考点27阅读理解之主旨大意题（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点帮（新高考通用）（原卷版)_3.2025英语总复习_2025年新高考资料_一轮复习

考点 27 阅读理解之主旨大意题（核心考点精讲精 练） 1. 高考真题考点分布 考点分布 试卷 篇 词 年份 体裁 话题 细节 推理 主旨 词义 类型 序 数 理解 判断 大意 猜测 人与社会：栖息地修复工作队 A 应用文 199 3 0 0 0 志愿者招募 新 高 夹叙来 人与社会：美国兽医采用针灸 B 296 0 3 1 0 考 全 议文 技术治疗动物 国 I 人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅 C 说明文 339 1 2 0 1 卷 读在学习效果上的差异 人与自然：现代生物采样数据 D 说明文 358 1 3 0 0 的科学性 ( 应 用 A 290 人与自然：四种徒步活动 3 0 0 0 文 新 高 人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速 考 全 B 说明文 276 2 2 0 0 交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 国 II C 说明文 268 人与社会：巴比伦微农场 2 1 1 0 卷 2024 人与社会：图书《人工智能设 D 说明文 321 0 3 0 1 计:与人工智能共生的计划》 人与社会：哈佛社区的 ARTS A 应用文 226 2 1 0 0 FIRST艺术节 全 国 B 说明文 302 人与自然：了解猫的行为 1 1 1 1 甲卷 人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣 C 说明文 267 1 3 0 0 卢卡斯列车 人与社会：谈论文学作品的最 D 说明文 348 1 3 0 0 佳结局 A 应用文 240 人与自我：语言交流项目 3 0 0 0 北 京 人与自我：作者重拾画油画的 B 记叙文 354 1 3 0 0 卷 信心并接受了自身局限性 C 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题： 0 3 0 1宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生 成的 人与社会：人类道德准则的 D 说明文 384 形成过程及人类建立道德准 1 1 1 0 则的标准 人与社会：音乐剧《汤姆·索 A 应用文 233 3 0 0 0 亚:河流历险记》 浙 江 B 记叙文 338 人与社会：感受电话亭变迁 1 3 0 0 1 月 人与自然：加拿大Alberta防雹 C 议论文 313 3 1 0 0 卷 千预计划之争 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引 D 说明文 339 1 1 1 0 发思考 A 应用文 209 人与社会：自行车租赁广告 3 0 0 0 人与自然：微生物处理净化废 新 高 B 记叙文 340 1 3 0 0 水 考 全 人与社会：数字时代如何做到 国 I C 说明文 322 1 2 0 1 极简生活 卷 人与社会：“群体智慧”效应 D 说明文 339 1 2 1 0 的基本原理 人与自然：今年息季在黄石国 A 应用文 256 家公园举办的一系列护林员项 3 0 0 0 目 新 高 人与社会：Urban Sprouts学校 考 全 B 记叙文 273 2 1 1 0 园艺项目 国 II 2023 人与社会：图书《阅读艺术:图 卷 C 说明文 321 1 2 0 1 书爱好者的艺术》 人与自然：城市中自然场所的 D 说明文 320 3 1 0 0 存在对居民的健康至关重要 人与社会：开启曼谷美食之旅 A 应用文 263 3 0 0 0 的建议 人 与 社 会 ： DIY 能 手 Terri B 记叙文 277 1 2 0 1 全 国 Bolton的故事 甲卷 人与社会：一本有关哲学的书 C 说明文 333 1 3 0 0 唤起作者对哲学的热爱 人与自然：美国灰熊的生存环 D 说明文 319 2 2 0 0 境和生存状况 全 国 A 应用文 229 人与社会：四位从事医学实践 3 0 0 0的女性的生平和经历 人与自我：一名专业的风景摄 B 记叙文 311 1 3 0 0 影师的生活和拍照经历 人与社会：电视烹饪节目对英 乙卷 C 说明文 295 2 2 0 0 国人烹饪习惯和观念的影响 人与社会：要客观公平地讲述 D 议论文 343 历史不仅需要文字资料，也需 0 2 1 1 要实物史料加以佐证 人与社会：国际奥林匹克委员 A 应用文 237 3 0 0 0 会青年领袖计划 人与自我：被拒绝也不是坏 B 记叙文 386 事，这意味着你能重新确定自 1 3 0 0 北 京 己的方向。 卷 人与社会：人类社会发展中人 C 说明文 366 0 3 0 0 们的短视现象 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的 D 说明文 429 0 2 1 1 影响 人与社会：儿童露营的内客与 A 应用文 220 3 0 0 0 安排 夹叙夹 浙 江 B 346 人与社会：零废弃的生活方式 0 2 1 1 议 1 月 人与社会：软件程序“Project 卷 C 说明文 314 0 3 0 1 Debater”以及它明显的缺陷 人与自然：旧式太阳能农场的 D 说明文 318 2 2 0 0 弊端:破坏土壤 A 应用文 235 人与社会：课程评分办法 3 0 0 0 夹叙夹 人与自然：日常生活食物浪费 新 高 B 347 3 1 0 0 议文 现象 考 全 人与社会：关爱养老院老人的 国 I C 说明文 298 1 2 0 1 养鸡项目 卷 人与自我：人类语言发展的研 D 说明文 341 2 1 1 0 2022 究 A 应用文 235 人与社会：儿童博物馆团体游 2 1 0 0 新 高 人与社会：媒体记者对新媒体 考 全 B 记叙文 324 2 1 0 1 时代的感悟 国 II C 说明文 289 人与社会：禁止开车使用手机 1 1 1 1 卷 D 说明文 356 人与自我：有氧运动延缓甚至 2 2 0 0逆转心脏衰老 人与社会：英国卡迪夫市艺术 A 应用文 287 3 0 0 0 剧院 人与自然：鹦鹉识别物体形状 全 国 B 说明文 255 2 1 1 0 的实验 甲卷 C 记叙文 305 人与社会：难忘的南极之旅 1 1 1 1 D 说明文 340 人与社会：悉尼新旧文化冲突 2 1 1 0 人与社会：苏格兰画家画展信 A 应用文 194 3 0 0 0 息 人 与 社 会 ： 介 绍 Dorothy B 说明文 319 2 2 0 0 全 国 Wickenden的书籍 乙卷 人与社会：无人机在铁路交通 C 说明文 314 0 2 1 1 中的应用 人与社会：英国征收糖税的起 D 说明文 325 3 1 0 0 因及效果 A 应用文 281 同伴辅助学习课程(PASS) 3 0 0 0 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦 B 记叙文 348 3 1 0 0 虑 北 京 解决全球挑战的重要方法—— 卷 C 说明文 415 1 2 0 0 系统思维 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那 D 议论文 400 1 1 1 1 样成功吗？ Merebeth--自营宠物运输专 A 记叙文 353 0 2 0 1 家。 浙 江 文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽 B 说明文 283 0 3 0 0 1 月 时代和电力时代的联系。 卷 经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时 C 说明文 342 罹患失智症的几率会大大降 3 1 0 0 低。 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 根据表格分析可知，近三年来阅读理解主旨大意题考查共17次，主要考查： 1. 标题归纳题 2. 文章大意题 3. 段落大意题 【备考策略】1、关注每一段的起始句。说明文往往开门见山，作者一般会在文章的起始部分就直接介绍所要阐 述的事物或表达的观点。我们需要关注每一段的起始句，以便明确段落的主要内容。就像文章开篇 段落能让读者知晓文章主旨一样，第一段的第一句话通常也具有关键作用。理解这第一句话能助力 考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨要点。 2、关注每一段的末尾句。一个段落由主旨句、支撑细节和总结句这三部分构成。在段落结尾，作 者会通过不同的方式再次强调主旨句，从整体篇章来看，每个段落末尾的句子还起到了承上启下的 作用，作者会借助它引出下文。认真阅读末尾句能帮助考生准确预测下文内容，辨别段落之间的逻 辑联系。 3、关注承上启下的逻辑关系。有时候段落起始句不是本段概括，而是前一段的总结。利用这句话 可以判断出上一段的主旨大意。而末尾句有时是提示下文，这样就可以利用这个句子判断出下一段 的主旨大意。无论是起始句还是末尾句，考生既要借助它们的总结概括功能，也要充分利用它们来 分析篇章中段落之间的逻辑关系。 4、关注段落的第二句话。有时段落第一句话是总结上文，起着衔接作用，此时段落的第二句话， 才是本段的主旨句。 5、关注核心词，概括总结。对于一些段落，往往没有明确的主题句，这就需要考生在认真感受和 明确作者意图的基础上，对段落大意进行概括总结。 【命题预测】 预测2025年高考英语阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主旨大意题仍然会以标题归纳题、文章大意题 和段落大意题为主。 【必备基础知识】 一、【命题解读】 主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的 主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归 纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键 词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 二、【常考类型】+【解题策略】 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这 题型1 段落大意题 个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出 段落大意 题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标 题型3 标题归纳题 题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子 01 主旨大意题之标题归纳题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句 进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 【常见设问形式】 ①The best title/headline for this passage might be ________. ②What is the best title for the passage？ ③Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 【解题技巧】 第一步：明确标题的三大特点。 1. 概括性——准确而又简短； 2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 第二步：确定文章标题。 1. 利用正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2. 利用反面否定法：根据备选项设想用写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照； 第三步：主题句总结概括确定文章标题。 先研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等，然后读完全文。根据文章主旨大意及段落主旨 大意及标题的特征，得出结论，再核对选项。 做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误： 1. 概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； 2. 过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)； 3. 以事实、细节替代文章大意。 【2022 年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companieshave invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? （2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）In a world where everyone has their own opinions on just about everything, it’s common for people to be critical of each other’s mistakes and imperfections without noticing their own. Some individuals mistakenly think it’s their responsibility to make you into a better person. They do this by first pointing out your shortcomings directly and then providing advice on how you can improve. So what is the possible solution to criticism? If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, please stop. Make a conscious decision rather than highlight the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledgesthe other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it. It’s crucial to stay connected to what the other person is talking about, and listen without getting upset, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake? Could I have done better? Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand? If so, how can I improve myself? As for chronic criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary. In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party. 20．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．The Art of Giving Criticism B．Mastering Self-Defense against Criticism C．Dealing with Personal Relationships Flexibly D．The Path to Self-Improvement through Criticism 02 主旨大意题之文章大意 一、【常见设问形式】 ①This passage chiefly deals with ________. ②What's the topic of the article? ③What is the subject discussed in the text? ④What is the main idea of the...paragraph/the passage? 二 文章大意题找主题句的技巧： 1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3．精确性强，不会改变语言表达的程度及色彩。 1．过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 2．以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的 事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3．移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4．