iK" ~"ffi
$.i.il:1i ff£f-lrjjj:jr 1K" BS##*§ {IU %: ,'2-: ift 1fi 5t 1t :i:5J ~® "m iftJff ~fia "c in next year's mayoral election, one
election day later) ... irt 1fi :i:5J ~ ffl ".$ ± 1-A f!J M" c m otorists ... will then be affected, restrictions on. ..
cars ... levying fines) ,Ji 5j ~ift#ttf1f "x~:1f VS &x;f:tf"(Sadiq Khan VS motorists,judge VS new city
council/Martinez-Almeida);~ 1f ~ ~ ~xtm~#t~ ift}fi BS ffil ;ffi"ffl ~ $ ± 1-AflJ ~-5 I ~i[t#t$iSl
JifB~~ ~tti9J"PJ~i tti CD1iJtti~: "~ttfflff£f-lrjjj:ffi IK"~~" Q,ffill!m~2~ IK"~~f!i 1¥-Jitr~: fi PJfm~1lt
q::t.Lt(~~t!f~)
0
V Oit's not that measures such as London's Ulez *~k~t"-~*~~~"~4~#
are useless. 8 Far from it. 0 Local officials are using
~~mo••~~o •~~~~~,~~~
the levers<D that are available to them to safeguard
-~~m~~~~m~+a**~~~­
residents' health in the face of a serious threat. 0 The
~o~~~~~~kk~¼T~~~-i", m
zones do deliver® some improvements to air quality, and ll#~~aA ,~ ~~-t-~¼:t";f.~m ~ a1.i
the science tells us that means real health benefits ~>1t jt-,\.> J!Ii ~ ... tf Jxt 1l -f;: ~ ~ -t-1*
f ewer heart attacks, strokesCD and premature births, less ft , :A :$. , :Ji;, ~ 1l ~ "t ,A :Y , ii --f ft i::-i1l. m 1 .rf
cancer, dein.entia® and asthma®. C, Fewer untimely
y::J,~j·
0
deaths.
CD lever [ 1li:va] n. ( ffl f'FM[1JO ffijJ ~ f'Jt )-f-~, :1Jr! ~ ® asthJ11a ['resma] n. ~llir&
"* I
(2) deliver [ dr I hva] v. :ii :iii ( :m-4'P.J ~ ) , JCCF fil f$ j;J • ~Amnc
*(~lljPJ)" CI)be available toCXf······¾ PT~Joc/*1Jffi ~)
®stroke [strauk] n. ~ Jx\. ~* @premature birthC-&=!-r::)
@dementia [dr'menfa] n. ®untimely death(-&=!-itft)
:I
1::~J~~f.f ~::~:::
~ 1i~iil:rm~'.iE'. Ulez ~m.m.ffl-nt~ j~J:I~~ o ~ if ii]: G)It's not.•• usel~( #~ £ ...... ft ffl) ;@do
m
deliver some improvements to air quality( al.]~ ;k ljJ; 3t ~~mi•) ; Q) real health benefits( tJJ ~ a'-.1 -91 Jl l& ~) o
33J) :;J ~ jfx ti J: -;r_" :9i ii~ ' ii }6 ~ ~ l& ' ti ~4 w, it ~ Ulez ~ ~ sa! ?.!! & j-f" , :St fi ~ :@ Jr\: ?R m ~ ti Mi!
~ f:f ~'l!t jtq /p]ft' EE It's not that. .. ( ~5!UJ:l 89 ~JE~ not) ,Far from ·it(*:1c~=aJE);~~ i%t Sl.Ji:iit"ff:
O
~ ~ ·· · •• • ~ ~~ · · · ·· · " cj tq -t- it tis ffi rtJ measures ... are useless) , W ~ ~ 5E "nHll f5 ~ ~ E{. rH€ !I! ftr :OOL:Ji: ffl
it" , ff jJ 8 H "nH2H1HUJrl ~ ~~ ffl" o *
mo
r:D~ill. ffiit~ tr1 ii!!n~lf.f ~ .v1 ( ~P~~* **lm iI~Rt) '1 iffif*m ~ im~j.f ~ ~m~ ir-Ji.Rta~
z
fiBt~ are using ~*jfp,jr'g fft lm~mf '§ fft "fJH& ±~ft jg" ~'to safeguard residents' healthjn the
face of a serious threat1!~H:1:tt!n~R1"¥~~~,~~1';~"89~ff~ffl~(EE_t)( clean.air zone,
ultra-low emission zone,dirty air ep-aJffE~ a serious threat ffi{"tF~B'~~E{.fj~fo]~*) ;{§. available''uJ ffl
s<1,, 'Efl •~Jr z :tt" ±ti! 1r -g fft .R rm ft I1JJ lit~ M[ fl£ ffF ti!1. ttr 1K s<1 ~ ~ <~ i tJ ffF tt s<1 % :i:\'.:) ~ J]! ~ E{. f5 ~ , J!
~ tz n m t¾ ;J J]! JiiZ 1$: ili ~.t n rWi r ±ti! :n ®: m s <1 fr ;11 " *
o
QJCf,.~itt imtl& tr1 ;&~m~ nf ~ ij~ $~ ~ i& lt ~ ~,Im -, ~t ~ fJ. w tJJ ~~Ji l& ~ o · jtq /pJ 11c VJ do
deliver. . . improvements 5.¥. iJaJ ( I1JJ ~~ do ~5.¥. iJaJ) Ml fi£ffF:ff!dtlr 1K "iiffl ~~~-:fl", ~Fo 3L JEf4 ~ ( the science
tells us) ,L2). real health benefits ...~ fe*w er. .. less ... Fewer. .. ¥:ii"IH~,~ji--'.9tl$i$~"~-(@)'A]
fewer ... less ... ~@'A) Fewer. .. l~LW:" l~H&firfti~t%;f ~ Y-u ll! JE L A~?ft.ocY"), :itr-z:!;ffi ili
"~E{.J$1HlJrr0~-&t1*~M" i±:- ,t&:lm1tjtqlpJ5_¥.iJaJ~f¾;J It's not that ... Far from it. l'iJ~Jlt~
o
some J!~:(:£5./aiJW'~ § ~~:S:ffl ~ 1c", $:. MlwBtfi¥i T ffl $.~Jj_, f§. fl EE some JiJr~ ~ tfj s<J "$'.5-t, ~~~
=,
$"~JiiZ1EWJlt~*flirtlJ..~;ltf.u~&-V.:L ~ftl!Jl.~-:f{jJ$flir~ tfj FL The zones ffi{"t~{~rfe~ Ulez
ia
1k ~ ffi £" Wt ~ '=t 1K ":i! ~ M[ 11£ ffF »!£. AA 1K
o
W-~~1*]¥.iliPHl=~*";U,tJ§ 1l.": (D(Z)/p] It's not that ... Far from ... ~ JE.EE __t)(~~" MHI£
ffFtitffi IK:il~*1J Jixt"~l ili 891t tlHfHt" MHI£ffl:iiX*1r 1K ~ttr:6t xffl cm easures ... are useless)";@~@
1Dtl!lliffllix!R.,~"Jlt~*mnrtr~Jff1f19Z*,Jiiiffl1f~~t" ,to safeguard residents' health ... do deliver
some improvements to air quality ... that means real health benefits ~~*~"*m~~-:fl:~E{.!$:lti&:@
--'*~5C.MHlm"~ir"*flir § f;[\ :{Jj~Jf@ ~-&t1*"(eP ,*ffit7J~~~-:f{), fewer. .. less. .. Fewer. .. *~
f91J ~JHiifl"-ftt'*lJ5C.M Creal health benefits) "s<JJr:(:E*l!,\! ,{f ~tt 1z;1 *~• 8 H "MHl£ffl::ff.ttfr 1K ~ffi~ s<J*•
tt~5l =*~•* ,~1?1::-®"
0
33. The author believes that the extension of Londoo's Ulez 33. ff=l-i.A '1, jf Ji 1£ fj: "~flt~~ tt if I&
wilJ (Ulez)"~
-- 0
[AJ arouse strong resistance [ AJ JfH& 5£ ?.!HfUJc
[BJ ensure Khan's electoral success [BJ iiffl* ~:il!!:R: • ff:i** ~W
[CJ improve the city's traffic [CJ i& =f!f :ihx nf 3t Jj
[DJ discourage car manufacturing [DJ ~Ji~~$~]"'=
r f fi,t:@f:u:J ffi im¥,2:@1Dffi ili = ~o ~ 20211f~ Mif~t-11:fiXffirRtt ~~1¥il~tl.f ~ ,-~~~~-A~ l!P~
~~Plti] 89~$$.:E895i?.,~Jixt, iii[A]iEiiffl
o
[ii"~fWP&?] JE~:r.u![A]arouse strong resistance IP]Jll&~@-'i:i] spark intense opposition
0
[BJ¥fffilm~@/p]"~:ifil% • ff~*~W~fJJ\i Ulez"Wif{f!Jjj"tf]\i Ulez ~{t~:ifil% • ff~$~
W" [C]~ffin~®~®/p]Efri£ Ulez s<Jf'Fffi"t&ff~4:J$:ll: '*~@ ~1::-®-&t'*"{tu~jj"BJc~xJj~
o
&" [DJ~ffilm~@/p] Ulez f)J\i89~P(ti]xt~"~$$ •. :E"{tu~jj"~$1::Fl§f" ,:ittmHtili Ulez tr ~m
0
~ ~ $ 89 ~ t= *1LuL
[. ~Vj .~, f. J :.$:~~~f'F;fttxt Ulez if ~Fo*/~n(ti] rt9~i! o fmNB:kffl!{Efljffl :kffi!~JE UL ,-Nr5E
UL 'il1 q:t fit WJ x!R.,~*Jt, ffil **Jt L2J. iJJ15EiE iiffl~~ fiO*NB, PT )tff !1JJNB T q:t extension, Ulez 5E {1 ~J ffi Im
o
~@/p] ,M[j§-ff!1JJ/p]J*Ix!R.,~*Jt it is sure to,lz;l**:iis spark intense opposition ePl'iJi!iiJEJfiiffl~~[AJ
0
34· V ·· I ··· O ··-· · B -·- u ·· t · ·- m ·· a ·· y ·· o ··· r - s - · a ·· n · d ··· ·· c - o ·· u · n -· c - il · o ·· r · s · C ·· D ·· -·· c - an onl~--i~---~~---- . .. ·····················--·····-····· ... -·· ... ····· ·---···············
~Jl,#zj-i!~ -t-§JPFJ t.€ f!J llf.M-JA
much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city *
or town. 8 They are acting because national - fA. ~ c ?£: ~ i~ ~ ) 1vJ :I@. , rr 1n , ix. . .9! 1n ,Jj"
tt-~~~~~~~o~m~~~~ff~ ,
governments-Britain's and others across Europe-have
;t~~~OO~M-*00~~~~~~~
failed to do so.
;:J+J 00 ~ ~ Jt1tt-;f-.11t1tt tl:l H~ o
VIl ORestrictions that keep highly polluting cars out *
J!t ~ " ~ .u:. iii it A, .$- ~ A # ;t. ~ ~
of certain areas-city centres, "school streets", even '* *
(*°,ff tf1 ·~ ' ~ ,f¾j-i!. ':!-.f. - # )j1j i! M-)"
individual roads- are a response to the absence of a ~~~-~~a"-~L*4«~H~~r
larger effort(Z) to properly enforce existing regulationsCD
~~ff-~*~*~*~4-~ ~±P¼~
and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into
~~.$-"~±oA~±~ooa~~ff# ~~
compliance©. 8 Wales has introduced® special low speed
ii. Ftl -$1J Y.A ill ,J, 1-t it ~ ~ 11'1 .i1.. ~ ~ ~ - -m
limits to minimise pollution. 8 We're doing everything 0 *
fo]j" ~E , ~ '1-~ ~i. ~ ~ ;:k: ~ ~J :it jiij"" it it " -it
but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars. [ 395
i\.$-
words] 0
. ··-·····- ·································-··········· -· ··--························· ····················· ····--· ··-····-······ ······················-····
1::~::t~nt~~~~~:f.HtL~::1ii
CDcouncilor [1kauns.il.i] n. i5lm. ~ CDa response toCX1··· .. ,f$tf.L&m/~(ii]@:)
I
@effort [1efat] n. ~ffl~a<Jmjgj ,~jJtlfijgj ~ :@:~ab:s:een:cte; o~fb(~c"z.~ ..: .~...~ ) Hi······
@regulation [1regju 1 le1fn] n. 1*J!!ll.; ~,W,J
©complfance [k.im 1 pla1.ins] *nf . fl . ii». ,.ii~ I ;Jl;1Udl/!a'J H 7J
@introduce [,intddju:s] v. ,flfi ® follow regulations :ill 'if iii Jli! ( 3 5 l\!i)
®supervision [1sju:p.i 1 v13n] n . .!Ki'&-, ifJJI! (35 I!) I
----·····-···-·-········ ·························-·--···-·····--·-····-···-··-------·······-············-···············-····-············-······················-·····-··
Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas-city centres, "school streets" , even
individual roads-are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and
require auto companies to bring their veMcles into compliance.
~#;JtJHt:
~uri! .
that ~ highly polluting cars -=-o-=-ut:....:o=-=f~L.J.£U.u....a.J~ .----1 - city ceTitres, "school streets",
5 I~ µijf~.±i-N if!li-H ~i-g even individual roads -
JEi!JA'tlJ
'tlJ r .:1:: =f :
...Re:.stn.c.tu:lll.S.:·. ·:.:...· are a response to the absence of
-1:m *fr
*r;JJinJ *i-a
to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.
