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第 19 讲 阅读理解之议论文
1．了解议论文的解题方法与技巧。
2．进行议论文真题训练。
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一
些，因此要多加重视。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供
充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查
细节理解和推理判断为主，偶尔考查文章的主旨大意和作者的情感态度。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅
读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
【考情分析】
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查
细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议
论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
一、文体特点与阅读策略
1. 语言与结构特点
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论
式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论
文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构
——三段论式结构。
2. 答题误区
议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引
述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑
全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。
解题技巧
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，
用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
2. 事实细节型
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落
等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选
项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正
确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。
这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most
of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有
绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely,
none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解
能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，
其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在
意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果
也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to
/means…
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此
可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
（2023春·河南信阳·高二统考期中）ChatGPT is a new AI system that sounds so human in conversations
that it could host its own radio programs. Reading between its instantly generated, perfectly grammatical lines,
people see different visions of the future. Without doubt, ChatGPT is impressive.
Some compare the emergence of ChatGPT to the impact of the iPhone, but that doesn’t do it justice.
ChatGPT, as well as the generative AI that will follow and outsmart it, is disruptive. And yet, that doesn’t
necessarily mean the end of the world is upon us. On the contrary, ChatGPT, I would argue, might serve to make
us more aware of our irreplaceable human qualities.
Take the creative act, writing in particular, as an example. If you want it to, the AI-powered chatbot (聊天机
器人) always produces something because it has the whole world of online data to draw from. But unlike us, it
lacks the consciousness. Thinking is hard, critical thinking even harder, and ChatGPT isn’t good at either. It just
restates what has already been said; it is one big recycling machine.
There is another obvious limitation of ChatGPT. Philosopher Harry Frankfurt once claimed: the differencebetween a bullshitter (胡说八道的人) and a liar is that the liar knows what the truth is but decides to take the
opposite direction; a bullshitter, however, has no regard for the truth at all. The AI scholar Gary Marus applies this
distinction to ChatGPT. He believes that we have reached a critical point where “the price of bullshit reaches zero
and people who want to spread misinformation, either politically or just to make a profit, start doing that
plentifully”. Unfortunately, ChatGPT will reproduce misinformation from any of its input sources — it is not an
intelligent system that tries to balance or weigh different perspectives. In this sense, everything that ChatGPT
writes is bullshit.
This is why the so-called AIQ is critical. It is actually an extension and a measurement of our human IQ: our
overall knowledge of AI tools, our mastery of clues, and our ethical awareness. ChatGPT is going to change
everything — and nothing. Creativity, imagination and ethics — these will all remain unique human range. It is
the AI’s very limitations that will make us appreciate our own.
1．What can we learn about ChatGPT from the passage?
A．It generates immediate language responses.
B．It provides instructions on writing skills.
C．It helps generate an artificial voice.
D．It offers a service for language learning.
2．What does the underlined word “disruptive” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Evil. B．Revolutionary. C．Profitable. D．Reliable.
3．Why does the author consider ChatGPT as a bullshit generator?
A．It makes up lies constantly.
B．It always takes a neutral standpoint.
C．It often makes unfair judgement.
D．It can’t tell right from wrong.
4．What’s the passage mainly about?
A．ChatGPT should be treated like a toy, not a tool.
B．ChatGPT is causing panic now.
C．ChatGPT makes us realize the unique human features.
D．ChatGPT is bound to generate bullshit.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，论述了与人类相比，新型人工智能 ChatGPT的优点和缺点，从而赞美了只
有人类所具有的创造力、想象力和道德这些独特品质。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Reading between its instantly generated, perfectly grammatical lines,
people see different visions of the future.(在即时生成的、语法完美的字里行间阅读，人们看到了对未来的不同愿景。)”可知，ChatGPT 可以即时生成文字。再结合第三段中的“If you want it to, the AI-powered
chatbot(聊天机器人) always produces something because it has the whole world of online data to draw from.(如
果你愿意，这个人工智能聊天机器人总是会产生一些东西，因为它有整个世界的在线数据可供借鉴。)”可
知，ChatGPT是一个人工智能聊天机器人，它可以借鉴全球在线数据来和人类聊天。由此可以看出，
ChatGPT可以即时生成语言回复。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中disruptive所在句的后一句“And yet, that doesn’t necessarily mean the end of
the world is upon us.(然而，这并不一定意味着世界末日即将来临。)”可推断出，ChatGPT及未来的人工智
能对世界可能带来极大的改变，disruptive意为“破坏性的”，在此处可引申为“颠覆性的”。evil邪恶的；
revolutionary革命性的，突破性的；profitable盈利的；reliable可依靠的。B项意思与其最为接近。故选
B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But unlike us, it lacks the consciousness. Thinking is hard, critical thinking
even harder, and ChatGPT isn’t good at either.(但与我们不同的是，它缺乏意识。思考很难，批判性思维更难，
而ChatGPT也不擅长。)”和倒数第二段中的“Unfortunately, ChatGPT will reproduce misinformation from
any of its input sources — it is not an intelligent system that tries to balance or weigh different perspectives.(不幸
的是，ChatGPT将从其任何输入来源复制错误信息——它不是一个试图平衡或权衡不同观点的智能系
统。)”可知，ChatGPT缺乏人类所具有的意识，无法评判不同的观点。由此可推断，它“胡说八道”的原
因是它没有区分对错的能力。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章首先描述了ChatGPT的非凡能力，接着第二段最后一句“On the
contrary, ChatGPT, I would argue, might serve to make us more aware of our irreplaceable human qualities.(相反，
我认为，ChatGPT可能有助于让我们更加意识到我们不可替代的人类品质。)”点明主题：ChatGPT会让我
们关注自身所拥有的独特品质。接下来作者讲述了 ChatGPT在创造性上的不足和不分对错的局限。作者
并在最后一段提到“Creativity, imagination and ethics — these will all remain unique human range. It is the
AI’s very limitations that will make us appreciate our own.(创造力、想象力和道德——这些都将仍是人类独有
的领域。正是人工智能的局限性让我们欣赏自己的局限性。)”，点明了人类品质的重要性。故选C。
（2023秋·广东揭阳·高二统考期末）What does music mean to you? Do you use it to help relieve stress,
anxiety and fall asleep to? For many, the value of music is endless, and scientists and Nobel winners are no
exception. From seeing problems in a new way to developing discipline (自律), expressing creativity to working
as a team, music has helped many winners in both work and life.