无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中提到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联 系。 【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. （2024·陕西·模拟预测）You may feel like a master multitask er as you drink your morning coffee, catch up on email and tune into a conference call. But did you know for most people, in most situations, multitasking makes us less efficient and more likely to make a mistake. This might not be as apparent when we’re doing simple and routine tasks, like listening to music while walking, or folding laundry while watching TV. But when the stakes are higher and the tasks are more complex, trying to multitask can negatively impact our lives — or even be dangerous. So-called multitasking divides our attention. It makes it harder for us to give our full attention to one thing. For example, attempting to complete additional tasks during a driving simulation led to poorer driving performance. It can also affect our ability to learn, because in order to learn, we need to be able to focus. Dr. Kubu, a neuropsychologist, says, “If we’re constantly attempting to multitask, we don’t practice tuning out the rest of theword to engage in deeper processing and learning.” Another pitfall (缺陷) is that trying to do too much at once makes it harder to be mindful and truly present in the moment — and mindfulness comes with a plethora (过量) of benefits for our minds and our bodies. In fact, many therapies based on mindfulness can even help patients suffering from depression, anxiety and other conditions. Choosing to focus on one task at a time can benefit many aspects of our life. Take surgeons for example. “People assume a surgeon’s skill is primarily in the precision and steadiness of their hands. While there’s some truth to that, the true gift of a surgeon is the ability to single-mindedly focus on one person and complete a series of task over the course of many hours.” Dr. Kubu explains. But surgeons aren’t necessarily born with this ability to monotask. Rather, they develop and perfect it through hours of practice. It is true that we perform best one thing at a time. Why not give it a try? 8．What is the text mainly about? A．Why multitasking doesn’t work. B．How to improve daily performance. C．Which career less needs multitasking. D．What positive effects multitasking has. 03 主旨大意题之段落大意 【常见设问方式】 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? What is the first paragraph mainly about? 【归纳段落大意的2种方法】 方法1：概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。 (1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就 在段首； (2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾； (3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间； (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几 乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处 分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系； (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法2：揣摩段落大意 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力 与判断力，揣摩段落大意。【2024 新课标Ⅰ卷 B 篇片段】“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine- combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. （2024·湖南长沙·模拟预测）“Woman reading book, under a night sky, dreamy atmosphere,” I type into Deep Dream Generator’s Text 2 Dream feature. In less than a minute, an image is returned tom e showing what I’ve described. Welcome to the world of AI image generation, where you can create what on the surface looks like top-rank artwork using just a few text prompts (提示). But closer examination shows oddities. The face of the woman in my image has very odd features, and appears to be holding multiple books. And, while there’s an initial thrill at seeing an image appear, there’s no creative satisfaction. AI image generation could impact everything from film to graphic novels and more. Children’s illustrators were quick to raise concerns about the technology. They say AI-generated art is the exact opposite of what art is believed to be. Fundamentally, art is all about translating something that you feel internally into something that exists externally. Whatever form it takes, true art is about the creative process much more than it’s about the final piece. And simply pressing a button to generate an image is not a creative process. Beyond creativity, there are deeper issues. To create images from prompts, AI generator s rely on databases of already existing art and text. This could lead to the creation of images that are intentionally meant to imitate the style of other artists, without their agreement. There is an argument that Al generators work no differently to humans when it comes to being influenced by others’ work, However, a human artist is also adding emotion and nuance (细微差别) into the mix. AI doesn’t do the same — it can only copy. The increasing use of AI will also lead to a devaluing of the work of artists. There’s already a negative prejudice towards the creative industry. People will begin to think that their “work” is as valid as that created bysomeone who has spent a career making art. It’s nonsense, of course. You can use your mobile phone to take a nice picture of your daughters, but you are no match for professionals. 4．Which of the following best summarizes the last paragraph? A．Art is the mirror of life. B．Rome is not built in a day. C．No man can do two things at once. D．Jack of all trades, master of none. 04 主旨大意题难点--避免看懂文章却出错 主旨大意类的试题对考生提出的要求很高，要求考生具有迅速抓取主要信息的能力，短时间分辨出文 章的内容的主次关系，知道哪些是细节支撑信息，哪些是作者要表达的主题。命题者在出这类题时， 常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围 的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。对选择标题类题， 若遇到拿不太准的情况时，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写?”。所以，虽然 看懂了文章，未必选出的选项就符合题目的要求，不是说文章中可以找到的句子就是正确的选项，这 需要有高度的概括提炼能力。 [1] Welcome to your future life! [2] You get up in the morning and look into the mirror. Your face is firm and young-looking. In 2035, medical technology is better than ever. Many people your age could live to be 150, so at 40, you’re not old at all. And your parents just had an anti-aging(抗衰老的) treatment. Now, all three of you look the same age! [3] You say to your shirt,” Turn red.” It changes from blue to red. In 2035, “smart clothes” contain particles (粒子) much smaller than the cells in your body. The particles can be programmed to change clothes’ color or pattern. [4] You walk into the kitchen. You pick up the milk, but a voice says,” You shouldn’t drink that!” Your fridge has read the chip (芯片) that contains information about the milk , and it Knows the milk is old . In 2035, every article of food in the grocery store has such a chip. [5] It’s time to go to work. In 2035, cars drive themselves. Just tell your “smart car” where to go. On the way, you can call a friend using your jacket sleeve. Such “smart technology” is all around you. [6] So will all these things come true? “For new technology to succeed,” says scientist Andrew Zolli ,”it has to be so much better that it replaces what we have already.” The Internet is one example what will be the next? 1. What is the text mainly about? A. Food and clothing in 2035. B. Future technology in everyday life. C. Medical treatments of the future. D. The reason for the success of new technology.