J;jJ ~ 5± ff : 'tl] r .±. -=f -jg Restrictions. . . are a response to the absence of a larger effort ... a to. . . and ...
f.lfi a larger effort B<J Fo ~JE i!, ffj¥ ff-J.9! £ -:k ~ ffi fi i9J B<J 1W -:k. § B<J ; that 51 ~ B<J JE i! JA 'tlJ i,#, !y:J Restrictions
1¥1 Jl-1* r-J $, ~tn--1% 5I ~ B<Jfill A i!f.lfi certain areas l¥J ~ wm , gm 1-t ~ ttJ Jkf9tJ ~nm a~ !& :bJtffi IE
o
1::~::~~*-¥!!::~:::i i
*
ffi -ft. , -t ~ '-1 ~ ~ ,s 1:ifl $ ~ , PJ.111 J1t ~mt& m 1 l(g~ 11 1i m, Pi¥ !Ff-II ~ i6c 1f.f *~~fl 11 m 1 l(g ~:i. ~ ,t
$$1J~il'.f3o *
~ t- ~ .~ ~ : § ip i6( /f.f :It Wi ~ II ffi ~ ~ J, ~ 00 i& Jf.f ~ i1= '-1 o ~ ii ffi.l : national governments have
35*
failed to do so(~ 00 i& Jff ~~ ;;ui~ fi iif.l )
0
0)1:iJ ~J:I ffll m *Im !iStl i ~ • 7e tJ • !!ll M ~ ~ 9°. )~ ~ fc:J Do can only do so much ff( tt _t ~ some
c i mprovements) l9=J liffl jt z ~"MI f~ 11F ti!£ ffi 1K ~ m M t!~~ :W: ~ m"; far bigger than any one city or
tOWD Jf-JE~9.PJ~fll)~e<J°ff-tf rrf, ffil "~Mi-~-ffl"' ffi Jltlti~"tftmPJ ~~~ rpffl fmjJ zf,i .&" O tt:
bigger Jlt~~ city, tOWP utfi i:t$3t ,'P)"~;Jtffi fliJ (pj~~E{,fll);B!~_&l'.f<J)Wf llJ o
C)1:i]ii~J.lm*lmi)'l~ ~ tJ im :Jg ~mi~: 00. i&Jff ~i1= :tJ because t,j~1l] r*J"~ *-~ ~ ,,~-:
O
They are acting ff EB a problem. .. far bigger than any one city or town ~~mi>l~"XjJ~15 ,!IJ~~.¥.:19
Z"; have failed iE ffif ii!Jtt ~ 00 ®:JAf" Jfl J1f ~ jJ" ( so":tm .llt[ffi{-t ~rj t£ ilJ Ef{j fi j;J, ffl & ~J"ffi lliJ ~ 15fi :19),
!)J' 19=) iJo ~t51t~Jtt{f t£" 00 *®:JAf"( ~tfr% P-J Britain's and others across Europe ~1'-fitr :X.f~" EB~ 00-
00 :tf mk~~-t-~t}H") * * *
m -- t ~ ,t ii = tt ~-t 0 ~ ~~ "1iY. f~ ~ mm ~ ~ m l. R m f ft iit: , tt m j ~ m1J ~ f{ij Et-J oo ~ ~ ~ ffi ( m ·Ii if)l
ffi ) ff]~ ,ut ~ tm ~it~ : l]) absence of a larger effort ( )! *. i.w. ffi fi iif.l ~ ~ iu: ) ; CD everything hut insist ( ~
* )
O
7 - tJJ , !fl !!i! ~m ,i ~ ~1 11 ~ o
ffi~ffiWmffi~~~mWmfflg•m~~~:OOai&Jff~tto *1JJ~:19_tm*1JJEf{j~~=
Restrictions that. .. areas - ... - Mm They are acting,ffirtJ"m*/rtri>l.~ff1*:®.l'.f<Jfii9J: l~IUIJ"~t4Fnt
1{.:!j::A~JEIK~"(il:: individual ffl ld.f~'ffli roads, ~t£*19=JJ!@il!.!ml'.f<J" ~ ~~ FiiJ ,~.9!~") ;are a response
to x.f J.itr because, IYHiffl 129 *~II*; the absence of a larger effort :X.f M national governments. .. have failed to
do so, epm"~~*~lM*fmili i:i!lJi.~!{jJ ~$m ,-Milli £Ji.~ ufujjJ e<Jfii;JJ"( tt: effort 1-J~im-ffl$. '~
*"(JgQS~-§ Ef{jl'.f<J)~til.~e<Jfii;}J") ;to properly enforce. .. and require. .. to ... (and *ii:izl:) rn*xW.
"*i,iE~~J{'.1-~VJ.:m:-WtAfi"(enforce ffi make sure that a law or a rule is obeyed)~~xW."ifo*f-t${t~1:
~-fr~J{'.$m" cb ring. . . into compliance ffi"M! ··· ···il~[~J{'.Ji!tl ~J") l9=J liJu ®:JAf m.l.f.Z~
o
C~)1i] it! ri'ff i1, "!f.Jjy_fJZ ±0 00 ~ *ffl-: ~'.i:E:ilf~ ~N ffi1JtfMl!o Wales ffl*3t city or town,~£~fif~Ef{jfi®:
IR~ "000" ,jt®:~"~&it" tt.z mffi~~~" ~fi"!l.1g ~~, m § Ef{j ~mffl~JMffl Fiil "fJ ~PJ~Ji:,J\
~" ,#*1A~*_tfU!l!,&$fl;~1t"1{.$1:~lffi" *
@"PJ .~, ~ :i: x : ~ ~ ti!?. n i& lf.f l.R *& i1= '1 , ~ 0 ~ ~ Jff !fl ~ ijJl ~ ~ ( ffl 'Ii * ffi 1* 18 ~ ~ l o doing
m * =
everything but -¾ ~ fE ~ ffi I'1It000 ~ fF 1-J" lOC mfr, mi!~~ Am Mt! #1 m 15 ~", ¾ si imJ 00 ~
m
~®:m®:~~t!jJcfft"*~F~~*~~lilm mfi5~1{.$", ~.llti&J.R~~, P¥ Pf~ oo®:m~mWJmfEfJ
z m m
~ ff , ~ ~ J1I! :2 ec. *t5 ~ Ef{j-B Jtt :ham ffi ®: *
0
[ f.2: )§ tfiE !I J iii J:., * 1W m *it,#_ 1& ~ rt f'£ ":i& 1i tt m C m ayors and councilors. . . they. ..
Restrictions. .. Wales ... ) "; ~ Jirj.J:., 1W mft'i EB~**~ because/ a response to Id. .&1tnfJH!'dJ] ~ ~ e<J ~
M*l6 everything but~ 11:,~ rt r" 00 *~lM ~~w:: *fmsiJJ ~*1{.$ i*ff!J ~ lffill~ ~r! ,1:~~~~ 1-{.
m
$"')}..rm~ f9fl ~ 9. Pi~ fll] ~ Ef{j J1t ff A.&~* ffif tk: .Im~' @IM fir X P,Jr ~" f'F@ e<J 1-t $1: ~ lffj ~ ¾ ~
T&~-~9.~$ti~ll"
0
*~
34. Who does the author think should have addressed
34. i1:~iA'1 Eb ifB~-~l!1-faJli?
the problem?
[AJ Local residents. [A] ~:i&@~
o
m*
[BJ Mayors. [BJ
o
[ CJ Councilors. [CJ i5lff.t
o
[DJ National governments. [DJ 00 *®:JAf
o *fifi
[ ffl ti '.i:E: 'Ut] ~*~*@ 1J)ffi ill : m-Kff1, rtri5lm ff] (They e<Jffi{-t P*-J ~ ) Z§r Id. f'£*JOCfi;IJ C rtf ~r3Jll!
m
M~J ~ ~ :1-1 00 *®:lM fm * :®. fi i;JJ Cs o ffi 1-t P-1 ~)
o
1lJ !X!. , f'F ~R:1-J W: EB 00 ~~Jfff ff tk: fol 11i , [DJ iE liffi
0
36[ $~~ W] iE 1ifff Jffi-+N!-=f ¾x;f national governments ... have failed to do so( failed :'t 1;"¥9:::f;f ~, *
1iY.l(fisi_ 1iY.ll'8 $•11J) ") £8 iE iifijfmii
0
[AJ~~ .li~@1tp:p }!Jr~ A¥1J .± 1* Local (officials), residents i-B-_'.x31.~ff 1) local residents,_§_~ ft§-~
fF :1-J:24. "?5 ~ riHI 89 ~ Mxt~ ftu~ 7-J fiiJ~mHk:~ BJ , [ CJ:f:5J ~** f-~ CD1iJ mayors and coundlors,
1£! ~ ~ :ftsJ 1-; ~ fili iE tr** ma&.~ tk: 1i:iJ ~ s{j .:t 1* . E ¢ j ~ -=f m 1 i:iJ ,, itbl*l J. t, * mt k: 1i:iJ ~ ~ x ~ * ~ tk:,, ::f ~
0
m
[ ~ l7j .~, ~ J ffl' ~ ,'!l i& : i-B-Sl ~ tn-, *%!Lt J::j 1t x .:.t I§' ,@, ,@ ;ffi 1lt fF 1-J fa-12 ~ ,~ ill ~ , v.J !J6, ~ ffl:
:fW. but/however/yet ~~tfr-WJFo 89 P-1 ~ ,Mr not ... but ... /rather than/instead of~*%~~, Yltl~ffl:
-~~¥3¥"*"89r*J ~C"%"1lt1-J-=f3'Jt*rJ!Z-) ~r~CD v.J But EjwJ>CwJft~tfr-,5siffiJfF~~.5E~JJt:
o fJ
l'iiJ!fil~ .&m: !JJ u::krm1p-KJ::j rpi5l.DJ. fmjJ ff mHonly ... so much), PI ttHo~ iE .:i::1*E1Ztrfm jJ __t5_s ::k rm
-K,mi5l.DJ., 83.tlt1lJ"f]Jtv"z.5E[DJo @1iJ.±.,bl--1iJ A are acting because B. .. have failed to do so ~Jiiti-B-Sl
x1 bt :"A=They=mayors and councils"iEtE**frigj VS ·'B=national governments":2fs:~**fiigj~j5t
**frig]
,liiiA[D]iE,IiJf! ~Fffi'fs!4!,~,§: Im-t-:iztr_yiffi fPJ ::f [A] .:.ti* ,f£!1tx:JtJt~/"~tr"i:D q:y mayors and
o
councilors ~~~1'-.±1*&1r:Jf:Jtl:sr-fr~~ (~ ~fr:1-J~JJt::kf*-fO, ii{ PI~ Ej Zffi3c 89 [BJ, [CJ~r_m
~ Bt~F~ ,M:Fo-Ntf[A] ,[DJ i:f:t1iY.l!Jc~ ,5ciB¾1f 83 ~/\~1t1iJ":2°4. ¥5 ~ fiiJ ~Jt~~ftu ~-11: l'iiJ ~rm¾~
*m *m
ftutt l'iiJ~"lI¾11 EE X:'t;kr£~ 1 C/'"?5r!R'.29. ~Jll!;tJ.ff."PI fP] IR~·li£M A~ 89 [AJ ffff fo] 1t 00
'Ii 00 *;tJ& Fi¾ ffi 89 [DJ
o
35. It can be inferred frolll the last paragraph that auto m* .@: nuJr *
companies __.
35. RT lli , r-t: 0 ~ --0
[AJ will raise low-emission car production [ AJ ~ :ft :bo f~ ~F fj{ ft$ 89 r: :ii
[BJ should be forced to follow regulations [BJ mI lJBs $1J ~ >JUI ;:y ~ ~ 1M JJt
[ CJ will upgrade the design of their vehicles [ CJ ~ :rHJUttJL ?9J $~it
[DJ should be put under public supervision [DJ fisi_~lf-=f0~¾r1i Z ""f
[ ffl *k f:li:]?K~tt1iJm ili: § frJ~z.J!::k~ffl 89 fr$H~1i!ff 1*~ff ff t£ttrtiID: l'8 F*tJJ.fr '*~* ft
$0m~r:~mmigj:tf;?K1iJXmill:ftITT£{£-~-Wmtm•~~Nff~M¥*ft:tf~r:~M~Jt
z
ft$ o §° ;,~ ~ lW 1-J , ft$~ F ~ I ft$ 0 ~ml~ 1lt 5£ $1J ¥ :1t ii ;:y ffi 3c~.W. • $1J JJt , lb. [BJ iE ,1iJfl o
[ ;fp~~WJiE,IiJf!J.Yi¾*~1t* 1Dtt.xtft$0m JJJrj£ r*J $89irJJl!51 $
o
[AJ,[CJ~,R_fil(D1i] require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance rmJ!t~ti"ft$0
m~lRt&~~ ,:fr~f-(.,$", rm*.filJtiir1~-~' absence"~z..!It~~*" ,~ffi=:3:?KkiJ"ft:$0~~~ ~l~
m
-~:24." Yr~~X ~"f-f.$0 x~~~, 1:F ~ "?5 ~ 1-f.$" 89 7~ t& ~Jjrffi ·!¥ [DJ~J ffl * 1iJ We're
doing everything but insist that ... mx~5( ili "ft 1f1 Ci f :im *~) iEm ~-w m f j~ o ~~~~~*ft$ 0 m
...... ,, ,» -- rm m W T-ill "fl. r 0 ~ ~ 11- z r" , rm 1D :'t ~ 1-;' ft fnc i 6!: /(if ~ 1il m) iE n: 1iY.l n m tm .& z $ , ~ ~ ~
15i~~;J<f-(..$0~ ······"
0
[~Vj .~, ~J3:fiitJJl!N2im #PI kA*P.~" ~!J!~3:fi ~ I§'" Jw:9ltlffN2 PI v.J7'611 WJ~fitr* 1D ,~~ IA]
o
!>L..!m:Jl~~m ~~ 89ffi3cm Sl:tm ,~~t~~ FB1D :r.t ~ tiffi Yfi3:fi .:.t I§', ~Fo~z:r.m Ej 3: fl± I§' ttxt, iE
,IiJf!:r_w:ii 1!t~1r#cxt milw:X*1D, rm¾~~± I§' l!!-~89~j£~:ft-$ ~ll:2fs:~ ·*~1t !1€ iJ 51-11 the absence
o
of a larger effort"~z.J!::k~ffll¥Jfrigj" ,doing everything but insist"{~7-W ,t(J~!h~!RNff~)jt"~-1-~
m~~-~Wiffil~iir*Rtt~R$0mMiliF~~*,&~~-arm~,~w~~*R$0m~~~~'
tfliJETI:,IiJf!:r_w[BJ ;-ll}ff, ~1D 9:1 effort"~§JrJ 89fri;JJ" ,insist" ~tJc~]jt"m foJ"J!1-J F* ,J!Attxttt 89~:1t
~frig]" ,properly enforce,regulations,bring into compliance mfoJ"F*:il~~-$1Jlt" ,auto companies,
m
manufacturers foJ"ft$0~" ,_=:::~;tt~ffi rtJ"fM.xtft$0~F:bo~~ ,5£$1J:il~" ,:ll~~JE[B]iE,IiJf!