Music has often helped Nobel winners think and process scientific information in a new way. Albert Einstein
was influenced by his mother who taught him to play the violin at a very early age. He was especially fond of
Mozart, Bach and Schubert. For Einstein, music worked as a brainstorming technique to help him reflect on his
theories and solve difficulties he met with. Einstein’s scientific ideas were often firstly created in the shape ofimages and intuition (直觉), which music later helped to turn into mathematics, logic (逻辑) and words.
Besides helping them reflect on scientifically complex problems, music has helped Nobel winners learn
discipline and the importance of a creative mind. For Thomas Südhof’s awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine, music gave him important inputs and ideas. Südhof mostly enjoys classical music by
masters like Mozart, which requires a creative mind as well as great discipline. It is said that these two factors
shaped Südhof’s development as a scientist.
Furthermore, the cooperation between the members of a music band can be compared with the team effort
found within a research group. According to Medicine winner James Allison, it is necessary in both fields to build
a team where each individual makes their own contribution to the overall work. However, it is important that the
communication between the members work so smoothly that each individual also knows what needs to be done to
achieve breakthroughs. As James Allison states, “Every now and then my lab has been as well tuned—it feels like
a really good band”—the concept of great team work leading to great success can be applied to both science and
music.
5．What does the passage mainly tell us?
A．Music inspires a team to work together.
B．Music helps to relieve stress and anxiety.
C．Scientists worked together with the help of music.
D．Music helps scientists to achieve scientific success.
6．What did Einstein and Südhof have in common?
A．They both valued discipline.
B．They both liked classical music.
C．They studied the same area of science.
D．Intuition often came first to their mind.
7．What does the underlined part in the last paragraph mean?
A．The lab members enjoy music.
B．The lab has made breakthroughs.
C．The lab works through great teamwork.
D．The lab members understand each other.
8．How did the author prove his or her opinion?
A．By comparing different ideas. B．By giving supporting examples.
C．By doing musical experiments. D．By referring to famous sayings.
【答案】5．C 6．B 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了音乐对科学家团队协作的作用5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“For many, the value of music is endless, and scientists and Nobel winners
are no exception. From seeing problems in a new way to developing discipline (自律), expressing creativity to
working as a team, music has helped many winners in both work and life.(对许多人来说，音乐的价值是无穷无
尽的，科学家和诺贝尔奖得主也不例外。从以新的方式看待问题到发展纪律，从表达创造力到团队合作
音乐帮助了许多工作和生活中的成功者)”可知，本文主要介绍了音乐对科学家们团队合作的重要作用。故
选C项。
6．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Albert Einstein was influenced by his mother who taught him to play the
violin at a very early age. He was especially fond of Mozart, Bach and Schubert. For Einstein, music worked as a
brainstorming technique to help him reflect on his theories and solve difficulties he met with.(阿尔伯特·爱因斯
坦在很小的时候就受到母亲的影响，母亲教他拉小提琴。他特别喜欢莫扎特、巴赫和舒伯特。对爱因斯
坦来说，音乐是一种头脑风暴的技巧，帮助他反思自己的理论，解决遇到的困难)”以及第三段“Südhof
mostly enjoys classical music by masters like Mozart, which requires a creative mind as well as great discipline.
( Südhof主要喜欢莫扎特等大师的古典音乐，这需要创造性的思维和良好的纪律)”可知，Einstein和
Südhof都喜欢古典音乐。故选B项。
7．词义猜测题。根据“it feels like a really good band(感觉就像一支很棒的乐队)”可知，James Allison的实
验室就像真正的乐队一样，那说明实验室的人都能和乐队成员一样配合得很好，有良好的团队合作。故
选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第二、三、四段可知，文章主要通过Einstein、Südhof和James Allison等人的
例子来论证作者观点。故选B项。
（2023 春·辽宁朝阳·高二校联考阶段练习）Contrary to “popular opinion”, the scientific pursuit for
knowledge is not a predictable process. To make new discoveries, researchers need the freedom to be creative,
fail, and learn by chance. This aspect is similar to art. This is why Wageningen scientists look to artists for
inspiration and exchange ideas about how to increase creative freedom.
“Science and art are two different ways to make something understandable. They both provide a perspective
on reality,” says Biochemistry Professor Dolf Weijers. “From the outside, the research process looks very formal
and the artistic process looks somewhat messy. But the scientific process can also unfold in an unpredictable
way.”
“Scientists can learn a lot from artists,” says Weijers. “Association and creativity are central to art. Those
aspects require more attention in science as the creative process is the key of science.”
“As a scientist, you use different methods, but it is equally about how you visualize your understandings of
reality and the connections between them. This is sometimes just as visual as art,” says Weijers. One example is a
recent special project in which Weijers and his colleague Joris Sprakel, professor of Physical Chemistry and SoftMatter, measured the forces that act on plant cells. A molecular (分子的) sensor was used to visualize the different
forces. They showed the results in colorful images, each representing a different force.