（最新模拟试题演练） Passage 1 【2024届安徽省皖北协作区高三下学期3月模拟】Using hypodermic needles to deliver drugs has been common for more than a century. The past hundred years have seen all manner of medical advances, yet the needle has stayed mostly unchanged. Although now available in a variety of different sizes, it remains a hollow (中空的), pointy tube. With luck, that may soon change. Researchers around the world are looking for ways to ease the passage of needles into the skin. Many have been inspired by nature. An obvious source of ideas has been mosquitoes, which manage to take their blood meals almost painlessly. One reason is that the insects release anaesthetic (麻醉的)chemicals when they first puncture(刺穿)the skin. But another has to do with the shape and action of their mouthparts. The point of a mosquito’s mouthparts is serrated (锯齿状的)and softer at its tip. The insect stretches the skin of its target before biting, and shakes its mouthparts quickly as it pushes it in. All of this helps to reduce the force needed to puncture the skin. One paper, published in 2020 by a group of researchers in America and China, found that a mosquito-inspired needle required 27% less force than an ordinary one. And less puncture force means less pain. Mosquito-inspired needles might also be useful for delicate procedures such as biopsies (活组织检查). A paper from the University of Michigan, also published in 2020, found that the lower puncture force led to less movement of the sampling area, ensuring that the needles were guided accurately to the area, rather than missing the target. For now, such devices remain restricted to labs. But there is a big market for better needles. According to the World Health Organization, around 16bn injections were given in 2018. With one person in four saying they suffer from trypanophobia, or a fear of needles, the savings on stickers and sweets for the brave souls who roll up their sleeves would be considerable. 28．Which contributes to mosquitoes’ getting blood without causing pain? A．The sound they make before biting. B．The special shape of their mouthparts. C．The high speed of their action. D．The small size of their mouthparts. 29．What can we learn about the mosquito-inspired needles from the text? A．They have been put on the market. B．They required more puncture force than the ordinary ones. C．It’s easier for them to get through the skin.D．The lower puncture force may cause them to miss the target. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards the mosquito-inspired needles? A．Unclear. B．Tolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Positive. 31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The painless needles inspired by nature. B．The application of the mosquito-inspired needles. C．The latest medical advances made by researchers. D．Mosquitoes’ unique way to take the blood painlessly. Passage 2 【2024届广东省高三下学期二模】Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert. For decades, researchers have been asking the seemingly simple question of how to cut a cake fairly. The answer reaches far beyond birthday parties. A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says. The simplest approach is called the “divider-chooser” method, where one person cuts the cake into two equal pieces in his view, and the other person picks first. Each receives a piece that they feel is as valuable as the other’s. But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation. The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms (算 法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals. Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle (拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore. 12．What does the underlined word “distill” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Get the essence of. B．Find the opposite of. C．Keep the focus on. D．Reduce the impact on. 13．What can we learn about fairness from the example given in paragraph 3? A．Its standard is stable. B．It prevents unequal division.C．Its concept is complex. D．It dominates personal preferences. 14．What is paragraph 4 mainly about concerning cake cutting? A．The application of its rules. B．The details of its process. C．The problems it produces. D．The harmony it symbolizes. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Who benefits most from fairness? B．How has fairness changed over time? C．What method works best in cake-cutting? D．Why are researchers so interested in cake-cutting? Passage 3 【2024届河北省高三下学期大数据应用调研联合测评七】 Wind turbines (风力发电机) work especially well out in coastal waters, where ocean winds can be very strong. Offshore wind farms cost more to build than onshore ones. Offshore equipment must be heavier than onshore equipment. It has to stand up to very heavy winds, big waves and strong currents. Sending people to install, operate and repair equipment at sea is costly. But once set up, offshore wind could pick up bonus tasks. According to Haris Ishaq, an engineer at the University of Victoria in Canada, one of the best add-ons to wind farms is making hydrogen gas, which means making a clean power source in a clean way. A device called an electrolyzer (电解器) can split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolyzer needs fresh water, not salt water. To remove the sea salt, Ishaq’s team proposes removing the salt through a special technique, which is supposed to run on the electricity produced by the offshore wind farms. Ishap’s group also proposes adding a second bonus task to wind farms—to capture (捕获) CO from the 2 atmosphere. Atmospheric CO levels are higher than ever, resulting in a worsening greenhouse effect. A process 2 called direct air capture, or DAC, can remove CO from the air. The DAC devices need electricity to run. Fans 2 move air across a solid material that captures CO and releases everything else. When the solid material is heated to 2 100° Celsius, it releases the stored CO . The same solids can then be reused to grab more CO . The electricity made 2 2 by wind turbines would power the devices’ fans and the electric boiler, to heat the carbon-collecting solid. To store the CO released, Ishaq’s team proposes injecting it into a type of deep-sea rock. That rock reacts with the gas, 2 turning it into more rock in 10 to 25 years. Ishaq’s team modeled wind turbines, electrolyzers and DAC units on computers to confirm their proposed system is a good idea. The next step is to test a small version of this set up on a floating platform in the ocean. 32．Why are offshore wind farms built despite many difficulties? A．They can serve better purposes. B．They are money-saving. C．They can be used longer. D．They need little maintenance. 33．What is the second bonus task intended for? A．Reducing greenhouse effect. B．Testing an air-capturing process. C．Exploring a kind of deep-sea rock. D．Starting a hydrogen-collecting project.34．What is the author’s attitude toward Ishaq’s team’s proposal? A．Neutral. B．Cautious. C．Uncertain. D．Approving. 35．What is the best title of the text? A．Clean Energy Is Put into Better Use B．Hydrogen Promises to Be The Energy of Tomorrow C．Engineers Propose Add-ons to Offshore Wind Farms D．