0
37____ _/ Text 4
[ .~. i* ~Hfr J
2fs:X:~ § Newsweek«:ffifiijffllf1J))20l91f: 6 Jj 13 El j(jf Gen Zs are Anxious. Entrepreneurial and
Determined to A void* T~he*ir~ Pr e.. decessor's Mistakes( Z tit 1-t ~ m.. Jl-fk -€ 1J~ ffi *13 .. lk: :t: ~Nit ffi 1ru A~ m
W'.) *x~~~P)J4f tv-AIITTJ:m~ z tttft ,5m:i:t~t t~1t1n .Ej-=fffl-ft~~~, m i li z tttftJi~
0
"ijf:3jt~!JiF .. iitl1J'11C..,"l¥J'li~~fil, Ji. ~:(£Im~ i:f=t .!l!IJ~"ffi:¥1.I-f'F l¥J~JEtt" o (ti:: fj~ i:f=t l¥J" Ji*-€~~
r
ffi:fftl"ffi z ttt1-t:(:E~~iffi1EI -f'Fl¥J1Jtr!f! ~>JtJ!~ l¥J ~ ~ ,~X$%#*=rtv Jk) H*ti: ':JI iliiif~" ep:m
0
$-AJm:l:ml¥J z ttt1-tl¥Jt~,B"C~-~)--5ttfr Z tttftl¥J'li~~fil"i.tt>lt~l$F .. ii'tl1J\;C..,"<~=~)-~
mz titft'li~~fil:(:EJm~ l¥Ji*~" ~>ltim~ffiJE" <~ ?-~)-ffi: $ z tit ft l¥J ~ ,B "*>lt~JE" <~ Im
~ L
[~~~~]
*
36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring -- • ~ ffll ;, = -4'-w ~-* ~ tt-1 z i!t tt l¥J -ti ,JL
37. Generation Zs are keenly aware -~ffl!i, :Z i!tftjlfi!~ii:~*W
-- o
*
38. The word "assuage" ( Line 9 , Para. 2) is closest in
iffl ">I.. ft If : assuage l¥J SI..
meaning to o
- -
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation
Zs •~ffll;, = ~ ::::.jjtnv .&tt-1 z i!tttffl*-•~ 0
--
40. Michelsen thinks that compared with millennia ls, .A.~~,s: *tJJ~IHA'1 z i!tft ~-=ff!-
Generation Zs are 1-tffi tt~ft-z.~,B
-- ~* o
fcJ ~ii~: 'i1cJ!iJRJOC!:t:.iti#J Generation Zs, llJ xi!m1-J"Z tttf-t", llJ~~ lki!-f-tA l¥J Jl-{.$:'lf
?5?"~-B ~
o
fcJ ~~~: CD36 ,37, 39 ~CJFF~~ lk Z tit ft l¥J ffi *-•~, llJ ~ xiii:x!itrtv lk Z tit ft l¥J 163~tt pg iL
(2)1fWJ 36 ~ey~ ,Z tltf-t-4'-w:mhA:*~$~ .. ZP * "A imti,;~A*~:ffl:~ * i ,R"-f-ffl-ft¾ z ttt1tzwH1"J
ft -" .: ~m-4 '- e. ~ im ~ i:p 1£ JJ 11" , !J!IJ PJ ra ,g. 40 m, 1& ft Wr ili x • ~ - m. ~ui:" z ttt 1-t :(:£ im ~ 1: ~ -=f tr
- ft l¥J [K §jlj,, o * *
fcJ ~ .~. ~ : iffi i1: J: ~ 5t fJr PJ ~ , x kA "z ttt ft" 1-1 i! :! M ~ , ~ ~ $1a3 ~ tt 1s ,61, , ll ~ lk Jt=" ~ ~
*
ti-ft :(:£ ~ :% ~ lR ;)J~"
=~ 0
;~~ ila~ffiJliitBIIM
I ONow that members of Generation Z are graduating
di -t-~ Z -t!t--f\;.iUl-.tj-it-f\;.A.
college this spring- the most commonly-accepted definition
Jl. ¼~41: fr-J ;t :x.. )l th ± -t 1*99 5 Jf-Z
says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a *
year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. E (of~ -Jf-th A)- * +,t.. flp *- * ~
~ , ut JL f!l "f 1il!, 1n fr-J ii: ~ ,(£ ~ JfJi-J.vr
8Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a Z-t!t-~m•*~A~~••*~h-~0
*
labor market that's ighter than it's been in decades. OAnd
'-° z -*
~ fr-J AA Jh , -Jt :,G AA 19i di ~
employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new o -
00 *- ~ ;fo Ai. _i. t/J.½-Jt ,l. ~ -iJij ½.£ii-' ,fJ..
graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according
38to a survey conducted by the National Associatiori of
Colleges and Employers. 0 Everybody wants to know how
4 Jf-{r{J ~ ~ , Al .i.. {fJ it :!l1] J;t. ¾ Jf- i Al 1Jtl
.t9·11%{r{J,m.,.%~~!L .fiJ-1-A~~~
the people who will soon inhabitc.1 those empty office
it ' f?p ~ i5 • ;)} /A'" :t ~ 1% fa] {r-J i! ~ A. ~
cubiclesCD will differ from those who came before them.
~ {ll {1-J ~ 1/. ;ffl J;t. ~ {of ,1' ~ o
CD inhabit [in1hrebrt] v. ~ ffi, 00 {E ~ CDcommonly-accepted C[JJAff:l}~jfHt~a<n
@cubicle [1kju:b1kal] n. Jj\J;ij·fa] ,~IBJ ~ @give or take Cffl~~fU···· .. ,tf:lA~$······)
• t£~m~ S5 Q>hit the streets C[ifff£J::klt...t.m).
S5
~ -~ 51 tB X :l:~~: &P ~~ !i7 A JfH:t.w 1¥.J Z i!tft 1¥.J ~ ,~ o ~ ih'iil: CD Generation Z ( Gen Z) ( z 1!t 1-t) ;
@how the people .. . , HI differ(~~······ A~ fRI ~ [5J)
0
CD-®1:iJtilik~:l:Nitx-t~"~P:m~Alffiimrt-J z i!tt':;"
o
~*it
CD1:iJ ~ i£: Z 1!t ft &P ~t ~.ill!, 51 ~ U o members of Generation Z "§I tfj it i,e .xf ~, are
graduating college this spring 3( {tW:ff f* lli W]~~, attention has been rising steadily*~ W:fff*5I £ T
s.¥.?.!t*=Y±o wJJ§*1D:im:u Now that ,$~[z;l*~•:zttt{tHP:m$~Care graduating college this spring)
-'Jl~)dfJ B ~;lcB:(attention. .. rising steadily in recent weeks) ,-j*fff ii:ifil:i:iB;ffe]~itf this spring ~ in
recent weeks 1* m1 i! ~* Z" ii" , ~ - jj 00 ~ iiffl ffi ili A 1f1 x,f W: ff 1* ~ B: ¾ EB r {-tl!. 1fJ" HP :m $ ~ ( zt- A J{R
:% ) "5 I ~ ~ , JA rrff iJli k: x m ~ mo o" en :m zt- Aim :f:m ~ z ttt ft"
0
@®1:iJ 1<r H. 11'-~B z 1ttft$.ill!1: milltii a<J~.ill!ffi ft.l-: A;;;-~~, ~.ill!71:•jjt
* o
m + *
@1:i] f~ ill fl 1* ~ .ill! !f:i'" ~ ~ x1 ~ 71 W$i 31<@: :k. "o hit the streets looking for work ( hit the
streets 1*ffi"[!fff &b ]::k:ILt rn", tf lit*~ f¼Ji ili "Z 1:tt{t.$ ~~ :*:ltWfi AJ{R:l:jj ,f6}f6}3j( l{H" 89 ttxW.:w.: ~),
llfm!f1D are graduating college,W?X~iifffiti-ex.f~:3/'1"I!P#fzt-AJ{R:!$J~ Z ttt{t" a labor market that's
o
tighter than it's been in decades {f tt~~~*Af¼:ii!l~~ ~i! 5l.., 8 ~ ~lru!t~*~~f'l, .11":ili:JL+
c ~-oo c r*,
1cf::&M" 0 )t = g1c~ m:tm" tightJ"ffi 9!f ij] iJ 1:Jt1J\ iJt~~*'l O) *
@1:i] fl sl ~t@it i.iE Cl) 1:iJ f~ ti:j 0-~ Ji. .:E x.f @I;$ .ill!~ a{]~* tt ~ ~ hiring ... new graduates
t 0
(new graduates PfmfiJM1D are graduating college,hit the streets looking for work)t&~:mm~~iltr
"&P:mzt-AJ{R:l:jj ~ z tttft.$~~"; 17 percent more ~-fi~ 1IxW.1*m1~~ffi:lttJt~JlH.{flz$, ~ ivJ~~
- J:r :Yt ~ o according to a survey. .. 1*m11D l'sJ i-eti.E;1c-* * ~ *1D :iffi :cttf 51 iffiJ:ltfittH-efil_t >Co
@1:i] .~, ~ _t 3t , a~~~ 3t ~ ~ : ( .!:;; l{H :i:m·l ru ~ f§ tt ) . ~ 1!t ft *- ~ $ .ill! ~ ~ fRJ ~ ,ra o Everybody wants
to know IJf $i. g[ 1D the attention has been rising steadily, .fl} 7k 8 ~ Z 1it ft 5 I >fil T f± ~ E1<J J iz ;le ff; the
people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles IJf $i. _t X are graduating college, hit the stre ts
looking for work,new graduates,t&~:mi!~iJlik:tE"HP*rzt-AJ{R:%~ Z 1:tt{t";how. .. will differ from
those who came before them~ iifff A 1fJ ~3cB:Ji~\ "~ Z wJizt4~:f$, ~ A ( .3::~~-=f-tr-{t) ffi rt, Z 1:tt{t1f
fiiJI~ttz!l.t"
o
[ ~ ~ !l1*:~il]*~ 00 ~" I!P ~$~# zt- A JlH.:l:m a{) Z tttf-t" ~:ff i~:1£, :iffi :i:i are graduating college,
hit the streets looking for work, hiring. .. new graduate , wi*ll s oon inhabit those empty office cubicles ¥J
m
~ "::k~-$ ~ ~ /J{R tm ii .A."~ 5l.. tm, 1* M": ~ ~-~ tt; "AJ Everybody wants to know !j 1t 1D the
m,
attention has been rising :®ffil!f ~A ff1xti!~~Jr'.Z3cff 8~*>Cm1~~5l.. a<J ~ st ,JIID[~5l l:fj *)(
~~"Z tltf-tC!jl{R:l:jjl!fJ~ffl tt) s{J~!i!~Z!l.t"
o
3936. Generation Zs graduating college this sprjng __. 36. ~fF$~~ Z i!t~
--0
[A] are recognized for their abilities [A] ~JJ~iUiA-aJ
[BJ are optimistic about the labor market [BJ xH¥zYJJJmtm~iU*xW.
[ CJ are in favor of office job offers [ CJ 1r i1tM3J 11' 0 * I ft B9 tJt ~
[DJ are drawing !_ .owing public attention [DJ 1~i!J0f);.~*~$B9*ff
[ ffi ;t ~ 1tl - - ~ § 'tlJ m i li , mr z tlt ft~ 1f: ff. Jc 8,.t Jl JA *-~$ill'. , ili: JL Wi * xif f-tl!. ff] B9 !R. ff -tl1 iE
BM~* nJ~[DJiEfiffl
o o
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II O If "entitledCD" is the most common adjective,
*°*-"~~x.~~"Jliil 't JfJ -t-HJ ~-f-{!
fairly or not, applied to millennials® ( those born between
-1\( tl! !l -t 1981 .f.. 1995 Jf- fa]) a'-J µJ-*•
1981 and 1995), the catchwordsQl for Generation Z are
~¾~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~~ Z ~1\ a'-J
practical and cautious. 8 According to the career *-
counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs µ jff J i ; l f ; ; iJ { . J :fp l " ~ -i" } } f t z ~ ~ f . 1 F \ " f : r f -] p - " t i ~ t 1 1 ; '. f A t - - I J ' , z ,( ~ ; " 1 o \ i J f l } * JR ~ .:lk
are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists®. 0 Despite
*M~~~~Jfl±~¼o ~~¥-.:Ik-tAT
graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years,
4--~:il-ltfa'-J~~-HJ~.~ Z-t!t-1\ 1 Nf.f~~:k_
Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. *
0 They were impressionable0 kids during the crash of 4-~ a'-J ·~;!k o 2008 Jf-~ ~ M it at 'Ki!, 1n iE
Jl ~ 1: *J ~ a'-J ~ -t , ~ at i-t- J x. -it¾#-7 .:r..