What science and art also have in common is that they are topics of discussion in society. There are people
who say that they do not value art and people who mistrust science. Weijers says, “It often creates the wrong
impression because only the results of scientific studies are presented, and people do not have any insight into the
process leading to discovery. As a scientist, you are doubted if you say something that is different a few years
later. Then you are viewed as unreliable. But what is often poorly understood is that there are no final results in
science. What we scientists can achieve in the coming period is to provide more chances for people to focus on the
process. Personally, I think that the connection with art can help to lead the focus on the process than the result.”
9．What does Dolf Weijers think of science process?
A．It is always serious. B．It can’t be accidental.
C．It doesn’t allow failures. D．It can be unexpected.
10．What does the underlined sentence “This is sometimes just as visual as art” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Visualizing is a must for science.
B．Science can be visualized like art.
C．Science should be understood by visualizing.
D．Visualizing is as easy in science as in art.
11．Why do common people mistrust science in Dolf Weijers’ opinion?
A．Scientists usually draw unreliable conclusions.
B．Scientists don’t use visualizing to show the results.
C．The scientific process is unknown to them.
D．The scientific results are complex for the public.
12．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Differences Between Science and Art
B．Similarities Between Science and Art
C．Scientists and Artists Contribute to the World
D．Science and Art Are Tools to Understand the World
【答案】9．D 10．B 11．C 12．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了艺术创作和科学研究之间的关系。
9．细节理解题。 根据第二段的“But the scientific process can also unfold in an unpredictable way.(但科学过
程也可能以一种不可预测的方式展开)”可知，Dolf Weijers认为科学过程是不可预料的。故选D。
10．词句猜测题。根据画线句前“‘As a scientist, you use different methods, but it is equally about how you
visualize your understandings of reality and the connections between them.’(作为一名科学家，你使用不同的方法，但同样重要的是你如何将你对现实的理解以及它们之间的联系可视化)”可知，不管使用什么方法，重
要的是要将科学家对现实的理解以及它们之间的联系可视化。由此猜测，画线句句意为“科学能够像艺
术一样视觉化”。故选B。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“It often creates the wrong impression because only the results of scientific
studies are presented, and people do not have any insight into the process leading to discovery.(它往往会造成错
误的印象，因为只有科学研究的结果被呈现出来，而人们对导致发现的过程没有任何见解)”可知，Dolf
Weijers认为普通大众不了解科学过程，所以他们通常不信任科学研究。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。 通读全文，并结合第一段的“To make new discoveries, researchers need the freedom to
be creative, fail, and learn by chance. This aspect is similar to art. This is why Wageningen scientists look to
artists for inspiration and exchange ideas about how to increase creative freedom.(为了做出新的发现，研究人
员需要有创造性、失败和偶然学习的自由。这方面与艺术相似。这就是为什么瓦赫宁根的科学家们向艺
术家寻求灵感，并就如何增加创作自由交换想法)”可知，本文主要论述了科学研究与艺术创作之间的相似
之处。因此B项“科学和艺术的相似之处”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选B。
（2023春·黑龙江哈尔滨·高二哈九中校考阶段练习）In modern society there is a great deal of argument
about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others
say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between
people.
I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at
tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded
pursuit of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.
However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture
which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition.
Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressure from their parents or society.
Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to
win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter, because
I didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that
would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true
competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on
how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and
often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.
13．What does this passage mainly talk about?
A．Competition helps to set up self-respect.B．Competition is harmful to personal quality development.
C．Failures are necessary experiences in competition.
D．Opinions about competition are different among people.
14．What does the underlined phrase “the most vocal” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Those who are against competition most strongly.
B．Those who try their best to win.
C．Those who value competition most highly.
D．Those who rely on others most for success.
15．What is the similar belief of the true competitors and those with a “desire to fail”?
A．One’s success in competition needs great efforts.
B．One’s worth lies in his performance compared with others’.
C．One’s success is based on how hard he has tried.
D．One’s achievement is determined by his particular skills.
16．Which point of view may the author agree to?
A．Every effort should be paid back.
B．Winning should be a life-and-death matter.
C．Fear of failure should be removed in competition.
D．Competition should be encouraged.
【答案】13．D 14．A 15．B 16．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述的是人们对竞争的态度。有的人认为竞争推动了社会的进步，有些
人认为竞争很糟糕。真正的竞争者和那些想要失败的人的相似点是认为一个人的价值取决于他在比赛中
的表现。
13．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some
value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is
bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.”（在现代社会
有很多关于竞争的争论。一些人高度重视它，认为它是社会进步和繁荣的原因。也有人说竞争不好；它
使一个人与另一个人对立；这会导致人与人之间不友好的关系）可知，本文主要讲述了人们对竞争有不
同的看法。故选D项。
14．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the
ordinary players, they strongly blame competition.”（在一种只重视赢家而不关注普通运动员的文化中，他们
强烈指责竞争）以及划线单词句中的“…youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressure from their
parents or society.”（是那些饱受父母或社会竞争压力之苦的年轻人）可猜测，划线词组 the most vocal指
的是“那些最强烈反对竞争的人”，结合选项A项Those who are against competition most strongly.（最强烈反对竞争的人。）意思一致。故选A项。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how
well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued.”（两者都基于一个错误的信
念，即一个人的自尊取决于他与他人相比的表现如何。两者都害怕不被重视）可知，真正的竞争对手和
那些“渴望失败”的人的相似之处是认为一个人的价值在于他与他人相比的表现。故选B项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to
prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in
comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins
to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.”（显然，这种信念与那些试图证明自己的真正的
竞争者是一样的。两者都基于一个错误的信念，即一个人的自尊取决于他与他人相比的表现如何。两者
都害怕不被重视。只有当这种基本的、经常令人烦恼的恐惧开始消解时，我们才能发现竞争的新意义）
可推知，作者可能同意的观点是在竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧。故选C项。
（2023秋·山东青岛·高二青岛二中校考期末）No business would welcome being compared to gambling
(赌博)Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have complained that their
children are “addicted” to their video games and smartphones. Today, however, even more doctors are using the
term. On January I this year, “gaming disorder”—in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm
—gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO).