Wind Turbines Work Especially Well Out in Coastal Waters Passage 4 【2024届河北省高三下学期大数据应用调研联合测评七】 Animals have developed a circadian clock—an internal body clock that runs in 24-hour cycles. It is regulated by cues (提示) from their environment. But they may suffer from a “jet lag （时差反应）” when the cues animals are exposed to do not match the ones of their natural environment. Kristine Gandia, a PhD student at the University of Stirling in Scotland, and a team of observers set out to understand how the “jet lag” of living in latitudes (纬度) that animals were not used to can affect them. Giant pandas were chosen as the focus for the study partly because they live highly seasonal lives.” “Giant pandas are very good animals to focus on,” Gandia said. “They are very popular in zoos and there are a lot that have cameras so we can see how their behavior changes across different latitudes. These cameras enabled us to monitor the giant pandas’ behavior across a 24-hour period.” Gandia explained that the latitudinal range for giant pandas is between 26 and 42 degrees north. Matching latitudes could also be considered between 26 and 42 degrees south, as these mirror the temperature and lighting conditions. The team monitored 11 giant pandas in six different zoos. Some zoos were within the animals’ natural latitudes but in other countries and the others were outside that range. Gandia explained, “We recorded giant panda behavior, trying to account for behaviors that are positive, neutral (中性的) and negative indicators for welfare. So, this would include behaviors like play and grooming as positive behaviors, drinking and defecating as neutral maintenance behaviors, and several abnormal behaviors as negative behaviors, with pacing being the most common.” Those living in zoos outside of their home latitude were found to be less active and display more negative behaviors. “Giant pandas living in zoos could be suffering from a ‘jet lag’ if their body clocks don’t match their environments,” Gandia said. 32．What does Gandia and her team’s study focus on? A．Animal behavior. B．Animal body clock. C．Animal popularity. D．Animal distribution. 33．What is a reason why pandas were chosen for the study? A．Wide latitude of their natural habitat. B．Their strong adaptability. C．The existing findings about them. D．The convenience of observation.34．How was the study carried out? A．By analyzing reasons. B．By comparing recordings. C．By conducting interviews. D．By listing examples. 35．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Will “Jet Lag” Be Able to Be Avoided? B．Could Animals Suffer from a “Jet Lag”? C．Is Panda a Proper Subject to Study “Jet Lag”? D．Does Season Have Anything to Do with “Jet Lag”? Passage 5 【2024届湖北省高三下学期五月联考二模】When it comes to technology, never before have we been both more dependent, and more cautious. Society is more connected, but also more lonely ; more productive, but also more burnt-out; we have more privacy tools, but arguably less privacy. Would it be wrong to say we are becoming disappointed with it? There’s no doubt that some tech innovation has been universally great. A new antibiotic that killed a previously deadly superbug was invented by an Al tool. Machines that can suck carbon dioxide out of the air could be a huge help in the fight against climate change. But on the other hand, tech-related scandals (丑闻) dominate headlines. Stories about cyberattacks and horrible online abuse are regularly on the news. “Like everything, tech has a dark side. It is a two-edged sword,” says veteran Silicon Valley watcher, Prof Mike Malone. “Fundamentally, if there was a problem people would, should, stop using it,” Paolo Pescatore, an analyst, says . But he then goes on to talk about the peer pressure to remain plugged in -from colleagues, friends and family, and even from governments wanting to switch to digital services. Mr Halgas, a young tech boss with big ambition, tells me that the industry has become a more easily affected place for its staff. “Tech workers were very comfortable in our jobs,” he explains. “People used to say , ‘Google isn’t a job; it’s a retirement plan’. Those days are long gone.” “Tech workers thought they were safe from automation: now we are among the people who might be replaced by code-writing Al tools,” he says. A recent survey by PR firm Edelman suggested that 52% of people in the UK believed tech innovation was developing too fast, and 70% thought tech bosses should develop new tech slowly. Realistically, there is practically zero chance of that happening. The money and power that is flooding in, particularly to the AI sector, speaks for itself. “But the outpouring of public debate that also centers around it is healthy”, argues Prof Malone.“ We’re not just blindly embracing new tech anymore and that’s a good thing,” he says. 12．What do Mr Halgas’s words indicate? A．Tech industry is taking a bad turn. B．Workers in tech industry are comfortable. C．Google provides detailed retirement plans. D．Tech workers may be replaced someday. 13．What can we learn about new tech from the last 2 paragraphs? A．New tech is well received currently. B．New tech can not flood into the Al sector.C．New tech is under sensible discussion now. D．New tech is criticized for developing too slow. 14．What will the follow-up text focus on? A．A bolder attitude to developing new tech. B．An urgent appeal to welcome new tech. C．A balanced approach to embracing new tech. D．A comprehensive plan to advance new tech. 15．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Should the Public Embrace Digital Services? B．Can Innovative Technology Follow Up? C．Is It Good to Slow Tech Innovation Down? D．Should We Have Faith in Technology? Passage 6 【2024届湖北省十堰市高三下学期5月份大联考】In recent news, it has been reported that Hollywood executives have decided to cancel an $800 million investment in a new studio. This decision comes after the emergence of a groundbreaking technology called Sora, which has sent shockwaves throughout the film industry. Sora, developed by OpenAI, has quickly become a focal point of discussion within Hollywood. Unlike previous AI video generators, Sora has the ability to generate one-minute-long videos based on textual prompts (提 示) while maintaining visual quality and consistency. It can switch between shots, adjust compositions and accurately combine video content with relevant background themes, resulting in incredibly realistic and virtual videos. The introduction of Sora is just the beginning of a shocking shift in the film industry. Its ability to generate high-quality videos based on textual prompts raises questions about the future of traditional movie-making processes. The potential to replace certain job roles and disturb the livelihoods of some individuals is just a small part of the overall impact. Looking ahead, the innovation of productivity tools and the potential for smaller teams to create Hollywood- level movies at a lower cost may completely transform the way films are produced. This shift could bring about new production methods, viewing experiences, and even business models within the film and entertainment industry. This breakthrough technology has raised concerns within the film industry, as it has the potential to disturb the traditional movie production process and cause certain job roles’ losses. However, this technology also presents opportunities for innovation and cost-effective production methods. The film industry is on the edge of a transformative era, and only time will tell how Sora and similar technologies will shape its future. It likely won’t be long before audiences get to see film productions made with Sora. It can be stated with certainty that the film industry has entered a new era of rapid development in AI technology. 32．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The impact of Sora. B．The concern of Sora. C．The potential of Sora. D．The advantage of Sora. 33．What will be challenged by Sora in the film industry? A．Textual creation. B．Individual investment. C．Relevant job chances. D．Video content development. 34．In what aspects does Sora influence the film industry?A．Culture and business models. B．Film production cost and methods. C．Function and viewing experiences. D．Innovation and background themes. 35．What is the author’s attitude towards Sora? A．Objective. B．Dismissive. C．Unclear. D．