2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their
-ttA¥-!l~-i", -l-A-=-¼--jf--il~o 1t1fJ zj-
life savings or both. C, They aren't interested in taking ·. l{ ~ t: ~ *" ,it lt 4iJ :£ Jf,._ fr-] ~ ~ 1i:J. -t * *
any chances. 0 The l;>ooming economy seems to have 0 *
~ ~ ~-1\ A-~ a'-J ~ & - ~. ~ -t ~ ~
done little to assuage® this underlying(!) generational sense
ik·~~a'-JA~~-ko~o-···-~
of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college
debt. @College loan balances® in the U.S. now stand at a
4t-t.%-' k 00 *- ~ ');f .tk. k_ ljf I:.; ~-t 1J ii ;f<. {r-J 1. 5
L J.i"1l kJT:.
record $ 5 trillion,. according to the Federal Reserve. 0
1::~::~l(~~~~~:frJ(~::1 ;/
CDentitle [rn1ta1tl] v. ~lHJUIJ .~~~~
@miHennial [m11lenial] n. 'f-ffi-ft ®assuage [a1swe1d3] v. ~~ .~~
Q)catchword [1kretJw3:d] n. :~H,tWJ dt~'li D % (l)underlying [ 1Anda1lau~J a. ~*1¥.1, 1ft£ 1¥.J
.~.x
@pragmatist [1prregm.n1st] n. ~ffl.±Sl.~ ®balance [1brelans] n. C-fflL4j-1¥.J)~~
®impressionable [1m1prefa nabal] a. ( jt f§ 1¥ $£ ffij) ~
40CDfairly or not (5f;~¾B'~ ~) CDtrain wreck (;k.*~~)
@career counselor ( I{,q~Jgj fi:i]) © take a chance ( w/ ~ '~~E(.)
:--~--*-**Jr--~--: $1
,_ _______________________, .Jr,,,
m ~*~:a-
= ~ fr~~ * z 1!t ft a{] tt ~ ~ fil I # J).. H n 1fl J1t ,t tJr ~ - tt ~ ~ fil a{]~ ~ 0 ~ti~ ! practical
and cautious ( i# ~ ~r-, ii! ffi ,j, 'L' )
0
(D@1i] ;ti .~, ~ I ~H! fli tf:i z 1!t ft a{] tt ~ ~ fil o
(D1i] ~1£ z i!tft a{] tt~ ~fil: i# *~~'ii ffi1j\ ,i:., 'O] pq If El"1 m f fl =9J ~ ffi ~ -=r whereas' 51 ili -=ft!
0
-ft!:J Z 1ttf-ta"1xtttC!Pfm@x..!~-Vt1iJ how the people ... will differ from those who came before them) ,Jr
~it~:ll,~ fiftfr5 ~,~fl] .J:i]L catchwords ffi $x the most common adjective ... fairly or not£~
a~
~ xJV~JHJfJ, 51 ili xt z tit1-t¥2fs:t~fil B<J 1r ffl; practical and cautious ~ Jf .fflJ! z tit1-t tH~~fil, ~p i#>*Jt ~
~5R, -AUJi1J\,L' o c ) ±: entitled ~-Jg'~ ;tx;ffJ c- *~, 1$ ··· ···) El"1", m -q :-;t-J-f-t *:lJi i' m ~ ;y;;, ,M.1J\ ~ ilJ -ff
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1J\JL'" a"J·!:imt~filff3 nx:ifrt ~ xt tt O)
@*1:u ffi-t:~}.!.\1,,~ I ilt-~ ~ lm. z 1!tfta{J~tiE"i'±t£Btniffi ~~jf M, i# ~ ~ m ±_)/,. n O According to
m
5 I tf:l 4z -1iH Jl ~ it ' 1* ~ 'OJ raJ it iiE *-~ economic pragmatists ( ~ #f 1f ffi ff,] ~ ffl £ X ~ ~ Pf § 'O] ~
0
practical'~ z ttt1-t"i#>Jt ~ ~i" a{] t~ ;~ :ilr-zv-~1l:~ ~~ #f-Jrffi 'Bil~~>(~ .M.~1lf E: *ffij ~ Ji *:ff ( 51- Vr
0
@- ®1iJ J.J._ ".6x*1f ~"ffi !£~:fir z 1!tft a{] tt~ .s.x: ~: i'±t£Bt fe::tJl a{]~~ & 7' .s.x: ~ Jlti:E ~gf
niffi~l ~ ~I~~ 'i If.&) 0
@1i) fli tf:i Z 1!tft ~ ~!£Bf .M ~ a{] RJ•l'a .I§~ frr-*1iJ the best economy in the past 50 years !Pf @:_t~
0
@® 'OJ a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades, hiring about 17 percent more new
graduates,.ff}?X*~ ~r~m~~ ,:wt.ill(.rtr~:k~ ,Fo-*'1:iJ~tfrr 'PJ@ Despite *'"il:tp--=-~ifr"~m),
Bil~~~8"J~#fxWJrtll~ Z ttt1-ti!itl1J\JL'B9''1:mt~,go know what an economic train wreck looks
like< economic f~iffl train wreck" :k:$*~ $", ~ T tEftm1f@ ~igj{~:ii ili "f2#f rlt:im:k:$f.Rfrrfi", j1ij ateil
~ ~ :i! 'it~ 8"J ~ m-H tf:l ~ re: m , FP ~ ~ i.9: m) ft* 1m _t ~ ~ z ttt 1-t 1* ~ f2 #f M ~ B<J ~ ~ , ~mu*~
m
,. ft 1n xt tE ~ #f M ~ a<1 ~'tJl. :® :® * r xt 3 T ~ #f ~ ~ B<J ~ f$" o
@1i) ~ ~ Z ttt ft x;f 2008 ~ ~ Bt fa *Jl a{] t}J ~ t£ JJj the crash of 2008 tm liJfJ ___t 'OJ an economic train
mm, m O
wreck impressionable kids ili Z ttt1-tft3 Bt Yr-~ a"JA~ ~ ~ " ~ ~~ n(riJ a"J~r", imff T _t 'l:iJ~
:ii ili 8"J ft,~," z tit ft :xt ~ #f M ~ EJ{J ~m :® :® * r xt ~ rJr ~ ~ 8"J ~-1.i" =~ mre : m f t•~ a1 mo o T El"1 e *
ff,J~~mmm
~~xi~ N 3 T O when tE%AL 51ili"~r:Jrfe:*'1.B18"J't1!6t" ';y;; JJ!IJ i31 il ~ i ~ . 2 : m le te ~ :m 8"J~i!iFP
='= :Jt-£a:-*WI-ft:~UR'i" ,~~rm~-#~~
o
®~ ~ jf(J: :X:, .~, ~ ~ fM a{]~ Bt fa *Jl ~ Z 1!t ft tt ~ ~ tiE tr-] lj Pta]: J4c 1t ~ 'ffi1 tl aren't
0
interested in taking any chances Pf M (D@'O] tj:1 a{] practical and cautious, economic pragmatists,~~ Z tit
tt~•tffffl~~olfs:tJ!:j___ttJC~~-*-~=~#fte:matJt-aa<J•~~ZtttftOOTi*~~~,~~
1fJtEf2#f 1f tfil~~ ~ *~~ilttcffigfg-~iJ 'M B9~*'1JL'~) o
@(1)1:ul!-~ 51 -ft~ i.iE, ffi tf:i W. ii: ruJ 4- ~ Bt. SR iE. 7C lfJ ~ ~ ~ Z 1it ft~ ~J tf.J tJt ,fl~ i.R the
0
booming economy ili:500£®'0J the best economy in the past 50 years, f'}?'Jc*tm ~fi.f ~1lf JfH}-JcM; this
underlying generational sense of anxious urgency(~-1tA7*~tla<J'l:Jtl!l~i-JU¾x1 ___tj( Z 1it1-t·l1:mt~fil
( i.#>Jt~ ~ 'il'tl1J\1LJ' '~~wt~) a{] ,~-~~7*1-t ,Jt ~ underlying,generational 81[ ili z tttf-t pq Jl,' a<Jtftm
mH& 7* w l ~L:@ .& & w J rH~. , ~~JP¥ m ® - ®'OJ*--=r z ttt f-t il ~ fh. tfil ~ J3J El"1 i-t ~; have done little to
assuage(assuage ~-Jg to make an unpleasant feeling less severe"~~ ,~~(~'l:1n")fi little a"11&5E.3" *X
-11} rx 81[ z tit f-t tt m t t W: B<J ~ 7* w i m =~ P ~ ~ m % ~ fl} M-, ill x ~ ~ ~ 11 fn B<J 'tit ,ffi ~ w 1iJ
ff,J O
especially ... i31 ili Z ttt1t ~ ?J'i ff-!* "1f fh. *~1'1 ~~" (~ 00 70% -j( ~ ~ ~ fh. fr WJ ~1'1 ~), Pf m
generational, 5£ 1ffiJ"ijt:>Jt;y;; ~i, iltJi1J\ L'"¾~-t- Z ttt1-t itifi B9''1:m~W: o CV1iJfl Z ttt1-t~fh. a<J e Wi1'1~
1
1ti:i.iE{tff1Yr-Jl.1k8"11*~1J,1t,ffi.~i-.flo a record $1. 5 trillionfl"-H€ cL~B9 eWiX~"--Jrffi8~ z tttf-t-Jc~
~B9f2tlf fh. fflZ:m, ~-1fffi~~ Z tttf-t1ffh.WJ~1'1~El"1Af&Z$, ~ff¥Hf T "t2Yft~~xWJ =f~~ Z ttt
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0
41cm~~i*~~J *r&il~"~m :x-t~-5ttJi-Jm ~"~itJ£~$l, 5ttfr z ttt1t ~ttm~ttil: ,:(£~~~
lHlli.~tE~#f;jffi{economic)Z.J§" ,Jffl.n the best economy,economic train wreck,the crash of 2008,The
booming economy ~~~}t~"~#r"ift Sf..~ ,)A" ~""f ~*#r ~5R vs z ttt{tttmilttl"J!rJl~{~* ~ ~!11.
·* .~
~ tf1 'jj:_ , ~A* tJri@nx z ttt 1t ilt ·ti·~ m ~ 1* ~ , JA ww fill w T m-R ~ "5L ~ x :&t ~ "z ttt ft~~
•ft•ffl~~~~Z~"o ffi~*R~ZfilftMA~~:i£*9~A~~~mffi,~~fflM""f~~tt~
"!IR~ q:i B'-J Z ttt{t" NBf~:i£ o
;············:J
.-,···.::.:·a ..
~~~-
:· --Q- -------------------..- -:· ~ -
'*'
37. Generation Zs are keenly aware -- · 37. z i!tft ~F PJl ~ --0
[A] what their parents expect of them [ A J X: -B3= x-t {11! ff1 a<J WH~
[BJ how valuable a counselor's advice is [BJ J®UBJ B'-J ~ i5CtI $ '.li Jt
[ CJ what a tough economic situation is like [CJ F~~t:£#r%~¾ft.z.~r
[DJ how they differ from past generations [DJ {tk ff1 :fO ft JL {t A ~ 1K JJIJ
[~ il~w:J m=r&@1iJ§1Jcffi ttl 'z ttt{til ~f:£#r :k$:k$ ~·~ilto @1i] ~tt~ffl¥~: z ttt{t·:a
2008 ~f£#rfitt!LilJ-*ZBtiE¾~~~afAJB'-J~r, ~at{tk{fJi'f$A~)t-BJ::k* T If'F~$~l.QJ! o ffi ~
AI~ ,Z ttt{t~~1lt~ s "F~a<J~m%~¾ft.z.~r" ,[C]iE~
0
[fti~W~J iEifflJ_m[C]q:i(keenly aware) what a tough economic situation is like ¾x.f@1i](know)
what an economic train wreck looks like a<J ~ Sf..~~ o
[AJ x-t@® 1iJ si :ba ~ * , R Ji z ttt ft" x-t ~ ~ ~ m.lt ~@"¾ill!*~ mre ; m r: f:t "¼ Mi I ft~$~~ if"
B'-J)t-BJ:Z"AA1t"~~* ,{flX q:i#*tl¾lk{tkffJ)t-BJ:~W:11t o [BJ~@1iJ pg ~"~·~!®!!'BJ :f04¾-*RJJ Z ttt
{t¾:?kn&mM~~#r~ffl±'x.~"~aE jg"Z ttt{tRIWJ#~·m~~J®!fBJ ~~iJl" [DJ~CD1iJ$~"Z ttt
0
{t~~fl-{t~~"~aE JJ"Z ttt{t~il! § B ~ ftJL{tA~ IRJ11J" o
ff!¥~*
[ ~ I5 ,r/:, ~ J *~~~III ~ z ttt ft ur fi ~ .it , rtv Et.. z ttt ft a<J £ ~ ~ ~ , it¾~ -ff~·,=~ m r _m
*it~
q:i 13'-J @I .>CJ£ UL, f&J~Htx.f{lf ,@,ifij JE~~ o Jl-1*-*~: ~ T q:i Generatio11 Zs are keenly a war~ 1WJ Sf..
li~1*.>C@1iJ ~, Gen Zs know, l1SI ~iEiffl~~liiii*¾M 1*.>C what an economic train wreck looks like a<)
~Sl..~EJ 'tb.AJ][~'Wi~[CJ Jt{fk~J_m~fljffli*3: q=it1fr Et.. a<] Jt{tkx-t~urfi=t=tJc ([AJt1fr Et.. ")t -BJ:" ,[BJ
O
t1fr lk"J®tl'BJ" ,[DJttv lk"~fl-{t") ,~~¾ Z ttt{t~Ri -~xt~ o
>::~~~~:~::1;/
*
38. The word "assuage" ( Line 9, Para. 2 ) is closest in 38. "assuage" - ffi.l ( ffi" 2 f.i, ffi" 9 fr) 1¥-.1
meaning to )tilJiui
-- --0
[A] deepen [A] :ba~
[BJ define [BJ ~Sf..