Are games really addictive? Psychologists have different opinions. Those who don’t think so say that this is
just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books,
novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.
However, supporters argue that game developers have the motivation and the means to design their products
to make them extremely attractive. For one thing. the business-model has changed. In the old days, games were
bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods,
which ties playtime directly to revenue (收益). For another, game-makers combine psychological theory and data,
which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent
Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to
encourage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are known as “whales”, a term that originated in casinos(赌场).
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing Now
that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will become more common. Anyway,
being put together with gambling in the public mind, fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.
17．What do we know from Paragraph 1?
A．It is not suitable to compare video games to gamblingB．Parents complain about their children’s addiction to gambling
C．More doctors are against the use of the term “addicted”.
D．Gaming addiction was officially recognized as a disease.
18．What does the underlined words “moral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Wrong judgment on how harmful something is.
B．Trouble caused by someone’s immoral behavior.
C．Unexpected social progress caused by science and technology.
D．Panic due to the gap between the old and the young
19．What do games developers do to make games attractive?
A．They don’t charge players for in-game goods.
B．They adjust products based on received data.
C．They keep players’ video game machines updated.
D．They reward big spenders with a unique title.
20．In the last paragraph, the author aims to _________.
A．offer a suggestion B．make a prediction
C．give a warning D．put forward a solution
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．B 20．C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章讨论了“视频游戏是否会上瘾”。随着世界卫生组织的官方承认，“游
戏成瘾”的诊断将变得更加普遍，且将它与赌博放在一起，无论公平与否，都不会给游戏行业带来任何
好处。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“On January I this year, “gaming disorder”—in which games are
played uncontrollably, despite causing harm—gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO).(今
年1月1日，“游戏失调症”得到了世界卫生组织的认可。“游戏失调症”指的是在游戏中不受控制地玩
游戏，尽管会造成危害。 )”可知，游戏成瘾被官方认定为一种疾病。故选D项。
18．词句猜测题。根据前文“Are games really addictive?(游戏真的会上瘾吗?)”和后文“Similar warnings
have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns
out that they are not as harmful as expected.(对于电视、摇滚乐、爵士乐、漫画书、小说甚至填字游戏，人
们也给出了类似的警告，但事实证明，这些警告并没有想象的那么有害。)”可知，人么恐慌的是“游戏会
让人们过度成瘾”。因此“moral panic”指的故选是对某物（文中指游戏）有害程度的错误判断。故选A
项。
19．推理判断题。根据第三段的第五、六句“Smartphones and modern video game machines use their
permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly
adjusted to encourage players’ spending. (智能手机和现代电子游戏机利用它们的永久互联网连接将游戏玩法数据发回给开发者。通过这种方式，产品会不断调整以鼓励玩家消费。)”可知，游戏开发者根据接收到的
数据调整产品，以使游戏更具有吸引力。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem,
and that problem is growing Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will
become more common. Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, fairly or not, will not do
the industry any good.(游戏行业应该意识到，在现实世界中，它有一个问题，这个问题正在增长，随着世
界卫生组织的官方承认，游戏成瘾的诊断将变得更加普遍。无论如何，在公众心目中与赌博放在一起，
无论公平与否，都不会给这个行业带来任何好处。)”可知，作者在最后一段，针对游戏行业出现的问题做
出了提醒和警示。故选C项。
（2023春·江苏南通·高二海安高级中学校考期中）At its annual general assembly in Vienna last month,
the European Geosciences Union (EGU) did something unusual. The chair of its awards committee, Thomas
Blunier, presented a breakdown, by gender, of prize nominees (被提名者) and nominators (提名者) since 2014.
The data were revealing. Although women make up 37% of the society’s members, they made just 20% of
nominations suggesting that women are less likely to nominate than men. The data also showed that people tend to
favour their own gender when making nominations-with men most likely to nominate other men.
This is clearly a problem, but awareness of the situation opens the door to fixing it. Although women are still
under-represented in EGU nominations, their share of awards is now approaching their representation among
EGU members, thanks to corrective measures taken by the organization? s awards committee. The EGU is distinct
from most other scientific societies that do not make nomination data public, though it is necessary for the fairness
among prizewinners.
Some other efforts are under way to make prizes fairer. In mathematics, for example, the International
Mathematical Union has introduced guidelines to make nominators and award-committee members aware of
unconscious bias. Many prize nomination forms now include statements encouraging nominators to consider
diversity. The committees that award Nobel prizes have told Nature that they are attempting to increase diversity
in nominees and that the proportion of women nominated is rising.
Prize-givers need to widen their nomination pools. In 2019, Nature suggested that award organizers might
cast their nets wider when seeking nominations by approaching networks that include academies of science in low
and middle-income countries. This is still not happening on the scale that it needs to.
Sadly, these measures will not make science prizes match global diversity, at least not straight away. Many
prizes are based on work carried out decades ago, when the barriers to entering science were even higher than they
are today for people from under-represented groups and countries. At the very least, professional societies must
ensure that their nomination pools are representatives of their communities. Greater transparency and a wider,more diverse pool of nominees increase the chance of awards rewarding excellence, rather than enlarging existing
networks of fame.
21．What is the purpose of showing the data from the EGU?
A．To show the gender balance among its members.
B．To encourage females to nominate other females.
C．To reflect that women have been ignored in awards.
D．To reveal the significant impact from gender awareness.
22．What efforts have been made to promote the fairness among the prizewinners?
A．Publicizing the nomination data.