Doubtful. Passage 7 【2024届湖南省衡阳市高三第二次联考（二模）】 With artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technology improving at impressive rates, there are some who worry that there’s a risk of artistic and creative people being replaced. A new study by the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, however, is showing exactly why that can’t and shouldn’t happen. It all started when the South Korean company posed this question: Can robots replace conductors? Over a year ago, work to develop automaton (自动化) began. At first, it was designed like a machine, and didn’t live up to expectations. Then the company sought ways to improve it. In the end, it was given two arms with joints to copy wrists and elbows, allowing it to move a stick similarly to how a human conductor would move it. It was named the EverR 6 robot, and stands at 1.8 meters. It was finally time to figure out how it could follow through on its musical role. “We got involved in this project to see how far robots can go in more creative fields like the arts, and what the challenges are,” Dong-wook Lee, a senior researcher at the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology said. In order to pull this off, Dong-wook Lee cooperated with the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. The 12-minute piece they planned to perform, “Feel” by Il-hoon Son, was created specifically for this event. It was created with the strengths of both EverR 6 and the human conductor, Soo-yeol Choi, in mind. To pull off this impressive performance, the robot was preprogrammed to conduct through 30 cycles of beat patterns. Meanwhile, it was up to the human conductor to lead the orchestra in creating an improvisational (即兴 的) score, adding depth to the otherwise planned piece. Together, they pulled off a masterful performance that the audience seemed more than happy to have had the opportunity to witness it firsthand! With the concert having gone so well, this is only the start of EverR 6. Still, no matter the improvements they’re able to make to this Android robot, the human conductor isn’t concerned about being replaced. “Let’s leave the accuracy to the robots,” Soo-yeol Choi said, “but the musical and artistic aspects to a human conductor.” 8．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The function of the EverR 6 robot. B．The development of the EverR 6 robot. C．The EverR 6 robot’s role as a conductor. D．The difficulty in designing the EverR 6 robot. 9．What can be learned about “Feel”? A．It is a piece familiar to the audience.B．It is a piece showing the human-robot cooperation. C．It is the only piece that EverR 6 will perform. D．It is a piece requiring great ability to conduct. 10．What role did Soo-yeol Choi play in the performance? A．He corrected the robot’s mistakes. B．He programmed the EverR 6 robot. C．He led the improvisational section of the performance. D．He was the main conductor of the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. 11．What is Soo-yeol Choi’s attitude towards EverR 6? A．Unclear. B．Uncaring. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful. Passage 8 【2024届江西省部分重点中学高三下学期第二次联考】If your hearing begins to decline, your risk of falling may rise. Though it’s not exactly clear how hearing loss increases the risk, it’s known that falls are the top cause of death from injury among people 65 and older. Now, new evidence shows that restoring hearing through the use of hearing aids may be protective, especially when people wear them consistently, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. “We found, quite significantly, that individuals that wore hearing aids compared to those that didn’t, did show a significantly lower prevalence (发生率),” explains Laura Campos, the study’s lead author. “They reported fewer falls, and their scores on a fall’s risk questionnaire showed they were at lower risk.” As part of the study, Campos and her team surveyed about 300 people with hearing loss about their use of hearing aids and asked about their previous falls. The researchers also accounted for factors that could affect fall risk, such as the use of medication that can cause dizziness. Overall, people who wore hearing aids had about a 50% reduced odds of experiencing a fall, compared to non-users. And the reduction was even greater among those who wore hearing aids at least four hours per day. “The effect size is pretty significant,” Campos says. “These consistent hearing aid users had even lower odds of falling.” However, one challenge is that many people who get hearing aids don’t use them every day or stop using them altogether. “A lot of people don’t like them,” says Catherine Jewett, 67, who started wearing a hearing aid on one ear about four years ago. “For some people, the sound amplification (放大) can be hard to adjust to, and others are self-conscious of how they will look with hearing aids,” Jewett adds she feels safer when she wears her hearing aid since she can hear the sounds of a car, for instance, when she’s crossing a street. 28．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By making observations. B．By carrying out experiments. C．By asking questions. D．By referring to previous studies. 29．What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its purpose. B．Its process. C．Its finding. D．Its subjects.30．What is Catherine Jewett’s attitude to hearing aids? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Unconcerned. D．Unknown. 31．What is the best title for the text? A．Selecting Proper Hearing Aids Does Matter B．People With Hearing Loss Need Special Care C．Restoring Hearing Is a Long and Complex Process D．Wearing Hearing Aids May Cut the Risk of Deadly Falls Passage 9 【2024 届江西省重点中学盟校高三下学期二模】Inside a large room at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), tens of thousands of seeds are stored at a constant temperature of -20℃. Some of them may hold keys to helping us face the future. “Our center holds as many as 120,000 varieties of seeds. Many of them come from crops as old as agriculture itself. Other seeds were selected by researchers who’ve hiked in the past four decades through forests and mountains in the Middle East, Asia and North Africa, searching for wild relatives of wheat, rice, legumes and other crops that are important to the human diet,” says Mariana Yazbek, who manages the research center. The research center, formed in the 1970s, once mostly helped farmers in poorer countries in hot and dry climates. But now it also sends seeds to scientists in Europe, Canada and the United States, to improve certain crops’ resistance to the effects of climate change. “What we are collecting is a sample of the diversity that we have in nature,” adds Yazbek. “We save seeds in case extreme droughts, floods or other catastrophic events should wipe out plant species. These wild relatives of crops have witnessed so many different climates. The qualities that help them adapt and survive in these conditions are stored in their DNA．We have this diversity and it can be a tool to help us face the future.” Yazbek says scientists are particularly interested in crops like the legume because it absorbs a lot of greenhouse gas CO from the atmosphere. It also releases N into the soil, meaning the farmers have to use less 2 chemical fertilizer. And the legume takes very little water to grow because it produces sugar alcohols that act as humectants, a substance that attracts and absorbs water and saves the plant from freezing or drying out. In another case, a wild wheat seed collected in Iran has allowed scientists in the US to develop new wheat varieties resistant to the Hessian fly, a harmful insect that causes tens of millions of dollars in damage to American crops every year. 28．What can be learned about ICARDA? A．It has a complete collection of seeds. B．It just helps the undeveloped countries. C．It used to develop seeds for rich countries. D．It focuses on saving ancient and wild seeds. 29．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “catastrophic” in paragraph 4? A．