[ CJ maintain [CJ ,Wt~
[DJ relieve [DJ~$£
*
[~il~fil] }Yr~ 1fi ~ ttl Jl1.tE®1iJ, 1i] ± iB-jg The booming economy<:;lf)J '}j:_~ a<*J~ #f), ~ig-jg
this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency ( ~ - {t A pg JL' f5iH1 13'-J 't,,C ,~ :I: i,~) , ![f ~ ~~it
,~m r
£ 13'-Jil!~!R* o ;tmJJILt Xil!~ llJ ~ , *~~1:iJ jJ I ~'PJ, ffi ti:\ z tit{-\;; 89 ,tt1*!M=fil£ practical and
r x~
cautious <i-Jt;Jt~µjft, iltJVJ\,r:.,) ,Jit'&{1!!ffJ B<Jtt~¾ffl ~-W~ B<J, IIJ~i*M ,g~:Jf~J£ o ®1iJ r:p
this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency @I ffi _t X" Z ttt {tilt t1i 1J\ ,c.., , ~ ~ ~ ~ "J! -,W ;y tt
m, mi* m
1iJ ± i! The booming economy tp ffi JP]~ #r ~ti@, i'i~ ~ 1i] {if,~, 1* !11. '' lJHl ~ f2 #r % ~-ti!:$~
?!{1t~ -1tA a<J-W~tt~ ,xWJr~~{tkffJ pg ,c., ~~ a<J'tJtl~ ~iR", ep ilhft seems to have done little to
42assuage @f#:i.t ili ".xi t{ ~ffif., x.J-··· ··· x~" l'f9 * 5L.., assuage $_-jg"~$£,~ ffi(:", [DJ IE 11,fij, ~ at ti~ I* E.5 z
ffi&1¥J[A]o
[$~~~] IE iiffl Jffi [DJ~ li ffl The booIPing economy E.j this underlying generational sense of
z *- , _tr m
anxious urgency l'aJ EB xif 11. m .~ ~ # ~ ,g. x f~ ,@, fF i x li 1 * ¥1 i " t JI lfJi- o x
[BJ~ fP J. ~it" Z tit ft ff_ 1¥1 % ~ E.j ~ tiJ ~ ~ % ~ 1¥1 $ ~ {§. ~ 1* ~ M $ f~ ,@, £ ,~ "z ttt ft
ft_Ltt~~~i&~" [CJE.jJt:tiJffi"~t?f~¥JJ~M""z tttf-t~~Ji~ft_Ltt~ "w-I~zraJ wx-t1L*-.*-ffl·it
o 0
c~~~~J~JL..mlfJi-*a •~,~ ~$~ftJJ_t~xi!5L..~• w n ~,•m~•¾m•M~~~E.j_t
r x 8'-J" ~ 1aJ '"' & rtJ "*-~ ~o ~ -m WJ S: ~ *SL..~• PI 9dl , _t x m i li z ttt 1~ Jt. ~ "it ti 1J" ,c,, , ~ m ¾€
o
~"El'-J~~ttm ,~~.z.® 1:iJ-mf.itrW:-jg~iiE:i!-I ~ EIHf Yr~ iEJz.J§" this underlying generational sense of
anxious urgency E.j _t:x:P,Jr~ z tt!:1-tt'r-J~~tt:m-Jg" ~ ltiJ", nn~1:iJ Ii!"i211t~ -JR" -E5 z tiHt B'-J~~,11:~
-Jg" & 1aJ", llPPJ'tJcJ!~5Eiffli!W1t~1** JL..-jg"~~ t&~ ,xWJr~$£" ,M. nniJJi~~~
0
ill O One survey from Accenture found that 88
~·-t&-;&-i4J/i;:-~-1Yi~~;tJJt,~Jf--¥
percent of graduating se11iors<D this year chose their major
~ tr-J k. ~ ~ ·_1_ tf7 ,88%,(f. ~ ;;jn i!-ft ~~at e,
with a job in mind. @Un a 2019 survey of University of ~ ·~ 1;1 tJ7 tr-J .:t. tL .Ei lit. ~ at , i£ lcd?. *- ~ :it
Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the ~ Ji-1~-1: ,(£. 2019 -+ - ~ 4t ~ ii ~ ~ 1. {r-J -i)!]
most desirable® trait in a future employer was the ability
¾t~~,~~~1~~~~{r-J~~ll~*
to offer secure<:D employment ( followed by professional ~ ~ .:L ft {f.J ~ jJ ( -1--/f:i ~ }Jtj fl }lJ; ~ $,. Jffe_ }.l_ _ig-
development and training, and then inspiring© purpose). 1}11 , ~ /i}J A. ·~ V-3 ½ ~ #. ij ) o .:L ft ~ f.f ~ it
C)J ob security or stability was the second most important ~:Jti.=.y,:l-V-JllJ;~ mll-* .* < ~ il • Y i? ~ l l ~ r- JJt."1.
career goal ( work-life balance was number one) ,
ft~ i. ~-t.fir"), f.t/f:i ~ Jnl~
followed by a sense of being dedicated~ to a cause or to f-:£ :k. iii fol'.f=~lr-J ~ JC~
o
feel good about serving the greater good.
1::~::1~:~(~~~~~:~J!!::~::1 ;/
CDseni.or [1si:niar] n. 1*!&*~1=. ~ • ~!!l!-jf~r.
@secure [sr'kua] a. ~m a9 ,~ ~ ll9, , ~ (Djob security/stability CI f'F-{¥:~: ~m )~
Q)dedicated ['decirkeiud] a. ~~ntUOf!IY-J,mJf;!~ttlY-J ~ @serve the greater good (ijfi9J-r~::ks<J~rtfl4J!&)
1::~::~~fr.~::~::: :I
ffi = ~ it ~B z 'tit ft" itt: * ~ ~i , ii ·ti ,j~ 'L'" ~ ·11 ~ ~ ,B tt JfH im ~ 1* IJ,\1 : ~~ ~ 00 m P l ~H ~ ~ flj , ~*I
11=~:@•11 ~tlim :secure emplo*ym ent/.Job security or stability(Iii~)E/·GHl)o
0
CD'i:iJfi-!Yi iPa1 ~ t~ lli, ~ ~ ~ z 1!t ft J£ ~ tt ma~~ a.t ~ fl° ~JI Mi~ llH ~ ~ t1J o graduating
seniors this year.f!f.7XiJJi5EX.it~x1~:4'-~$~8'-J:k$~;chose their major with a job in mind(ff:
chose -Jg:tt¾at)iJl.f!l31t!!ff11t!-;(£_t:k$~~ ~at B ~ f!l3 ~ 13'-J IIJ!.~~Jl!.:!Gtl, 1*~ Z tttft:f:EJW-~ -Jf ffi"~ fl"©m
M (clear-eyed), iJi'Q1iJj\1L' (cautious),~ 1! if ff:fiir ,Ix\.~ ( aren't interested in taking any chances)" 13'-J f'if fil
o
88 percent ~fil~ lt-{91J-f*!JM:i!#~~ZilfJA!L~fil:Z~~
0
(V@'i:i] ffi ~-!Yi~ ~l~ tri ,z i!ti-t ~F 1¥; :ffi:ffilI 11= ~:@tfo meanwhile ~ ~ 'a:}~ l'sJffittL
(V'i:i] t~ tf:j Z i!tfc ~ ~ m ~ Ji~~ }m: m i !t ~,~I 11= o University. .. students 01f-$. J: 1a:J graduating
seniors,~~ iJJi 5E " ( llP ~ iv' A 1{R ~ ~) Z tit ft :k ~ ~" J! - ~ 1*; the most desirable trait ... secure
=
em, p=lo yment im:uffl:~~%j.\~!! iJaJ Z tt!:ft:lil~~ 13'-J Ji .:E ~ 19l¾"t~d~;ffi.~Ifl=:", fPJ Bt -E5 M-% q=t :t'tl:tr~
uI B'-J"llR~5-if&-E5tffiJII", "~JJlfJ_A.,C., ~M~ § ti" Bi ~x1 H:, 8 ~ Z tttf-t;(£Mt~ q:i "* *;ffi.~, ii'ti
*I§'~
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ffJ"i**~~, ~tl1J\,C.,,"El'-Jtt**~fil:)
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'a:} secure employment,#ii:u the second most important 8~ Z tltftxif"I{g~ffiJE"El'-J~tl:mf.!M;1is-%i=f:1
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39. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs 39. EE ffi 3 ~Rf~ ,z tttft
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generation. f) "Millennials wanted more flexibility<D in
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their Ii ves," notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate® Director of •fi., "YouthSight ~,J ,& Jla. ~ ~ :lt:Ir. • 5¥.. -m ~
YouthSight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts
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regular(J) 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that J,W.. t ~ iF (YouthSig*ht Jl*: 00 - ~ ~-* ,f
might just as well apply to American youth. @"Generation l.!. /t}-'3J , .fi} 60 k ~ 00 -K 4 Jl -Jr ;t JtA ~
Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of ~)0 "ib-t-*1.i.i~{r-Ji1 ~ '~ m ,Zi • !t ~ -~ • 4 ~ *
the rise of the gig economy. 0 They have troubles seeing a ~j{l,J~;t~~-;t~o
financial© future and they are quite risk averse." [ 423 words] f_i*1Jt¾- ,~:/J~Jlf.Jxl&o"
44@associate [ a'sauJie1t] a. iiJ 89; ti 89 CD brand manager ( 6ti JliHl :f..l!D
@financial [fa1 1 menJal] a. 9t3"%-89 :~~89 (Z)gig economy (~I~l~)
3 risk averse c;r-,!! ~ ~ 89, Jxt~:AA'.:i!U
"Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives," notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate Director of
Yo uthSight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of Britis)l youth, in findings
that might just as well apply to American youth.
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"Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives,"
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± "PJ notes Tanya Michelsen, in findings that might just as well apply to American youth .
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lJJ ~ jt ff:.::$: /pJ ± T 7'J" Millenniais wanted ... ", notes Tanya Michelsen. .. o 1Hl 5 Ii a$?t¾ notes
~~i! JA 1iJ, 51ffl*~:filtEiJa11t 9=' ~ ~ ~; ± i! Tanya Michelsen EB IA] {Ji. i-!f Associate Director of
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:z!s:X m § Muney ~ .M 2017 1f 12 }3 13 S JC~ 8 Ways to Win* O ver Everyone in the Office,
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[DJ Spend time with everyone
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[E] Reveal, don't hide, information
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[G] Put yourselves in others' shoes
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Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office 1i m i .t 1m "fil ~Ii" JJJr ~ liiJ ~
I Ois it possible to like everyone in your office?
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f} Think about how tough it is to get together 15
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people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. 8 ti11-i>t A T + o 1E. ( ~ :f: :k i ) ;fp JUL~ :k i ;r-: ~ ,
But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers. 0 You
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work with them every day, and you depend on them ~*M~m,~~~m~*M~o
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just as they depend on you. 0 Here are some ways + /~
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that you can get the whole office on your side.
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~ ~ 1iJ5E-i.J:tv-~i.J. :ft1fHfUUaJiJr~1EJ~m~.t1t:g~5: CD15Ji&i'uJ Is it possible ... ? mMii1r hA §
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(41) _____
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II O If you have a bone to pick with someone in your 1ri jv 1f-zj-~ ,ti ~ •u ,ff ~ it, , 1,f-uf jjg_
workplace, you may try to stay tight-lippedCD around them.
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@But you won't bE :1elping either one of you. OA Harvard
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Business School study found that observers consistently®
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highly, while those who hid lost trustwortl:iiness. 0 The
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lesson is not that you should make your personal life an it , rm ~ -ix. ii1 zj-" l~ tJ( + A ~ "¥, " i£ ~" i1J
open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up ~ ~ ~ f.t. ff~" ~ i! ~ -t at , 1,t-E ii 1tt ~ ·I½
details about yourself or studiously® stasll® them away, you
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should just be honest.
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@stash [streJ] v. r ~ sth away)~~
A Harvard Busi11ess School study found that obseryers consistently rated those wh.o were upfront about
themselves mo.re highly, while those wbo hid lost trustworthiness.
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A Harvard Business School study found
who were upfront I I
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who hid
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that observers consistently rated those more highly, while those lost trustworthiness.
- -- -
~l~ ili] .:Eiftl )jjcift i~i-g-1 ¾iN1 {Jc l'Jl::ti J:HLljiiliJ .:Ei-a2 i~i-a2 ~ i-a2
lJJ ft~ 5± ff : ;zjs: 1iJ ~ T Jg A Harvard Business School study found ... ; ;lt. J§" that ,M.1i] *f'F found ~ ~ i-g-,
m
i.#. im ~ Jm pg~ ; ,M. 1iJ q:i IV- while % J1xJt-~tl #f ¥J , fr xt WJ ~ A B<J ~ Jm ; 1W iHtl 5t 1iJ 4} § -1- who 5 IJ ¥r.
B<JJi:i! ,M.1iJ, ~&Ji:WJ~A B<J1f fJt#fil"ffi.ilit vs ~II"
o
The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the
option to offer up details about yourself or studiously stas}l them away, you should just be honest.