B．Widening the application pools by nominees.
C．Introducing guidelines on increasing diversity.
D．Casting the nets wider when seeking nominations.
23．What does the author hold in the last paragraph?
A．Existing nomination pools are not transparent.
B．Professional societies must make a difference.
C．The barriers to entering science will not be higher.
D．Science has kept up with the global trend of diversity.
24．Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
A．European Geosciences Union: An Nontraditional Model
B．Diversity in Science Prizes: Why is Progress So Slow?
C．Progress in Science: Nomination Shows Justice for All
D．The Way to Gender Diversity: Difficult, Delicate but Destined
【答案】21．C 22．A 23．B 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。我们真的足够了解科学奖项的公平性和合理性吗?在科学奖项的遴选过程中，
不公布提名细节，这使得女性和弱势群体在获奖中未得到充分代表。
21．细节理解题。根据关键词 EGU定位到第一段中的“Although women make up 37% of the society’s
members, they made just 20% of nominations suggesting that women are less likely to nominate than men. The
data also showed that people tend to favour their own gender when making nominations-with men most likely to
nominate other men.(尽管女性在协会成员中占37% ，但她们只获得了20% 的提名，这表明女性获得提名
的可能性低于男性。数据还显示，人们在提名时往往偏爱自己的性别，而男性最有可能提名其他男性)”可
知，女性比男性更不可能被提名，即女性在奖项中被忽略了。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The EGU is distinct from most other scientific societies that do not make
nomination data public, though it is necessary for the fairness among prizewinners.(EGU 不同于其他大多数科学协会，这些科学协会都不公开提名数据。尽管它对于获奖者之间的公平是必要的)”可知，EGU会把获
奖者的提名数据公开，这样做对于获奖者之间的公平是必要的。故选A。
23． 推理判断题。根据最后一段“At the very least, professional societies must ensure that their nomination
pools are representatives of their communities. Greater transparency and a wider, more diverse pool of nominees
increase the chance of awards rewarding excellence, rather than enlarging existing networks of fame.(至少，专业
协会必须确保他们的提名名单代表它们的社区。更大的透明度和更广泛、更多样化的提名人群，增加了
奖励优秀人才的机会，而不是扩大现有的名人网络)”可知，作者认为，在提名方面，专业协会要有所作为，
即要保证提名名单代表它们的社区，要有更大的透明度和更广泛、更多样化的提名人群，增加了奖励优
秀人才的机会。故选B。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提到上个月在维也纳举行的年度大会上，欧洲地球科学联盟委
员会主席托马斯•布卢尼耶（Thomas Blunier）公布了自2014年以来按性别分列的获奖者和提名者名单，
名单显示女性在奖项提名中被忽略了。进而在下面的文章中提到为了使得奖项的设置更公平化，许多的
团体已经做出了努力。遗憾的是，这些措施不会使科学奖项与全球多样性相匹配，至少不会马上匹配。
因而文章的标题可以为科学奖的多样性：为什么进展如此缓慢？故选B。
（2022春·重庆荣昌·高二重庆市荣昌永荣中学校校考期末）It is a common question to ask yourself:
What do you want to be when you grow up?
In the past it has generally been accepted that a person will follow one career path, but an emerging group of
people have changed this idea. By pursuing jobs across several walks, this group has come to be known as
“slashers (斜杠青年)”.
There are many reasons why this has become popular, particularly among those under the age of 30. In
modern competitive society, having multiple income streams (多种收入来源) is one of the best ways to create
financial security.
Zhao Sichen is one follower of the slasher movement. The 34-year-old is an English teacher at Tsinghua
University High School. Outside the classroom, Zhao also works as project manager in charge of education
programs at the Internet tech company NetEase.
In addition to providing a sense of job security, becoming a slasher reduces boredom and prevents becoming
burned out on (不再热衷) focusing on a single path.
According to the Guardian, “Entrepreneurs (创业者) are a typical example of a group that expects to spread
their careers across multiple areas.” Erin Albert is a typical slasher in the UK. Apart from having written books,
Albert is an assistant professor, an entrepreneur and a law student. Albert often asks his students to think about,
“why they can’t both take an immediate job offer they are not sure about as well as work toward their ‘dream’
job”.
Technology has also promoted this choice. Online tools and platforms have allowed people to pursuedifferent interests and career paths as they have promoted the ability to work remotely. Never has it been easier for
those who have interests in a variety of careers to pursue them at the same time. It seems that right now the sky is
the limit for those who are considering what they want to do in the future.
25．What do we know about slashers?
A．They are mostly 30 years old. B．They follow one career path.
C．They change jobs frequently. D．They tend to work several jobs.
26．Which of the following is NOT the reason for the popularity of slasher movement?
A．It gives people more free time to relax.
B．It helps people gain financial security.
C．It gets people to pursue their dream.
D．It makes people feel less bored in a single job.
27．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．Technology allows people to work remotely.
B．Doing more than one job might be encouraged.
C．Most people will work several jobs at the same time.
D．It has become more common for people to pursue multiple jobs.
28．What’s the best title of this passage?
A．Pursuing Your Dreams. B．Slashers in China.
C．Slashing through Jobs. D．Choosing Multiple Jobs.
