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初中英语语法之形容词与副词

初中英语语法之形容词与副词

形容词与副词

              (一)形容词

一、定义与作用

       形容词用来修饰名词和代词,表示人和事物的性质和特征。在句中可作定语、表语和宾语补足语。

❶作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。但形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。如:

It's a cold and windy day. 

这是个既寒冷又有大风的一天。

Would you like something hot to drink?

你想要喝些热的东西吗?

❷作表语,放在系动词的后面。常见的系动词有be,become,get(变),make(使),turn(变),keep,remain(依然是),feel,look(看起来),seem,smell,sound,taste。如:

He looks happy today.

他今天看起来很高兴。

Silk feels soft.

绸子摸起来很软。

This flower smells very sweet. 

这朵花闻起来很香。

❸作宾语补足语。形容词作宾补时,应放在宾语之后,表示宾语的性质、状态等。如:

He always makes us happy.

他总是使我们高兴。

❹注意点:

① Liu Tao is an eight-year-old boy. (其中eight-year-old叫复合形容词,其构成形式是:数词+名词+形容词,中间加连字符,用于名词前,一般不单独使用。)

②貌似副词的形容词:lonely独自的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;lovely可爱的。

③形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich/poor; good/bad ; young/old ; healthy /ill ; living/dead ; black/white (表示人种等)。

The young should take good care of the old. 

年轻人应该好好照顾老人。

题型小练:单项选择

(   ) 1. The food tastes ____.

A. good     B. well     C. to be good   

(   ) 2. She has many hobbies. Her life is ____.

A. boring    B. colourful    C. empty  

(  ) 3. We will have a____holiday after the exam.     

A. two months       B. two-month      

C. two -months

(   ) 4. He is____and he has an ____sister.  

A. ten years old, eight-year-old         

B. ten-year-old, ten years old       

C. ten years’ old, ten-year-old

答案:A B B A

二、常考句型

It is + adj. +(for/of sb.) to do sth.  表示做…事情是…的。本句型真正的主语不是 it,而是整个动词to do不定式的部分,因此我们把 it 称为“形式主语”。

1). It is + adj. + (for sb. ) to do sth.  for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting, important,dangerous,exciting,good,impossible.

It's very hard for him to study two languages.     

对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

It is difficult for him to finish the task within two hours.   (difficult 说明完成任务难)

It is important to keep promises.                    

守约很重要。

2). It is + adj. + (of sb. ) to do sth.  of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever, foolish,right.

It's very nice of you to help me.                      

你来帮助我,你真是太好了。

It is kind of you to help me.                         

(kind说明你善良)

题型小练:语法填空

1.It’s interesting______children to go to the amusement park.

2. It’s clever_______you to solve this problem.

3. It’s _________(excite) to play on the beach in summer.

答案:1.for  2.of  3.exciting  

三、形容词变副词的规律

1).一般的形容词在结尾加ly变为副词。例如:careful-carefully,polite-politely,quick-quickly

2).以元音加e结尾的单词要去e在加ly。例如:true-truly

3).辅音加y结尾的单词去y变i在加ly。例如:angry-angrily,happy-happily,heavy-heavily

4).单音节y结尾直接加ly。例如:shy-shyly

5).以le结尾的单词直接将e变为y。例如:terrible-terribly,possible-possibly,simple-simply

形容词、副词同形:hard,fast,friendly,late,early,lovely,long

附注: 天气类名词变形容词的规则

1).名词加“-y”构成形容词。

rain(雨水)→rainy(多雨的)          

wind(风)→windy(多风的)

cloud(云)→cloudy(多云的)        

snow(雪)→snowy(多雪的)

sun(太阳)→sunny(多阳光的)

2).相似的加“-y”构成的形容词:

luck(运气) → lucky(幸运的)              

noise(嘈杂声)→noisy(嘈杂的)

health(健康)→healthy(健康的)

题型小练:语法填空

1. It’s a __________ (sun) day. Let’s go hiking!

2. —What will the weather be like tomorrow?   

—It will be __________ (rain).

3. Winter is cold. And it is __________ (snow) in some places.

答案:sunny; rainy; snowy

                (二)副词

一、副词的作用

       和形容词一样,副词在句中也属于修饰范畴。形容词主要修饰名词,而副词则主要用于修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句,以表示程度、方式、时间、地点以及对话语的态度等。例如:

①副词修饰动词,如beat it heavily中的“heavily”就是副词,修饰“beat”,狠狠地打击。

②副词修饰形容词的,常常表示程度。如extremely beautiful中的“extremely”修饰“beautiful”,“极其漂亮的”

③还有的副词本身修饰副词,也表示程度。

He plays football very well.