~#;JtJJ7t:
lJ::t
The lesson is I } A 15J 1 - not t-hat you should make your personal life an open book
±' l E J::t *zefJiiiJ ,~ ~,~iii] ± l ' J E ::t . i~i-g- 1 ,, : . c , 1 : : ' J E ::t ~tr
f
*i1tMffi2
but rather, (that) you should just be honest.
;tlci-g- when (you are) given the option to o ffer up details
J.tiiiJ ~,~iii] ±"ffl * zefjiii] ** ~ about yourself or studiously stash th em away,
48liJ~i± ff:* 1iJ .± T jg The lesson is ... , jg if ::Mm:~ ffi ~, J§ it Ea:®.½ £a ft] n*ot that. .. .b ut
rather ... Ji tl 1¥J Wil 1'-Jt Jtl ~ i! )A 1iJ , Jt 9=1 JA 1iJ 1 ~ ~ ffi JR f$: ;t! , JA 1iJ 2 iJt l~JLiE iiJfl f$: ?! , _§_ ~ -1'-1§' ~
you are 1¥J ~1f~ift b\ 1iJiJtf!ij W:f$:;'! 89~-f*'IWJ:t
o
· miHHJi • - -
------. ------------. ----
ffi" =fi1t~B"Ji$-:i!~m ,1&-, ~~~~ o
CD@'i:U tt tlH! i)'(: ~ ~ ~J ~ l~Ul ~~$ff]~~ CD'i:D If ... you may ... @.)EJl-1*, •If~, have a bone
0
to pick with someone VS stay tight-lipped around them Wi ~ ,C.,, llI!-!:5 rr jg 89 :;f' Jffi", 1* ~ l{H :f:m A± ?it~ t4
£a :xif~A,t,lf;f~ ,~-E:51tl1I!~ ,!JJY...sirr~~ ,x,t}tffi Q ;f~o @'i:D ~ But ~rffiffi tf:l ~~{$:;'!-=f X,J..--Jf
lf3rAL
®1:iJ i.~PJHI 83 : frJf ~~ PJH!U$. ff] A£~ m f .E Obser ers consi tentl rated those ... while those. ...
O
~ x1 tt£sftJsi iJJ Plil ~ A 89 ·If t'.5r.: "~ ~ ~ x-t fil ift,x ::M <t hose who were upfront) i-¥ 11r 1! ~crated. .. more
highly)VS ~-~(those who hid)~£fiHf:Clost trustworthiness)" ,8.Htti~fl~UU;f-1-AM~l'flff:t ffiL~
Ujlij o consistently 5_¥.i}aJW:iSJZffi-tjt'il'fl-m_-tt
o
z
®'Al PJJfflli1=~iti)'(: mi~· ±idJi~tf:11-AtHl~"if!~"~Jii~,. ~fti"tt-3~~ 13'1, .iE~fils:$~i:!!iPXo
The lesson is ... 7ftL51 lliffi~tt}ti)l;not that. .. ·an open book. .. but rather. .. be honest ~:®.½~ft]f!ij
iiffl~i5l = c~¾~ § B 1¥J-t-.A~mm:mx~, rm¾) tE oox1"~•:if ¾ffi.iftffiiij"" 1¥Jm~st, m~~~ o
offer up~ studiously Bf*i! Slxt It Clru~Bf ffi" £igj ,ffi.*"; Fo~si ifflJ"itl 1£ ,~n~?!") ,~/JiiJil:f ~
1t*1!i-~-
,;f:tlll.±.i;IJ03f
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[tJK*itiffl]CDwere upfront about themselves,offer up details about yourself ,just be honest; ®stay
tight-lipped,hid,not. .. make your personal life an open book,stash them away
o
[tll!~~~](l);,$:~ were upfront about themselves,offer up details about yourselLjust be honest xt
M [E] 9=1 Reveal. .. information, Jt 9=1 your personal life ffi details about yourself ¾.xf information 1¥J ~ 1t;
(2) hid ~m!,[E] 1ft )]UP], Ji !Al stay tight-lipped, not ... make your-personal life an open book, stash them
m
away -®x-t mJJ! ~ hide informationo
(42) -----
(42) -----
III O hist as important as being honest about ;fl2" J:J! if<. tl c. " Jiil # ~ ~ <r-J Jl " -fiJi 12Jr ~
yourself is being receptive<D to others. 8We often feel the A." ~ 1n 't ½ :t 1f :lf iJl- ~ -re. ro c. <r-J ~
0
need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern :t-JL~,l ~ ~ -t->Ji m{ rl.J ;bl ·bt., ,l- lAJ
about a project, a stray@ thought, or a compliment. C) mi ii {r,J ~ *' ~ ,l - # f' * .t ·rt-¾ -iJf
Those are all validoi , but you need to take time to hear ~A.o l!~~ ~f 't "i: ~' * 1! 1.1:r-.tt~ -l-1t lttt
out your coworkers, too. 0 In fact, rushing to get your fa] *- ~ ·~ 11)f .Jf5t. Iii) .. {r,J ~ ~ -m mi 1; , ,t,
o
own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don t ~-••«~roc.<r-J~~+ilfiil•~~~
value their opinions. @Do your best to engage coworker ~t~~m{rl.J•~o~~~~ilfiil•m•
*
in a genuin.e® , back-and-forth conversation, rather than ~ Jtl - ¼ -A- _iE. ir-J , ~ ~/ * .Lt . .!. ;t {r-J ~ -it .t
prioritizing your own thoughts. 'f , mi~ ,l-ie, tl c. {rl.J ~ ~,(!. i - u. o
.--···;··-.:·-·.;·····-·--············-········, . ,I
:.. ~ ..~ ~.i.f;.i~~~~~.frJft __ ~_.:; I,
CDreceptive [ri'septrv] a. *rf!!Jill.Jr{t.A:l:.!A!.1'1'-J ~i) e ~Amnr.
®stray [strer] a.1M~~'.:E.(~:il0U)l'l'-J ;~~l'J{J 1 hear out 11.Jr:fc ,fHIHf~ll.Jr
~?
®valid [1vrelrd] a. )VJ$ffi:~a'-J ,ffifflii~1ia'-J 2 engage sh in sth ft~.A~!j~$
@genuine [ 1d3enjurn] a. Ji.IE 1Y-J, ~ i~ Jt~ 139 ~)
491::~::~~~iUt~::~ :/
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m
=~Ji'" iB1 r ii= : imH., it:ili U)r ~ ~ $
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Q) 'AJ ffiI ~ it iSl : -=f ft:oi U]r ff!! A ( ~ ii ) o Just as important as ... is. . . ~ Im ~ it~~ JJ,e. ~ ~ ffi ~
m
(being honest about yourself «ffi ...t~ Pf~"jfUi-t-.A. ,m~ "Y, 51' ili .:,ij--liiJ~:m:·~ a<J Jii:X.: ~fl~ ftltA.~
7* ( being receptive to others) o
® Ji CD~ i~ ~,El II EB : jr; ~ '.lE ~ ~ "ftfil Wt t-1 ~ 31t", :f.ij 1~ 1±1 ·" ft:oi U]r ~ ~, ~ " o ® ® 1fJ We oft en feel tqe
need to. .. but you need. . ! $ "~~ fiLl/1it .fil'lf ~"(~fntt~ ~itflJ~ § B-f,Jr~ ½ilf-flf!Aa<J &,~) ~J
"*~-rnJV~lfJiiSl"C~fl1-tl!&HvUU•JJaJ*f~PJr~$~7i)o @1ijq:i whether it's A, B, or C~Jful.
Jtl* ,i3itmJdfJ~~"-1!r~{tA § B~~"IW ~,~tt, flj*liil ff!>JU!i~!L ®1Ufi bui :f£1U.P-J ~~iJ:~~jfj-,
i-8" :X. ffi: -~:(£I§" : Those are all valid ( Those @l ffi ® 1iJ Jtl 1W ~ 7* , valid ~ -J;J" Jl ~ iE. !£I~ , ffi. lf iJi :eJt f$
(t(J", ~ important :ili::X.) JE7t-~)E"f~i)f"a<Jffi:~tt; but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers,
too( hear out :'@: :1g"f-HIBf~P)r, P)r;tjt,A. iJt~") JZ1: ffiisi i,IJ"f~P)r" a<J &,Jltt: ftfiiJl~ § .ffi ffi!J § ]1tf~i}f~ ,j'c
jfQi,C,,f~PJrliiJ.~7*o ©1U~ In fact i31'.&.i!Jl..:iillt:,siiJJ~,T~l2i § c.~r!:(rushing to get. .. out there
1!,-J;J"~, T~ ...... ~fUf;ili ") a<Jfjj_ ffij/§"~"~liij-~flJ § B ~.fil~tlfffi:*-W. ,fjjJkffilA § :@!:(feel yoti don't
value their opinions)", fi iiE"~~ f&, T~l2i § B %e.,~ ,~ti~ *f~P}r ls::ij$J!,.fil"a<J&,Jlf.:E o
GHiJJ1t i~~v.Uf :3¥~1r"~ c~~,~"~"-fm.A.~fil"l¥1*iiso Do your best to. .. rather than. . ·. ~flr
'Bl!ifl-'E(. ~ 10C ~ ia tiJ ft Qi ffi Jff. }! i)l; engage coworkers in a genuine, back~and-forth conversation
vs
(genuine sliUJJ"AiEa<J, ~ltlJt~a<J" ,back-and-forth ~1'1"-*1f~rm'.&.1UU!a<J") prioritizing your
own thoughts :XHt 8 ~ ~lf }ti){.: il:J9r1f ls::ij $ffi5~~llt:*, Jlt:lTAiE a<Jii"it, mi~¾§ B ~~ft1c, {$-c
Jdm rm~~
o
[ ilK ~ liil CD being honest about yourself, tell others how we feel;® being receptive to others, take
time to hear out your coworkers,engage coworkers in a ... conversation; ®rushrng to get' ybur own ideas
out there, prioritizing your own thoughtso
U.di~tf-~l(l)being receptive to others,take time to hear o~t your cow6r~ers x11i!Z[F]q:i listen,..§.·
take time ~ jt 9=1 slow down ffl ~; rushing to get your ow~ ideas out there. caii cause. .. ~ Jk" # f&, ,($ ~
$" a<J ti ~t, ~ [F] q:i a<J slow down ffl ~; ·( 2) being honest ab~u't yourself.. te·ll others how w~ f~elx1 li!Z [E]
9=l Reveal. .. information;(3)~q:i compliTYlent ~~[A]q:i~i~L
(43) -----
(43) ------
N Oit's common to have a "cubicleQ) mate" or special .:I:.~ tf7 , ~ 1fl 'f ½ ~ - {9:." ;JJ. It}-1: M
co,-fidant<ID i.n a work setting. 8 But in addition to those
..t."~#JJ1 J{r(J~c..o 1!!-~7 ~~1-tM!~ laJ
trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons@ and .. ,1,r.~E.-t6'.t"tl fll,-¼ 7 .._]!] fll it-+
euse
find out about all the people around you. your lunch
Ao~ffl+4~••~M-¼M~~~~
and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't
'f-~~laJ•~o J-~~.J:.~~~~
always see. 0 Find out about their lives and interests
1.~~~,ito J!f~7 j~y'-YJ)l,-ip½~
beyond the job. 8 It requires minimal® effort and goes a
~*~*Ao ~~~~.:i:.~ata•{r(J
long way. Cl}This will help to grow your internal network,
tt"1"#-,t ,~~:,f J/J f-1;r..;f6)l JI;] ~AJJ,jc.o
in addition to being a nice break in the work d~y.
·:·········--·····-··-·-····-···-···········- ,I
: • iru 1c fl ff~ tl 1U ,Hfi • :. --~
'--------------------------------------------·
[)cubicle [1kju:b1kal] n. 11--0~89.f&rfaJ
~
®confidant ['konf1da:mt] n. (AJP±Jl~-*tf9)~B ~ a:>meet up with ~i-Jl, ~ JitAiUlii
@horizon [ha'raizn] n. O!Htl, iNi~ 89) 1e: 00; Oil.Ji!. t @go a long way ffi WJ1&*-,f'Fm~&-Jc
©minimal [1m1n1mal] a. t&:t'.89 ,:ilY89 ~~
50························:t
: • i!JHHfi • : _, -
'----·-····--------------·
m
fill ~ fl-~B 1i ii -=-: iJ.. i.R ~ ~ 4i} -1-A o
CG~ 1:iJ 1Ui m tf:j m i >l : 11:i 9! ~ ~! IB ~ , 7 M & - fil: IEJ $ 1lJ fa] lU. But it ~ ~ tn-, Ea " 'ffl' ~
m 0 mz m
<c ommon)-~fll *~~;ft" - pl§ {lr ~ JJIJ ff e<J fAj. "~A" fTit # ~-~ff] ~ Ji ffi: 00 , ~iJtl9r ;ft"
fAjl)",,s;~~~fi~tio (1)-1:iJ cubicle matef@~~ room mate~{~,lU, mate 8B."If'f::tlHf~";confidant
(~jO Ea special(~~B9 ,~jjljag).1,p ,51iBlj"~~B9~ B" o @1i] in addition to. .. you should. .. 5!iUJUt
r~mffi mm~lk•-a), w.m~m: T
i>l: ~ml ml e<J-pl§1'-fR'.I *<trusted coworkers @ Ill ~4IJfJL fAj $ o
~IE]*
(D(D1:iJ fl-tB ~~~1~: f1J ffl I fei] ,j, ~ ~i.R~ m' fil meet up with ... Find out about ... ~~®
. 0 .