【答案】25．D 26．A 27．C 28．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了“斜杠青年”的兴起和原因，并提出了“斜杠青年”发展的
未来趋势。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“By pursuing jobs across several walks, this group has come to be
known as ‘slashers’.(通过在不同行业寻找工作，这个群体被称为“斜杠青年”。)”可知，“斜杠青年”会
从事几个不同行业的工作。故选D项。
26．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“In modern competitive society, having multiple income streams is
one of the best ways to create financial security.(在现代竞争社会中，拥有多种收入来源是创造金融安全的最
佳途径之一。)”和第五段内容“In addition to providing a sense of job security, becoming a slasher reduces
boredom and prevents becoming burned out on focusing on a single path.(除了提供一种工作安全感，成为一名
“斜杠青年”还能减少无聊感，防止专注于一条道路而筋疲力尽。)”可知，“斜杠青年”受欢迎是因为这
种工作方式可以带来经济安全感，以及减少工作中的无聊感，同时结合第六段内容“why they can’t both
take an immediate job offer they are not sure about as well as work toward their ‘dream’ job(为什么他们不能立
刻接受一份自己不确定的工作，同时朝着自己“梦想”的工作努力呢)”可知，这种工作方式还可以有助于追逐梦想。A项“It gives people more free time to relax.(它给人们更多的自由时间来放松。)”并未提及。故
选A项。
27．词句猜测题。分析前后文语境可知，划线句为该段的末尾总结句。结合前文“Technology has also
promoted this choice. Online tools and platforms have allowed people to pursue different interests and career
paths as they have promoted the ability to work remotely.(技术也促进了这种选择。在线工具和平台促进了远
程工作的能力，使人们能够追求不同的兴趣和职业道路。)”可知，对于想要追求不同的兴趣和职业道路的
人来说，距离已经不是问题了，因为可以通过在线工具和平台进行远程工作，由此可推知，划线句“It
seems that right now the sky is the limit for those who are considering what they want to do in the future.(对于那
些正在考虑未来想做什么的人来说似乎是没有什么限制了。)”作为该段总结句，呼应主旨，应是表达想找
工作的人不会受到限制，因为同时从事多个工作已经可以实现，暗指“大多数人将会同时做几份工
作。”故选C项。
28．主旨大意题。通读文章内容可知，文章第二段内容“…but an emerging group of people have changed
this idea. By pursuing jobs across several walks, this group has come to be known as ‘slashers’.(但一个新兴的群
体已经改变了这种想法。通过跨行业寻找工作，这一群体被称为“斜杠青年”。)”提出了文章的核心话题
“斜杠青年”，跨行业从事多个工作的新兴群体，并在后文分析了其原因和前景。选项 C“Slashing
through Jobs.(穿梭在不同工作中的“斜杠青年”)”贴合主题。故选C项。
（2023秋·江苏连云港·高二统考期末）I am an Africa wildlife filmmaker. But wildlife filmmakers from
Africa are rarer than mountain gorillas(大猩猩). To understand why there are so few, we need to remember our
recent history.
When the colonialists(殖民者) ruled Africa, they seized control of the continent’s wildlife and other natural
resources. They saw African wildlife as “big game” and the continent’s first protected natural areas were game
reserves created by driving away locals for the benefit of white hunters. Later, game reserves were renamed
national parks and big game hunting gave way to wildlife tourism. But African wildlife was still there for White
people’s enjoyment and benefits.
That locals could have an interest in preserving wildlife for its own sake was rarely considered. Africans -like
me who tried to get involved in wildlife conservation were made to feel out of place. When I was first interviewed
by a British film crew, my interview was cut at the editing stage and replaced by a white man, just because I was
an African.
Africa was the setting for some of the most popular films about wildlife, but these films were made by
western-owned production companies for Western audiences, and most Africans never even got to see them. What
Africa needed was to see themselves and their view points in the films. We urgently needed wildlife films made
by Africans, about Africans and for Africans. As producer of the documentary TV series “Wildlife Warriors”, I setout to find African conservation heroes who could play a role in the documentary. I soon discovered that we had
some talented African filmmakers across the continent.
Today things are changing fast. Companies like National Geographic and the BBC are leading the way with
new approaches to global storytelling that deliver diversity and equality. Our African wildlife filmmakers’ mission
is to draw on the power of local storytelling to inspire our people to save our continent’s rich wildlife.
29．Why are African wildlife filmmakers rare?
A．They lack the talent in making films. B．They live in the shadow of westerners.
C．They are still colonized by the westerns. D．They aren’t interested in filming wildlife.
30．What message does the cut of my interview convey?
A．The strictness of the crew. B．The preference for the British.
C．The prejudice against Africans. D．The benefits of local communities.
31．What can we learn from paragraph 4?
A．The locals enjoy wildlife films set in Africa.
B．Africans play a leading role in wildlife film-making.
C．Films made by westerners are the most popular ones.
D．Africans long for having a say in wildlife film-making.
32．What is the purpose of the author writing the text?
A．To introduce how African wildlife are protected.
B．To urge people to better preserve African wildlife.
C．To show that the author was ignored by westerners.
D．To explain why more African filmmakers are needed.