Important. B．Wasteful. C．Terrible. D．Unforgettable.30．What can be inferred about the legume? A．It will grow much better in wet areas. B．It is friendly to the environment and soil. C．It will become the main crop for humans. D．It has difficulty in adapting to cold climate. 31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Seeds Stored at ICARDA May Help Us Improve Our Crops B．A New Invaluable Seed Bank Is Constructed at ICARDA C．Scientists Have Made Breakthroughs in Ancient Seed Study D．New Seeds Are Successfully Developed for North America Passage 10 【2024 届江西省重点中学盟校高三下学期二模】From beautiful bronze (青铜) wine cups to grand bronze ding (food containers), this exhibition features discoveries that will fundamentally change visitors’ understanding of ancient Chinese civilization. At about the same time that Stonehenge was rising in England, a Bronze Age culture was developing in China that in many respects was seldom equaled and never surpassed. This development seemed to have begun by 1600 BC in the Shang (about 1600 BC — 1046 BC) along the Yellow River. For thousands of years, this area had witnessed cultures of increasing complexity, which laid the foundation of the Chinese civilization. By the time of the Bronze Age, this culture was characterized by a strong centralized government, urban communities with obvious social classes, a distinctive system of writing, strict religious rituals, diversified art forms, and advanced bronze-producing methods. Unlike other cultures, where bronze was first used chiefly for tools and weapons, in China, bronze was used to make vessels (容器) that played central roles in official ceremonies and ancestor worship for more than 1,000 years, even after the official beginnings of the Iron Age in 400 BC． Possession of bronze vessels thus became a symbol for the holding of power and rulers used bronze cups and food containers to present offerings of food and wine to royal ancestors and gods. During Shang times, wine played a major part in such ceremonies, and containers for wine therefore far outnumbered other types. Then, the Shang were criticized for too much wine drinking by its enemy, the Zhou, who felt that the drinking had offended Heaven and given the Zhou the right to overthrow the Shang. Safeguarding its own dynasty, the Zhou replaced the wine vessels with more practical cooking and storage tools. After the Shang period, bronze vessels became more important as expressions of personal status than as vehicles for official ceremonies. This is evident from the changing content of bronze inscriptions. Carved into the surface of a vessel, these writings first appeared during the late Shang period as an identification of the vessel’s owner or of the ancestor to whom it was dedicated. During the Western Zhou period, inscriptions became increasingly common and lengthier, praising the achievements of the owners. 32．By the time Stonehenge was rising in England, ________. A．the Chinese had yet to invent their writing systemB．China was still relatively backward in many respects C．China had already had a strong centralized government D．social classes just started to emerge in the Chinese cities 33．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．The main applications of bronze in China. B．The complex official ceremonies in China. C．The significance of the discovery of bronze. D．The differences between China and other countries. 34．Which of the following most probably belongs to the Zhou? A．Huge bronze ding with short religious texts. B．Bronze vessels showing the kings’ achievements. C．An unearthed temple with lots of bronze wine cups. D．An ancient kitchen with lots of bronze cooking pots. 35．From which is the text most probably taken? A．A science report. B．An exhibit brochure. C．A history textbook. D．A research paper. 2024年 Passage 1 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针 灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. Passage 2 【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text?A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy Passage 3 【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 10. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. . D They have a strong environmental awareness. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. Passage 4 【2024北京卷】Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probablemoral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem- solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality Passage 5 【2024 浙江 1 月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 14. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 15. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups Passage 6 【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them. This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’tguess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier. But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters. That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work. This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—bu it might provide what you need to get there. 12. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie? A. To discuss a novel. B. To submit a book report. C. To argue for a writer. D. To ask for a reading list. 13. What did the author realize after seeing Gracie? A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences. B. Readers are often carried away by character. C. Each type of literature has its unique end. D. A story which begins well will end well. 14. What is expected of a good ending? . A It satisfies readers’ taste. B. It fits with the story development. C. It is usually positive. D. It is open for imagination. 15. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims? A. To give examples of great novelists. B. To stress the theme of this issue. C. To encourage writing for the magazine. D. To recommend their new books. 2023年 Passage 1 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soiltesting, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 4. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family. C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 5. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes. C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens. 6. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 7. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape Passage 2 【2023 年浙江 1 月卷】Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others commenton what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 24．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A．Share an apartment with you. B．Join you in what you’re doing. C．Transform your way of living. D．Help you to make the decision. 25．What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars? A．He disapproved of it. B．He was favorable to it. C．He was tolerant of it. D．He didn’t care about it. 26．What can we infer about the author? A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others’ privacy. C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person. 27．What is the text mainly about? A．How to get on well with other family members. B．How to have one’s own personal space at home. C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D．How to control the budget when buying groceries. Passage 3 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. , In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. Passage 4 , 【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to allacts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? Passage 5 【2023 年浙江 1 月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator- friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. 