④副词放在句首,表一种伴随状态。

Luckily, I managed it in time. 

幸运的,我最后及时的完成了(那件事情)。

题型小练:用词汇适当形式填空

1. He filled the form ____________(careful).

2. Don’t feel _________(worry) about your child. The whole class would be ___________ (friend) to the new classmate.

3. The __________(finally) exams usually take place at the end of June.

4. He walked __________(quiet) into the classroom.

5. Avril really sings ________(good). I like her.

6. The children in China are living a ____________(color) life.

7. Stay away from junk food. It’s bad, __________ (especial) for children.

8. There’s lots of rain __________ (recent).

9. I like her dress. It looks very __________ (beauty).

答案:carefully; worried, friendly; final; quietly; well; colorful; especially; recently; beautiful

(三)形容词和副词的比较级与最高级

一、形容词副词比较级

比较级变化规律

① 单音节单词后+er。

tall-taller, short-shorter

② 重读闭音节双写最后一个字母再加er。

hot-hotter, big-bigger, thin-thinner,fat-fatter

③ 双音节辅音+y结尾去y变i再加er。

ugly-uglier, busy-busier, easy-easier, early-earlier, heavy-heavier

④ 在双音节或多于双音节的单词前面加more。

careful-more careful, beautiful-more

比较级的范围

一般为两者或两个部分进行比较。

例如:I’m taller than you.   

Group One did better than Group Two.

比较级的结构

结构上比较级有三个明显的标志。

①than:一般用than连接两个比较的部分。 

Tom runs faster than Mike.

特别注意:any other+名词单数,译为任何其他的。

Shanghai is large than any other city in China.

②a little, much, a lot, even, still:可用来专门修饰比较级。

Lisa was sick yesterday, while today she is much better.

③as+形容词或副词原形+as……:译为像……一样。

Mary is as clever as Susan. 

Mary像Susan一样聪明。

另外,两个比较级连用表示“越来越”的意思。

Days get longer and longer in Spring.

白天在春天越来越长了。

二、形容词副词最高级

最高级变化规律

① 单音节单词后+est。

tall-tallest,short-shortest

② 重读闭音节双写最后一个字母再加est。

hot-hottest,big-biggest,thin-thinnest,fat-fattest

③ 双音节辅音+y结尾去y变i再加est。

ugly-ugliest,busy-busiest,easy-easiest,early-earliest,heavy-heaviest

④ 在双音节或多于双音节的单词前面加most。

careful-most careful,beautiful-most beautiful等。

最高级的范围:

最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较,表示在众多人或事物中,其中一个"最……"。

My ruler is the longest of all.我的尺是最长的。

最高级的结构:

结构上比较级有两个明显的标志。

①the:一般用the限定最高级的范围,也可以说,现阶段the就是最高级的主要标志。但是,当形容词最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时,最高级前不加the。

China is one of the most beautiful countries in the world.

He is our best teacher.

②最高级后面往往用of或in介词短语来表示形容词的最高级的比较范围。of指的范围通常是一群人或一些事物;如果指一个场所,则用介词in。

He is the strongest of the three.

他是三个人中身体最强壮的。

He is the strongest in our class.

他是我们班里身体最强壮的。

形容词和副词比较级与最高级不规则变化

1.good/well---better---best

2.bad/badly/ill---worse---worst

3.many/much---more---most

4.little---less---least

5.old---older/elder---oldest/eldest

6.far---farther/further---farthest/furthest

题型小练:用所给形容词、副词的比较级和最高级填空

1.I am __________ (strong) than you.

2.He did_______(much) work than his brother.

3.The sun is _______ (big) than any other star.

4.Chongqing is _______ (large) city in China.

5.I am _____________ (fat) than you.

6.He is ____________ (tall) boy in the class.

7.Book 12 is __________ (difficult) of the four.

8.Shanghai is one of ___________ (beautiful) cities in China.

9.Can you tell me what is __________ (heavy) bird in the world?

10.The wind is _______ (loud) than yesterday.

11.Kate won ___________________ (many) medals than Billy.

12.Sue studies ___________________ (well) than any students.

答案: stronger · more · bigger · the largest ·  · fatter · the tallest · the most difficult · the most beautiful· the heaviest· louder  · more · better

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