1iJ expand your horizons and find out about ... A-f*?ffi5(: ~W-~# _m ~ fAJ$, ~!MI~ EI ~!£m;ftl~~ ,:it:t
mH.II ili tlf lit~¥
o * *
®@1:iJ i.Jt P~ 1t $ Y:f .~ : tl ~ ,J, ~ 1-e ffi' m1 i r*J $ J.-. M: ( 9~ z 1' : 1iiJ rm ~ -J;J ) o @ -1:iJ requires
minimal effort~ goes a iong way(-j(~WJ~)%Jvt~!iif.Uoc&,8.He-j(i&M:1°tffi'1J\,~ii-jco @1i] This.
will help to. .. , in addition to. .. fWH'f: goes a long way,R01pl§*.iH.t:~&~i1:IfsJ1*,@,J!-1trJ'~,:i!~
m~~:(£0-FiJ 89.A.~(internal network ffi"0FiJ P3 89*¥ ~")
0
[flil~tlim)find out about a.11 the people around you,meet up with colleagues you don't always see,
grow your internal networko
UlJikt°r-~]ijUJ:l*il~ find out about all the people around you,meet up with colleagues .!§[DJ
spend time wi.th everyone :ilr.>(
o
............................................................................................ _. _____ ..... .
(~4) _____
(44) _____
V OPositive feedback<D is importa!}t for anyone to "Jr J1J ;f?. a~ -tt-_tj--t 11-1iif A.~ ~i Y ~ 1t ..
hear. 8And you dori't have to be someone's boss to tell * 0
~-~~f~~~A.·{t(J ;;t-t,i., ~~¾ilf ~ -,{f. l:.
them they did an exceptional<%> job on a particular
-Si ro J:.*-.JJt~~f 'fit~ i!~~ Jih -t 51 L
project. t,This will help. engender(l) good wiH in others. o
OBut don't overdo@ it or be fake about it. eone study -1e. A. i¥J -l-I; o ~ ~ -:l-1i: i~LJ, , ~ ~ -:l-1ft I; ,._
~0-•~~L.JJt,A.m••*~~~~~
found. that people responded best to comments that
shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it ~ iii ,1*1)[; ... ~ JI.ii71¥J">t-ffl'-, iif~~ ~ ~ i!-*.BA
suggested they had won somebody over. -1e. 1n &Al 1 l:. A. i¥J iA. iif o
.-····:···~··································. I
: • ffil ;Ci±ff ~xl1iJ,Hfi • : ::' -
'. ........................................... •;;/;'i/1,
(Dfeedback [1fi:dbrek] n. liffi~~~1~,m, ~) ®engender [m1d3enda] v. F!:t.,i,I®
@exceptional [rk1sepJanl] a. ~ilia{] ,J$i.~a{J ~) © overdo [,auva1du:] v. -ftt~i:i:1?t, :1:1;}(
c~::~~~*-#t::~::1 :t
m
1i ~ ft ~B 1i $rm·: tt-r ff!!A IE iffi.i:if ffi', ffi ~-~MO
IE]*
(DCZ)(J)-1:iJ mt e m; .i :, ffl' -r .iE iffi & ~ o CD® 1iJ 'fl Positive feedback, to tell them. they did an
exceptional job on a particular project :ilr.>(, ffi ft]" ~f&Jj_ ~, '1r~Z W", jt: 'fl exceptional( ili ~!&:~-~,
~~ '/tf:t~ ~),particular(~~~, Jl-f* ~) ~ ~ ~fll.& ffi ~ 1ttfLJl-f*; important for anyone to hear, you
don't have to be someone's boss to tell -ll.Jr-~,8~~-r11B.A'1t~~i:A.llJEJ9!.16,~tto ®1JJ you don't
*X
have to be someone's boss to. .. lU. ";'@.X;f~~ ~ -N5:Ei:t"5li iliJ%¥.,~: ~*1 lliJ $If l:.Ei 1'-.Al{R~~{,t fa]
!.16'~*~ ,~~x-tr:ifl-~fiijJJ-tl!.~~:tr,t~o @1iJ ~ engender("tz:1:., 5l>El)~JN."12s1-*" ,i.#.~ JE.ili&
ffi(This)-;r-!£~~fll~* :~WJ-=f-51£-fm.A.it:@:(good will J!!l!ffi"X;ff1B.A.B91i:.*,**")
o
C1'PJ1!UU~~ :~*.~*~iru ,®~~jf(( &P: -~~~Li) o But don't ~mH/Ui~lK: 1. '1!1~ZinJ
51~1r:i1$~;/,§-*(overdo ~-:Jg"{$:ii~" ,-f*m'.~~1? 5l :?X~:i1$ ,WJJt;!.§-5*) ,2. ~~tl! 1 L':itl!.~~ ,{$~
~~z.·lf
0 m :
® 'Al ft tB B: ~~if!! ((.Ji~ ffi ~ EB "~ iii i~ ffl'" ~ '1 "lE ii & ~" o responded best to ~ 1ffi 5l -:JJ ".xt
... ···ft ili il~ Et9 &.m", PT ~.ih!~Jl.1*imJ~;1:t1? 5l: :tm"iij::x_x 3&~7fifjj}j"~; comments that shifted from
negative to positive -m, im ii~ :x.x ill! Et9 if i~ : EE fft W ~ -:JJ iE Wc ! fil m@ 1D , -:JJ ~n 1PI ii~" - ~ iU ~ , @ ~ $
*"t£#!; 7111 f9tl); possibly because. .. Mff-:i!~i-fi.~ 1'1MitW: ~ xif :ni-f-ffr Et9 tfl.~ rm i-\1'1 § a 8 M JJ ~
~iA 1:iJ ,b\ ffiJJJx;@t~fiWWIL
UJ!t~tl~]Positive feedback, tell them they did an e~ceptional job,don't overdo it or be fake about it
[tJJ!~~~](l)-'3lq:t3ctJti-nJ Positive feedback,tell them they did an exceptional job ~m',[A]q:t Give
compliments;(2).'3[q:t don't overdo it or be fake about it ~m'.[A]q:t just not too many;(3).'3[q:t you don't
have to be someone's boss to tell. .. ,don't. .. be fake about it Wrft:iia9"~~~-1iL@JJ{.ffi"Z~.EJ[E]
Reveal, don't hide, information ffl :ilr
o
(45) _____
(45) -----
VI OThis one m·ay be a bit more difficult to pull off, ~A-it ~i!i -fa L ~ 1!t Jtl , -1!!. -e ~ ~ 1i~ k
but it can go a long way to achieving results. 8
kM~~~~~o~*~~•~~~~'
Remember in dealing with any coworker what they
-~~d~m~•~~X#J~~o --~
appreciate from an interaction. 8 Watch out for how they
m~~~~A~~~~~~o~*A½~
verbalize(D with others. OSome people like small talk in a ~•~x..3\:.1*1~ ,.;j.~-it"i:~1',;J,'!, i1T1 ~ *A
meeting before digging into important matters, while
~L~A4o~~+Afffl~~~~~
others are more straightforward<2l. C, Jokes that work on +A~-,,t_~~o fo)f YA ,~{i.tlk(~ j..)~°!t!
one person won't necessarily landQl with another. 0 So,
~ro,Jit. ~ -i}!] ~ {;r- ~ ( .!.. #; ) ,&l ~ {l fir ~ ~ {;r
0
adapt your style accordingly to type. 0 Consider the
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~+*~#~A,~~~~~
person that you're dealing with in advance and what will ~ {!t ~ 1i~ £t 1i ~~ ~ tt *-
0
get you to your desired outcome. [516 words]
* *
*
CD verbalize [ 1v 3:bc}la1z] v. ffl ~ ::>C:¥: ~ ~) @deal with sh ~;!it.Atrx:ii
@straightforward [,stre1t1fo:wdd] a.1If£T ~89 ~ ®watch out for sth *tJl ffi ~-·· ···
®land [!rend] v. Jft:yJ .~ilJEi!AA~:.HI~: ~) ®small talk ffiijp .~B]{
• ~•m1c ! ~~ ®dig ipto sth !*Ji,~~
CD pull off f$: mt , 7t )11; c ~ xi ~ $>If )
:::~:::::::::::::::::~:::~
~ 1' ~ 1Hltn jt 1i = s igj 1, it m. ~ J-. ii'ii ff , tut PJr ff o
Q)'A) ~~ ;f;iif ffi: is: •nt ffi ;k, ffi.Joc~liit- o This one ffi 1-t *~:tj~}Yr~jJ :{!:, 1:iJ b\ ~)§" i~~ 1f ~
}Yrffi; may be a bit more difficult to pull off(pull off ~7'.7"1$~[~1-tf:~fHP:]") 1?fiffi tl1 W:1Jr!: &~ffi 1fl,
f_§_ -m#~~11.Ui~~; can go a long way to achieving results ~ .'.iE1*1f ~ JvttiJIUL'.;ijt1i1*1f~ $tffl ~ r1J:
~ 7-#~ JJ Et9Uff ;11] l*J11 but 1*!1J'.si?..~~1'r ,£m'.t&fJ\Ef9~A~ ili tt
o
®lt®'AJi$~flf1: :i!Y.~lii.JjJ((.J~ililiaff~Jxl~o @®11] RememberC$$ic1i) ,Watch out forCW
tJJtl:~) 8 ~ft~ ffi ~·tHti.>l dru Ai! in dealing with-any coworker ~~ .'.iE J!i>lff-:JJ ~ 1.: at faL @®1iJ
Some people. .. while others ... , ... one person ... another ~ ~ til xt tt 8 ~ 1--1* ~ ffif. , /ff f¥@ CD 1iJ fi .Jg
r
m{~ :~ A%x.XfflWJ'~ffi ,~ A1!:JJa1I~T ~ ; C EE A1fJtt~, ~~~~IP]) IP]--t-~-m.x;f~~A~~,
X1§3-~A.ITTrJ1:iJff~x~iCwork on sb ~7-J"xt~A*~";land with sb ~;1:tn.>l,land mJt:*~"iLl:Jt,.y
521Sm"'31 $11"x-t··· ···®ftffl")
0
@(Z)1:i) ia fi .~, iiS ( So I ) : tHA! ( ~.) ~ ~ ilaJ fl ]i f;fJ Jxl'3 0 @'tl] adapt A accordingly to B 5j imJ :X•t mz j]s!ij
~**: "~ffJ a{] r~illilxt~ Cyour style)" m ~ ~it" xi1Rx1~ a{J~illi 53 'l:~U~uE ct ype)", ili-~iiSJ!ff ~~1 o
(Z)'tl] Consider A (=type) and B (=style):itt-zv-*1-t® 'nJP-3~:~lqj$;itrfr]i$)1WffiJt~i:x-t::1J.33'Wf
* * *
a{] ~ • :xt a{] r~ ill! ::n :i1'.: , m J. 1t oo ~ § ~ a{] x ,1x1, ~ , k,( :izs ¥JJ m ~ a{] x i1R ~
0
UJK~tlwl emember. .. what they appreciate from an interaction, Watch out for how they verbalize
with others,adapt your style accordingly to type
UmlE:~~J D ~ i:p dealing with/interaction/verbalize with"rTxim:/xi1R" ,adapt. .. to ... m:5l.~J:J\1
[C]i:p interactions,Tailor;(2)*'tl] Consider the person that you're dealing with in advancetFrf{-~a{j"~
m: lW~ .ltt--rM::n"Z~ ~ [ G] Put yourselves in others' shoes"M1± {11!.J-.a{] JfJ Jttr foJ ~"ffl ili
0
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53Section l[ Translation
*XiJ~ § JIR~lti5l~~M MindTools -IU.!i.-.1-J Overcoming Fear of Fa,ilure<.1iH!Uif:k.9&~,~t!\)
~ X:&i Jtl.UlJY*X The Definition of Failure 1Y Jfl $7t~1&, #:tf l!f IJf :k~iE. fiil ~~;Jcjj& .. ~~'.¥:ti
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I O It's almost impossible to go through life A. {r', _ !t Jt. _,.~"if tt, ~ ~ )Jj ~#~.Mt
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wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us ~i.k: -t ~ {fl gi e.;
0
to decide how to look at it.
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world". 80r, we can look at failure as the incredible<D ~ ¼ ,· ~ 1f1 "if vJ. .re. -e ~ ?'1 ~ 1*!. f r'] ~ >J ~ JJi ,
I.earning experience that it often is. eEvery time we fail • ~ J:. ~ a a a tt ,t -:iP j{'.. *- ~ a lff , ~
at something, we can choose_t o look for the lesson~ 0
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we're meant to learn. 0 These lessons are very
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ffl Jj_ a{]-#® N •11f ~ ( 19: ~ *-9&) , iE ffi ~p jJ We would never have learned things about ourselves if it
were not for failureCffiXi=r that m1-t things about ourselves) ffmitatPJ **Foil?!, t!P ,~zwtE.±15:J
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57Section N Writing
Part A iaJ ffi ~~fr iB ii w1 # ~ tl:i n1HT 1Sl.
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Suppose youT are planning a tour 1. ~i1=.A.~ffi':"f$" ,HP::k~1:. 1. f&~: ~{~ ("1rffl + ltiSl"
of a historical site3 for a group of 2. ~i~~-: 00~~ fiD
it o
jl international students2 3. ~i1=~1li:~-ffi~ti~89 2. ffi ~: i& 1~ A 1-J ffl ~ 1:., * ffl
& Write an email4 to #/f~it~tl i!~~, j(IE ~, *M:*L~ ..
!I; 1) tell them about the site, and 4. ~i1=~~:-=tH~ tn ep-ar
* 0
2) give them. some tips for the s. ~ JI,j ~ ag.: fl'ffi~~:JHft ili 3. pg 3 !I; .~ : CD fffi 1)1 fl' ffi ~ ~
tour5 • :!*frltiSl {~ ,~, ; @~ Hj -~ 1* 1T }t i)l
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2. WJtl*ilffil
tour/trip/travel 7* i!J'j-; historical site/ attraction/landmark J3j ~ ~ ~/ ~ Jf£; archaeological discovery
~ii" ~ml; tip/ advice/ suggestion lti>l
3. fixi!ti&
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Dear Friends, 89 M ~ff]'
*
CDI'm so delighted that you trust me to arrange your CD 1& ~ ~ f$ ffJ {~ ff ~ ~ t.f~ 1* fi
o
trip. @ I'm writing to inform you ~f the historical @~~ffiAm~W~fi~~8m89ffi~
attraction to visit--the Terracotta Army, one of the ~tt-~~~*~~*89~~~~z
greatest archaeological discoveries of all time--and - '*¼{ifi-JF7t$-~1*fi}ti5l
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share some travel tips. CD~~flfiw-"f-W!Jr:rff IR a<J*~, :Jf::
CD Located to the east of downtown Xi'an, the ~OO~u!.~~~~~~~89-::k~AA
*
Terracotta Army is a massive collection of life-size clay ::k1J\ 89 ~*1J ¼ @'t ft.A ff] 1i ~ ,r., ff
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warriors and horses buried in the tomb of China's First ~~~~~~0089-~ffi~o®·~~
Emperor. @ It offers a fascinating glimpse into the ~£M89m~*~~~~~A~1-J~~
country's glorious past. ®To get a better view of these 89ft-ft, 1tfll-aJ ~ ~ miBf ~ IE a<J 0~
breathtaking sculptures, you may consider avoiding public fFlB ,~~:{m*:i£!~1iB~tE0~1Fl B
holidays in China or setting out early if you have to visit ¾~~~ ~flfitftmffi, -aJ Id.~ m!l!1P-ili
the museum on those days. @ In addition, it's also ~ © llt ,r~, it M tE 1N ~ !it ffl - -1' ~ i!
o
advisable to rent a multilingual audio guide at the ticket 1f a<Ji!if rfiJ ~, ~xM4'i1t ~ffJ tE»tfi
office, which will certainly make your trip informative. ~!l*.Yi!.llfl
0
58CD Hope this trip suits your taste and that you all CD~ :m ,! ?X n& fi ~ -ft 1~ 111 a<] W. M,
m::k~hi:itflitlc
enjoy it.
O
Yours sincerely, i,$;~ 1¥J,
*fg]
........f Li Ming
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*
1. life-size [a.] ~A.A/~ltm-¥-f*;J,99 5. informative [a. ] !£iJt'A ffi f~ ,~, El9; ~ Jli!,
2. warrior [n.] (jtffifBft-t~)&i± ,~± 11H 89
3. breathtaking [a.] ~~.AiC.,~ di.Aa<J 6. suit one's taste ~ it~.Aa<J Q '*l~M
4. public holidays ~;ft.@ E
UiS J:JB~f1JJ
Greek islands offer a glimpse into the culture, cuisine and lifestyle of the Greek people, and they
also often provide amazing beaches and unparalleled scenic beauty.· --www.touropia.com
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,~!l :glimpse 1f"-ffi ,-'l"Z~ ,a glimpse into sth llJ-JZi~W•~ ,-f*~~lHa short experience
of sth that helps you to understand it) ,'M'ffll.V.~~ih1.00:~~q:t7ft1~ :tmffi1:X1ta<JepB,f-f*lliL
[ ffi ~-'ti] it J
Located to the east of downtown Xi'an, the Terracotta Army 1s a massive collection of
~~ L-ii J~~
life-size clay warriors and horses buried in the tomb of China's First Emperor.
~-ii ii¾~~ ,ff )a" I ,t. ~1,t1',\i warriors and horses
'R.IT.6.Uf~~-:
CD EJ ili ffi 1fi 1iJ
The Terracotta Army is located to the east of downtown Xi'an.
The Terracotta Army has many clay warriors and horses.
The clay warriors and horses were buried in the tomb of China's First Emperor.
*
*
@l!J ffl 1-t im ~ ffiJ !fl 1iJ ~ ff
Located to the east of downtown Xi'an, the Terracotta Army has many clay warriors and horses
( which were) buried in the tomb of China's First Emperor.
® ~M--~---~,-~%ff~l.V.*~-l2i~•tt,~ff~m~A~-
Located to the east of downtown Xi'an, the Terracotta Army is a massive collection of life-:ize clay
warriors and horses buried in the tomb of China's First Emperor.
[~~ffiti]
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59Dear
I'm writiT1g to inform you of ~frffl~$!jm and share some (tips/suggestions).
This (site/city/activity) is/involves Jl.~frm . It offers a fascinating glimpse into ___. To
§ (f,J , you may consider ~iSl- or ~i)l-(f,J~{"t;J~ . In addition, it's also advisable to
miSl.= ' which will certainly miSl ** (f,]~5(.t
Hope this (trip/activity) suits your taste and that you can enjoy it.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
cm i> l. m ff i' ffl ~ ~ J
Cl ) H ~ ~ : iJl ~W§J ff: § !'t,J
4 I am writing this letter on behalf of ... to make some suggestions with regard to. ..
r ·· · · · ·
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4'tl am very delighted to* s hare with you some of my thoughts on ...
*°
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4 I have received your letter saying that. .. Perhaps the following suggestions are helpful for you.
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4 I hereby sugges*t t hat. . . Also, ... might be useful. I am sure if. .. , you will. ..
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4 To begin with, it would be beneficial if. .. , because. .. Besides, it is highly recommended that. ..
Last but not least, I propose that. .. , which will. ..
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4 By the way, you can do some Internet research to find out the. .. that suits your particular needs
most.
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-It Hopefully my suggestions are constructive and please feel free to contact me if you require
additional information.
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4 I hope you will find these proposals practical and wish you. ..
#m~@mi5lx-tft~m, ~a-tm{$······
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iJHtHt r 1tl ~ >Jt HH-=r ~ ff:
o
Directions:
You are assigned to arrange a Chinese . speech contest for the international students m your
university. Write an email to
1) tell them about the contest, and
2) make some suggestions about how to prepare for it.
Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name, use ''Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
60*Jl
Part B ¥ ~ fi ~ ~ -=J=. ~ ~ 13 a{] i?a] ~
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fl '.ij ;A; iliffl : pie chart t.#~ 00 ; account for 2i ...... cl t fftl) ; illustrate cf fl 19'J-=f ~ !!l ~ fljJ
~11:AHlffii :mobile reading/reading on mobile phones ftfLl#J ii; gain/ acquire knowledge ~ :sJ 9i{Ji,JJ_
cit: learn knowledge '1~i3Uif ffc); obtain information ~Ji'{ {§,\~l; kill time r~ m s t faJ
3. fi)t,ffl.i&
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-··-----·--······------···----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~----~----w-----x--- ------···
CDThe figures in the pie chart are based on a survey on CD t.# 00 If! B<J fi iJ& ~ -=f - t_m tt x-t
the purpose of mobile reading among students at a certain ~ P,Jr jc $ $ ~ ¥ tJl 1)1J w; § El<J El<J jffij 1/L
mu z m
university. ®Over three quarters of respondents read on their ® im 5t ~ a{] ?N: iJJ ~ t£ ¥ __t
cellphones for the sake of acquiring knowledge ( 59. 5 % ) or 1)1Jii¾:3/-JT$JJ¾li.RC59. 5%)~~
obtaining information ( 17. 0 %) , while roughly one fifth do so ~f~,~*,( 17. 0%), W-Jc~ 1i5tZ-B<J
just for fun. . ~ iJJ :t£ ¥ m 1 :.1~ il tt J-J r~ 11 o
CD The chart indicates that mobile reading, once regarded CD~OO ~~~, ~ ~-Ol.ffl-=f r1'Ul
atrBJ B<J-¥m 1)i ii~ s m 7'J Am m f t
merely as a way to kill time, has become an approach to
improving oneself or expanding one's horizons. ®It is actually F-1 ~~*i~ Dt!!R-B<Jtf Ao @~-=f~
a predictable phenomenon, given the popularization of tm ¥ m 1 3{]-ff N. , :i! Jt ~ ~ PJ ~J ffi ~ iU
smartphones. ® They provide us with easy online access, a<J ~ ~ ® ~ ti~ f mil r ~ 1n ~ ~ ,
0
thereby catering to our need for a variety of information. @ M. rrff1it;Jj ,@~ff] ~t~~ft -~' B<J ~ ~ 0
The increasingly (ntense competition in the job market has also @ S ~ IH!~ 13{] it }lk. ~ ii--tl1 ® ¥U T -
played a par ® In order to gain nothing more than a slight ~ B<J fF JfL @ lfflHa .R ¾ 7'J T rt. jt {ii?.
edge over other job applicants, we college students have to *JIJl~attrtt-jJ' ~ff] -;k.$1:. 11!.~~i
~B1~tl$ J3 ffi*W, #tfl~ ffl tt 1i#
keep learning something new, mastering practical skills and
~$.~BtJHR.
receiving real-time information. z, o m ~~*~rm
CD In conclusion, mobile reading is bound to rise in CD,~, ¥ r*l ij &,
ho @£$'MEl<JP-J~f!JJ!{t}jyEl<J~
popularUy. ® Richer content and a better reading experience
iii*~~~¾J!&5lfflP B<J*ilo
will be the key to attracting users.
-------······-··----------------- -----------------------·----------------------··
61[4Hi*jifJ
1. respondent [n.] ?1ti1J~, i.mit:X;fil
2. expand one's horiwns 1ii~DitW-,:Jflffil~J!f 7. be bound to-)£~ ,&Ht~
3. popularizatio~ [n. ] ~ JJt.., ffEj 8. rise/ grow/ gairi /increase in. popularity 1£
4. intense [a.] ~r,&l'.f{J ,~Jr.,~l'.f{J ~iJ!~~ill!
Jtt.:u ··· ···
5. gain an edge over. ..
[m JiB~ftJJ
1. The new supply will cater to a rapidly expanding market as demand for petrol-powered vehicles
gradually recedes. * --The Guardian
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2. This slowdown is partly owing to lower prices for Canada's resource exports, weak demand for its
goods from Europe and a strong currency. But home-grown factors have also played a part.
--The Economist
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5t1JJ 1 : Over three quarters of respondents read on their cellphones for the sake of acquiring knowledge
.i.. ii- iii i- ;t .i, -ik ii l§l {ttJ -ik ii-1
or obtaining information, *1JJ 2: while roughly one fifth do so just for fun.
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1:iJ T .61 ~ ~ il :
CD~ tf:l ffi !¥t 1JJ
76. 5 percent of students read on their cellphones to get knowledge or information.
@21. ~3m pe~rc~en~t of~ st-u•de~ntms rea~d ,o•n ~the•ir* c~ellpmhon•e~s fo•r• fu~n.• ~••
76. 5 percent of students read on their cellphones to get knowledge or information, while 21. 3
percent do so for fun.
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- 1'.f{J~*•n~~~•mx~~~•
Over three quarters of respondents read on their cellphones for the sake of acquiring knowledge or
obtaining information, while roughly one fifth do so just for fun.
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II CD The survey indicates the trend of CD1*iffi1~*~ T EJ{]~~ .~ mJLl
which occurs as expected and will ~ontinue, considering __· ,~fill~~~ ili ~#~ ili A~t-t,_g_
that __. @It is no_teworthy that some have ~t#rtr¾o ®uHi-t&~¾.~~
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0
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III CD All in all, it is a delight to see them __ CD ,g, ~ ¥Ll {te. ffJ ~ A J& :g o
® Doing so not only results in direct benefits to ®~ff-~&~~-~~-=f~ITT~~.~
themselves, but goes a long way to ( doing) __ ~xt __: k~~HVL
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'pJ ~ffl-=f"Ju~•~ ~ ffi f§" (~I]§ ~ why :ff ¥R: what for, on account of li¥R: for the purpose of'
becauseli¥R: so that)E,X"[i~fttffif~~~.3::NJf"(~1]3KRffl a shame that theyli~ a delight to see them,
potential harm ~¥R: direct benefits~ is detrimental to ~¥R: goes a long way to)
o
[ ~ ~ ~ j£ +~ 1 t J
portable [a. J f!!m ~ mobile device ~zYJi&*
digital reading ~ '¥ I~ if intellectual curiosity :s:J< ~ ffX
*~
[ '.ffj ii= ~ ~.R ~ J
4 Mobile devices are the ideal platforms for people to read shorter, bite-sized essays quickly and
conveniently, from anywhere and at any time. And the best part is that shorter essays have been shown
I
to increase reader engagement and content retention. *
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I
~r,ffiffi~x•s•~~n•ft-•~-~N#fil*~~~~o
• It is not hyperbole ~o suggest that if every person on the planet understood that his or her mobile
phone could be transform~d- easily and cheaply-into a library brimming with books, access to text
would cease to be such a dkunting hurdle to literacy. This is important because literacy opens the door to
life-changing opportunities\ and benefits. ·
•~**•m,~••-_t•~A•n~~~B~~mn~1J1J:xff•:tmff~~-~-¾~EJ{JOO
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63Directions :
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
~ ?'~ If9-~£mk:ili~Hf&~ , t¥i ~ WrtE±m¥it~~ ~ '
~~tEOOP-J~Wr£mk ~~ffitE~±m
00 P-Jt~r!r~M
illd! ' !IT*T~ ~
Mk ritfJ e
[' ii]f ]
PTxW.1¥Jir~ decent salaries
:il:11!1 If9-~mi:~ hit a career plateau
t~ilf ~mkfil:i! rapid economic growth
::kreif'FfJL~ numerous job opportunities
?BJ ;r~ ffi ~ 1:: foreign-educated Chinese students
JR M if 1§. beloved family members and bosom friends
J{R~~Mif jJ e ::k enormous potential for car~er development
x;f~~lrujj(*xW,/~xW. be optimistic/pessimistic about job prospects
64