【答案】29．B 30．C 31．D 32．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文解释了从历史角度看非洲野生动物制片人以及拍摄者遭受到西方社会
的偏见，同时指出在当今快速发展的时代，非洲野生动物电影人应该不断崛起，利用本地特色的故事资
源，讲好非洲大陆的故事，呼吁非洲本地人民拯救我们大陆丰富的野生动物。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段中“When the colonialists ruled Africa, they seized control of the continent’s
wildlife and other natural resources. They saw African wildlife as “big game” and the continent’s first protected
natural areas were game reserves created by driving away locals for the benefit of white hunters.(当殖民主义者
统治非洲时，他们控制了非洲大陆的野生动物和其他自然资源。他们视非洲野生动物为“大买卖”，非
洲大陆的第一个自然保护区是为了白人猎人的利益而赶走当地人而建立的野生动物保护区。)”可知，考虑
到历史因素，非洲大陆的野生动物和其他的历史资源在西方人眼中是巨大的利益，而当地非洲人保护野
生动物的兴趣很少被考虑到，因为非洲野生动物电影拍摄者很少是因为非洲摄影者很少被西方人所考虑
到即西方人掌控者拍摄非洲动物的主动权。故选B。30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Africans -like me who tried to get involved in wildlife conservation were
made to feel out of place. When I was first interviewed by a British film crew, my interview was cut at the editing
stage and replaced by a white man, just because I was an African.(像我这样试图参与野生动物保护的非洲人会
感到格格不入。当我第一次接受英国摄制组的采访时，我的采访在剪辑阶段就被剪掉了，取而代之的是
一个白人，就因为我是非洲人。)”可知，就是因为作者是非洲人因此在采访的影片中被剪掉了，由此体现
出对非洲人的偏见。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Africa was the setting for some of the most popular films about wildlife, but
these films were made by western-owned production companies for Western audiences, and most Africans never
even got to see them.(非洲是一些最受欢迎的野生动物电影的取景地，但这些电影是由西方公司为西方观众
制作的，大多数非洲人甚至都没有机会看到它们。)”以及“We urgently needed wildlife films made by
Africans, about Africans and for Africans. (我们迫切需要由非洲人制作、关于非洲人、为非洲人拍摄的野生
动物电影。)”可知，非洲人渴望在野生动物电影制作中拥有发言权。故选D。
32．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I am an Africa wildlife filmmaker. But wildlife filmmakers from Africa are
rarer than mountain gorillas(大猩猩). To understand why there are so few, we need to remember our recent
history.(我是一名非洲野生动物制片人。但来自非洲的野生动物电影人比山地大猩猩还罕见。为了理解为
什么它们如此之少，我们需要记住我们的近代史。)”以及最后一段中“Our African wildlife filmmakers’
mission is to draw on the power of local storytelling to inspire our people to save our continent’s rich wildlife.(我
们非洲野生动物电影人的使命是利用当地讲故事的力量，激励我们的人民拯救我们大陆丰富的野生动
物。)”可知，本文解释了从历史角度看非洲野生动物制片人以及拍摄者遭受到西方社会的偏见，同时指出
在当今快速发展的时代，非洲野生动物电影人应该不断崛起，利用本地特色的故事资源，讲好非洲大陆
的故事，呼吁非洲本地人民拯救我们大陆丰富的野生动物。故文章的目的是解释为什么需要更多的非洲
电影人。故选D。
（2022秋·河北沧州·高二任丘市第一中学校考期中）Faster, cheaper, better--technology is one field many
people rely on to expect a brighter future. But as the 2020s dawn, optimism is in short supply. The new
technologies seem to be making things worse. Social media were supposed to bring people together, but they are
better known for leaking privacy. E-commerce, ride-hailing (网约车) and the gig economy (零工经济) may be
convenient, but they are blamed for underpaying workers, worsening inequality and blocking the streets with
vehicles.
Today’s pessimistic(悲观的) mood is centered on smart phones and social media, which took off( 兴起) a
decade ago. Yet concerns that particular technologies might be doing more harm than good have happened before.
The 1920s saw a criticism( 批判) against cars, which had earlier been seen as an answer to the problems caused
by horse-drawn vehicles. And industrialization was criticized in the 19th century by Romantics who worried aboutthe replacement of skilled workers, the robbing of the countryside and the suffering of factory hands.
However, that pessimism(悲观) can be overdone(过头). Too often, people focus on the disadvantages of a
new technology. A further danger: Luddites (反对技术进步者) try to avoid the short-term costs of a new
technology, and thus give up its long-term benefits--something that Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxford professor, calls
a “technology trap”, which will lead to the slowdown or even stop of the development of a new technology. For
example, fears that robots will steal people’s jobs may discourage their use. Yet in the long term, nearly all
countries will need more robots, not fewer.
Any powerful technology can be used for good or ill. It is people’s choices about it that shape the world.
Perhaps the real source of anxiety is not technology itself, but growing doubts about the ability of societies to hold
this debate, and come up with good answers. So as the decade turns, put aside the pessimism for a moment. To be
alive in the tech-obsessed 2020s is to be among the luckiest people who have ever lived.
33．What phenomenon is described in Paragraph 1?
A．The seriousness of social inequality.
B．The rapid development of technology.
C．Problems brought by personal privacy leaks.
D．Worries about the influence of new technologies.
34．Which word can best describe Romantics’ concern over industrialization?
A．Negative. B．Uncertain. C．indifferent. D．optimistic.
35．What might be a result of a “technology trap”?
A．A lack of good jobs in the job market.
B．An increase in the number of Luddites.
C．A decrease in the number of skilled workers.
D．An interruption to the advancement of a new technology.
36．What is the best title for the text?
A．2020s: The Age of Technology B．Technology vs Civilization
C．Pessimism vs Progress D．Robots: Our Future Caretakers
【答案】33．D 34．A 35．D 36．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。科技给人们带来了便利的同时，也给人们带来了很多的困扰，并针对这些
问题提出如何选择和使用科技才能让科技促进社会进步。
33．细节理解题。根据首段中的“E-commerce, ride-hailing (网约车) and the gig economy (零工经济) may be
convenient, but they are blamed for underpaying workers, worsening inequality and blocking the streets with
vehicles.(电子商务、网约车和零工经济可能很方便，但它们被要对工人工资过低、不平等加剧和车辆封锁
街道负责。)”可知，本段描述了对新科技带来的影响的担心。故选D项。34．推理判断题。根据第二段中的尾句“And industrialization was criticized in the 19th century by Romantics
who worried about the replacement of skilled workers, the robbing of the countryside and the suffering of factory
hands.(工业化在19世纪受到浪漫主义者的批评，他们担心熟练工人的替代，对农村的掠夺和工厂工人的
痛苦)”可推断，浪漫主义者对工业化持消极态度。故选A项。
35．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A further danger: Luddites (反对技术进步者) try to avoid the short-term
costs of a new technology, and thus give up its long-term benefits--something that Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxford
professor, calls a “technology trap”, which will lead to the slowdown or even stop of the development of a new
technology.(另一个危险是：反对技术进步者试图避免新技术的短期成本，从而放弃其长期利益——牛津
大学教授卡尔·贝内迪克特·弗雷称之为“技术陷阱”，这将导致新技术的发展放缓甚至停止。)”可知，技
术陷阱的结果就是阻碍了科技的发展。故选D项。
36．主旨大意题。根据尾段中的“Any powerful technology can be used for good or ill. It is people’s choices
about it that shape the world.(任何强大的技术都可以有好有坏。正是人们对它的选择塑造了世界。)”和“So
as the decade turns, put aside the pessimism for a moment.(因此，随着十年的过去，暂时搁置悲观情绪。)”可
知，新技术有其优点也会带来问题，如何让科技促进社会进步，需要人们做出选择。故 C项“悲观和进
步”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C项。
（2022秋·山东淄博·高二山东省淄博实验中学校联考期中）In the rainforest,thousands of species sing
and call, forming sound layers so rich that the human mind can be overwhelmed.Drop a hydrophone(水听器)into
an ocean and you will hear similar richness, but it is foreign to our air-adapted ears. Hundreds of thousands of
other vocal(发声的)wonders ring out across the world. Every vocal species has a distinctive sound and every
place on the globe has a vocal character.We live in a world of vocal wonder,yet this richness is being damaged
worldwide.
In some places, vocal loss is caused by the destruction of habitats,from destroyed forests to overfished
oceans. However, in habitats such as thick rainforests or oceans, sound is the only way for most animals to
communicate even over short distances. This communication mating songs, cooperative signals about food, cries
that indicate social, status and alarm calls allow complex animal life to boom. Elsewhere, noise is also the
problem. Machines pump so much sound into water and air that other species can’t hear one another. The problem
of noise is most serious in the oceans, where earthquake exploration, shipping and sonar(声呐)create a deafening
sound that is uninhabitable, or nearly so, for many species.
Mankind is also affected by environmental noise, with complaints about noise pollution dating to the very
first cities, recorded on clay walls from Babylonia. This noise is no mere inconvenience: It may cause diseases or
deaths. The European Environment Agency estimates that environmental noise in Europe causes 12,000 untimely
deaths and 48,000 new cases of heart disease per year.What can be done to address these problems? Perhaps among the scientific studies of trends in vocal loss,
activism to advocate (提倡) for justice and policy-making to reduce noise pollution and habitat destruction, we’d
better also find space to listen. Just as we go out with friends to hear a concert, might we do the same for the birds
in a city park? In this simple act, we might find inspiration and a direct connection to our more than-human
neighbors.
37．What’s the main idea of paragraph 2?
A．Reasons contributing to noise.
B．Necessity of protecting nature.
C．Factors leading to vocal loss.
D．Significance of sound diversity.
38．Why does the author list the figures in paragraph 3?
A．To stress the threat of noise.
B．To advocate removing noise.
C．To arouse people’s health awareness.
D．To criticize the development of cities.
39．What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A．Make practical policies.
B．Conduct more scientific study.
C．Seek inspiration from a concert.
D．Build bonds with other creatures.
40．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Can You Hear What I Hear?
B．Where Is the Sound Taking Us?
C．Can You Smell Something in Nature?
D．How Can We Protect the Environment?
【答案】37．C 38．A 39．D 40．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了人类所在的世界的声音多样性遭到破坏的原因及噪音对人
类的危害，并倡导人类与生物建立联系，倾听它们的声音。
37．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In some places, vocal loss is caused by the destruction of habitats, from felled
forests to overfished oceans.(在一些地方，声音的丧失是由栖息地的破坏引起的，例如森林被砍伐、海洋被
过度捕捞。)”和“Elsewhere, noise is also the problem.(在其他地方，噪音也是一个问题。)”可知，第二段主
要说明了破坏声音多样性的因素：栖息地被破坏以及人类制造的噪音。故选C。
38．推理判断题。根据第三段数字所在句子前的“This noise is no mere inconvenience: It createsphysiological burdens that sicken and kill.(这种噪音不仅仅是带来了不便：它造成了令人患病和死亡的生理
负担。)”可知，作者引用数字是为了强调噪音给人类带来的威胁。故选A。
39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“we’d better also find space to listen. Just as we go out with friends to hear a
concert, might we do the same for the birds in a city park? In this simple act, we might find inspiration and a
direct connection to our more than-human neighbors.(我们最好也能找到倾听的空间。就像我们和朋友出去听
音乐会一样，我们会对城市公园里的鸟儿做同样的事情吗？在这个简单的行为中，我们可能会找到灵感
和与我们的超人类邻居之间的直接联系。)”可知，作者在最后一段想告诉读者要像和朋友建立联系一样与
其他生物也建立联系。故选D。
40．主旨大意题。文章首先说明人类生活在一个充满各样声音的世界里，然而丰富的声音却遭到了破坏，
接着介绍了声音遭到破坏的原因：各种生物的栖息地被破坏以及人类制造的噪音，并表明人类的身心健
康也受到了噪音的威胁，最后倡导人类与生物建立联系，倾听它们的声音。结合最后一段的建议“Just as
we go out with friends to hear a concert, might we do the same for the birds in a city park? In this simple act, we
might find inspiration and a direct connection to our more than-human neighbors.(就像我们和朋友出去听音乐
会一样，我们可以为城市公园里的鸟儿做同样的事情吗？在这个简单的行为中，我们可能会找到灵感以
及与我们超越人类的邻居的直接联系。)”因此推断A项“Can You Hear What I Hear?(你能听到我听到的
吗？)”为最佳标题，以问题的方式概括主旨。故选A。