32．What do solar developers often ignore? A．The decline in the demand for solar energy. B．The negative impact of installing solar panels. C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D．The most recent advances in solar technology. 33．What does InSPIRE aim to do? A．Improve the productivity of local farms. B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds. C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas. 34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To conserve pollinators. B．To restrict solar development. C．To diversify the economy. D．To ensure the supply of energy. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development Passage 6 【2023年全国乙卷】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 12. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 13. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 14. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. 15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 2022年阅读理解 Passage 1 【2022年天津卷第二次】I’m an 18-year-old pre-medical student, tall nd good-looking, with two short story books and quite a number of essays my credit. Why am I singing such praises of myself? Just to explain that he attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love, and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began. Born and raised in Africa，I had always taken my African origin as burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!” What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering (口吃), which had weakened my self- confidence. It always stood between me and any fine opportunity. I’d taken it as an excuse to avoid any public speaking sessions, and unknowingly let it rule over me. Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.” Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success. Another boost to my self-confidence came days later as I was watching the news about Oprah Winfrey, the famous talkshow host and writer—she’s black too! Whenever I think of her story and my former dislike of my color, I’m practically filled with shame. Today, I’ve grown to accept what I am with pride; it simply gives me feeling of uniqueness. The idea of self- love has taken on a whole new meaning for me: there’s always something fantastic about us, and what w need to do is learn to appreciate it. 41. What affected the author’s adjustment to her school life in Norway! A. Her appearance B. Social discrimɪnation. C. Her changing emotions. D. The climate in Norway. 42. What did the author’s occasional stuttering bring about according on Paragraph 3?A. Her lack of self-confidence. B. Her loss of interest in school. C. Her unwillingness to greet her classmates. D. Her desire for chances to improve herself. 43. How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and ne girl on the bus? A. Blessed and proud. B. Confused and afraid. C. Amazed and relieved. D. Shocked and ashamed. 44. What lesson did the author learn from the cases of Newton and Churchill? A. Great minds speak alike. B. Stuttering is no barrier to success. C. Wisdom counts more than hard work. D. Famous people can’t live with their weaknesses. 45. What can best summarize the message contained in the passage? A. Pride comes before a fall. B. Where there is a will, there is a way. C. Self-acceptance is based on the love for oneself. . D Self-love is key to the attainment of self-pride. Passage 2 【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since theappearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. . D Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. Passage 3 【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. " "Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. " 8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 11. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- Passage 4 【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 10. What function is expected of the rail drones?. A To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 11. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face . D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways Passage5 【2022年全国甲卷】Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 4. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool. C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid. 5. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds. C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes. 6. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects. C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 7. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters Passage 6 【2022年全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 8. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2? A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree. C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise. 9. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica? A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery. C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation. 10. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey? A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible. C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced. . 11 What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. Passage7 【2022年全国甲卷】Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city. “I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted. “How do you mean?” I asked. “Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).” On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.” He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries. 12. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney. C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s. 13. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds? A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life. C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries. 14. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney? A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress. C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international. 15. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. A city can be young and old at the same time. B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic. C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance. D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign. Passage 8 【2022 年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, thepublic and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 2021年阅读理解 Passage 1 【2021年浙江卷6月】We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet. In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointedhimself “marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. “Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be on habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: “We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.” Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play. 4. What is the problem with the author’s children? A. They often annoy their neighbours. B. They are tired of doing their homework. C. They have no friends to play with D. They stay in front of screens for too long. 5. How did David Bond advocate his idea? A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities. C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends. 6. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “charts” in paragraph 2? A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms 7. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children Passage2 【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures , this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America? A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports. C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals. 29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934? A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away. C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting Passage 3 【2021年全国乙卷】You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re- examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products. C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach. 29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful. C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers? A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing. D. Challenging. . 31 Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures Passage 4 【2021年浙江卷1月】 Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges. Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member. "That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect. ” Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said. Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter. Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing". "The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. " 7．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter? A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information. C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose. 8．What did Dr Shultz think of the study? A．It was well designed but poorly conducted. B．It was a good try but the findings were limited. C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise. 9．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean? A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection. 10．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated Passage5 【2021年天津卷第二次】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort? Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover （交迭）between culture and commerce. Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience. The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure. Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fbr the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fbr child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life. Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, fbr art is a part of what makes us human. 51. Art products differ from most other commercial products because . A. most people purchase them for collection B. they are more expensive and less accessible C. they have both commercial and cultural valuesD. their prices may climb up as time passes 52. By sharing their arts experiences, community members can . A. keep the community safe from illnesses B. develop a stronger tie between them C. learn to appreciate their own works of art D. offer honourable solutions to their problems 53. What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities? A. They enjoy better living conditions. B. They like to compare themselves with others. C. They are particularly good at both music and art. D. They tend to be healthier physically and mentally. 54. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them? A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth. B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills. C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career. D. It helps to make responsible people out of them. 55. What is the best title for this passage? A. How Art Cures Our Hearts B. Art: A Blessing to Humankind C. How Art Benefits Communities D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures Passage 6 【2021年天津卷第一次】 A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures. “During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital. The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）. A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical- imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows. “The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射） becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby. “The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness." The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training. 45．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ . A．a better understanding of children B．less use of certain medicines C．new medical-imaging technology D．an improved reputation of the hospital 46．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________. A．assist in treating a patient B．carry out hypnosis training C．start up a new department D．learn about the procedure 47．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________. A．creating a perfect world for patients B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep C．putting patients into an unconscious state D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality 48．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure? A．It should keep pace with the procedure. B．It reflects the patient's creativity. C．It is selected by the technologist. D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient. 49．The procedure was received among the staff with ________. A．uncertainty B．enthusiasm C．worry D．criticism 50．What is the passage mainly about? A．An easy way to communicate with patients. B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis.C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. Passage7 【2021年全国甲卷】Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not. Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.” 12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club? A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict. 13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science? A. They think themselves smart. B. They look up to great thinkers. C. They see gender differences earlier than boys. D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs 14. Why are more geniuses known to the public? A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women. C. Acceptance of victors' concepts. D. Changes in people's social positions. 15. What is the best title for the text? A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck Passage 8 【2021年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australianhomes still paying for a landline（座机）? These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor （因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household. Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）. How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones? A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity. C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design. 25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark. 26. What can we say about Baby Boomers? A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity. C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family. 27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day. C. It may increase daily expenses. D. It is as important as the gas light. Passage 9 【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet， conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． . 31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． Passage 10 【2021年天津卷第一次】About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 40．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 41．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 42．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept.C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 44．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens.D．Past experiences should be treasured. Passage 11 【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 55．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist