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第 19 讲 句子成分、基本句型、长难句
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航····························································································································2
02 知识导图·思维引航····························································································································2
03 考点突破·考法探究····························································································································3
考点一 句子成分
知识点1 主语································································································································4
知识点2 谓语································································································································4
知识点3 宾语································································································································5
知识点4 表语································································································································6
知识点5 定语································································································································7
知识点6 补语································································································································7
知识点7 状语································································································································8
知识点8 同位语····························································································································8
知识点9 插入语····························································································································9
考点二 基本句型
知识点1 S+V································································································································9
知识点2 S+V+O ·····················································································································9
知识点3 S+V+P························································································································10
知识点4 S+V+Oi+Od.············································································································10
知识点5 S+V+O+C ···········································································································10
考点三 长难句揭秘·····················································································································11
04真题练习·命题洞现
1. 真题实战12
2. 命题演练12分析近年高考真题可知，近年高考英语词汇量增加，阅读理解难度有增无减，长难句增
多。理解句意是理解文章的基础，而掌握句子成分和英语基本句型则是准确理解句意的基
础。英语句子成分和基本句型的熟练掌握广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填空，语法填空、改
错、听力和写作中。分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加，掌握词类、句子成分和结
构，可以读懂文意，并理解长难句之间的逻辑关系，同时也有助于句型和单词的记忆。考点一 句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。
知识点1 主语
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。主语通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
（1）名词：A tree has fallen across the road.
My flight will take off soon. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.【2024年新高考I卷听力】
（2）代词：He told a joke but it fell flat.
We'll be working rain or shine【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】
（3）数词：Three is enough.
One-third of the students in this class are girls.
（4）动名词：Smoking is bad for you.
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. 【2022新课标全国II卷七选五】
（5）不定式： To find your way can be a problem.
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
（6）it形式主语：It is certain that he will win the match.
【2022年全国乙卷书面表达】 It ’ s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline
（7）从句： That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)（2022 全国乙卷满分
作文）
名师提醒：一般情况下句子的主语在句首，谓语动词之前；但是在倒装句或疑问句中时，谓语动词部分或
全部位于主语之前。解答动词语法填空时，需要注意主谓一致，找到真正的主语。
例1. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
例2. 【2022年新高考I卷读后续写】...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（代词+倒装）
知识点2 谓语
谓语：表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之
后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如
果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
例.Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
例1.You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
例2. Do I have to buy another ticket?【2024年新高考I卷听力】
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
例1.In cold weather, the structure stays ____ (close) to protect the plants.【2024年新高考I卷语法填
空】
例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】常用的动词时态：
时间形态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked
完成进行 have/has been asking
常用被动语态：
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常
见的时态变化列表如下：
时间/形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
am/is/are being have/has been
现在 am/is/are done has/ have been done
done being done
was/were being
过去 was/were done had been done
done
将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done
should/would be
过去将来
done
有情态动词 情态动词+ be / have been done
知识点3 宾语
宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介
词之后。
种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般
是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.
宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。
例1.I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】
例2. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.（代词）【2024年新高考I卷听力】
例3 Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”（名词）.【2022年新高考I卷阅
读理解】
例4.I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语）
例5. ...drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail orswitches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）【2022年全国乙卷】
例 6. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the
Neolithic period. （宾语从句）【2022年新高考I卷】
例7. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
例8. He pretended not to see me.（非谓语形式。）
例9. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
知识点4 表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充
当。
（1）名词：The wedding was that Sunday.
But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024年新高考I卷】
（2）代词：Seventy-four?—You don’t look it.
（3）数词：We are seven.
（4）形容词：Are you busy?
（5）副词：I am here.
I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022年新高考I卷】
（6）不定式：All I could do was to wait.
（7）动名词：Seeing is believing.
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
（8）过去分词：I’m very pleased with what he has done.
He was inspired by another veterinarian.【2024年新高考I卷】
Needless to say, they were deeply moved.【2020年新课标I】
（9）介词短语：She is in good health.
Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is o f grea t
importance.【2022 年
全国乙卷】
（10）从句：That is why I was angry.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】
That's what mattered -landing tricks, being a good skater.【2021年全国甲卷】
落地技巧对于成为一名优秀的滑板玩家来说是十分重要的。
知识点5 定语
定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语。位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，
但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后
进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、
动名词、分词或从句充当。
（1）形容词：She is a natural musician.
（2）名词：A baby girl is crying.
Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.【2022年全国乙
卷】
（3）代词 ： You r hair needs cutting.（物主代词）
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.（不定代词所有格）
（4）数词：Do it now, you may not get a second chance. （序数词）
（5）副词：The room above is my sister’s. （副词作定语后置）
（6）不定式：Her promise to write was forgotten.
（7）动名词：Learning methods vary from person to person.
（8）分词： Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.【2024年新高考I卷】
The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.(现在分词）
（9）介词短语：This is a map of China.（介词短语作定语后置）
Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15 .【2024年新高考I卷】
（10）从句(定语从句): The car that is parked outside is mine.
Road accidents, which had fallen for years , are now rising sharply.【2022年新高考全国
卷II】
知识点6 补语
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。
主语补足语: 补充说明主语意义的句子成分。
宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。
可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
例1. You must keep the room clean and tidy.
例2. John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
例3. I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
例4. We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
例5. I was left alone ...【2024年全国甲卷】例6. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful .【2022年高考全国甲卷】
例7. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.【2020年浙江卷】
例8. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students. 【2019年江苏卷】
知识点7 状语
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条
件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之
前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之
后，放于实义动词之前。
构成：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等充当。
例1. I will do anything to help an animal . (不定式表目的)【2024年新高考I卷】
例2. One day , we had a family dinner.【2024年全国甲卷】
例3. A dditional ly from time to time I will assign group work to be completed.【2022年新高考I
卷】
此外，我将不时地分配小组工作来完成。
例4. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets , the door swung shut behind me.【2024 年浙江
卷】
当我冲到户外去清空废纸篓时，门在我身后突然关上了。
知识点8 同位语
同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成
分叫做同位语。
构成：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
（1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian.
【2024年新高考I卷】
（2）代词：They all wanted to see him.
He himself d oesn’t know why.
（3）数词：Are you two ready?
（4）同位语从句：The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
知识点9 插入语
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
例1. To be frank , I don’t agree with you.
例2. Strictly speaking , you are wrong.
例3. This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.
例4. Honestly , I don’t need it at the moment.例5. You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
考点二 基本句型
No. 1 主+谓：S+V
谓语动词为不及物动词。
例1. The sun rises. （rise-rose-risen 是vi，不能带O.）
例2. My brother works in a bank.
例3. The car stopped.
例4. The man died peacefully.
例5. The first impression counts/matters.
例6. Class activities will vary from day to day.【2022年新高考I卷】
例7. They first met at the age of 20. 【2024年全国甲卷】
No. 2 主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V. + O. ）
谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。
例1. She broke the vase.
例2. I like swimming.
例3. I want to buy a house.
例4. It has lasting artistic value.【2024年浙江卷听力】
易错题型 1 ：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest，advise，stop，resist，enjoy，imagine，finish，admit， excuse，delay，practise, consider， keep，
mind， understand，avoid，miss，risk ，succeed in，be busy，be worth，be used to，give up，look
forward to
易错提醒 2 ：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，
wish, hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem,agree, etc.
No. 3 主语+谓语+双宾（S. + V. + O.+O. ）
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
可借助for的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。
例1. He brings me cookies every day.
例2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.例3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
例4. Pass me the book,please
例5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
No. 4 ：主+系+表
类别 系动词
状态类 be
感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel
表象性 seem ，appear
变化类 Get， turn, grow, become, go，fall
持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand
结果性 prove , turn out
例1. The car is in good condition
例2. He looked tired.
例3. The football match is on.
例4. My work is teaching French.
例5. The question is who can really repair the machines.
例6. The flower smells pleasant.
例7. A pair of sunglasses proves useful.
No. 5 主谓宾宾补: S+Vt.+O+O.C
例1. The sun keeps us warm.
例2. I heard him singing.
例3. You must get your hair cut.
例4. They made Tom monitor.
名师提醒：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用
的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
例1. I found it very pleasant to be with your family
例2. Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
No. 6. There +be
例1. There lies a book on the desk.
例2. I think there is a problem with the engine.【2021年新高考I卷听力】考点三 长难句揭秘
揭秘：找谓语，定主语，定主干，去枝叶；找连词，定逻辑。
依托前面所讲的句子成分和句子种类，按照上述方法，即可抽丝剥茧，简化复杂的句式为简单句，然后依
据词义和词性进行理解即可。
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
典例 1.（2024 年新高考 I 卷）Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin
Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.
典例2.（2024年新高考I卷）"I am ahead of my time." If he seems a little defensive, it might be
because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.
变式训练1. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than
3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the
United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.
变式训练2.（2022浙江卷） Given that this is the case why aren’t students taught to manage conflict
the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars or stay physically fit.
一、 真题实战
1.（2024年全国甲卷）These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their
nature since the beginning of time.
2.（2022 年新课标全国 I 卷） Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be
ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes
from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class.3．（2023年新高考I卷 ）A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and
along rocks where tiny creatures lived.
4.（2022年新课标全国I卷 ) A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes
in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
5.（2022年全国甲卷）The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was
one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
6.（2022 年浙江卷 1 月）As soon as she graduated from high school，she left home to live on
Catalina Inland off the California coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of
sailing and off-road biking.
二、命题演练
长难句语法填空
1. (2024届云南省昆明市一中高三试题）Containing valuable information about evolved strategies to reduce
plant stress, seed banks are considered seed libraries), and can help to create genetically modified (调整过的)
versions of (exist) seeds.
2.（云南师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三适应性试题） (ensure) safe transportation, the pages
were carefully framed (镶框) by the Morgan Library and Museum in New York.
3.（广东省湛江市第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三试题） The 150-metre-tall bridge crosses a deep, narrow
valley,_______ aim is to bring in thrill-seeking tourists.
5.（广东省广东省四校联考2023-2024学年高三试题）While artificial sweetener __ (add) to many food
products routinely, other kinds of natural sweetener such as stevia (甜菊糖) are also highly popular with health-
conscious eaters.
6.（山东省齐鲁名校2023-2024学年高三联合检测）Sitting inside the Shenzhou XVI spacecraft, Gui Haichao,
the first Chinese civilian on a spaceflight, together with the other two astronauts, ______________( launch) by a
20-story-tall Long March 2F carrier rocket, which took off at 9:31 am on May 30, 2023 at the Jiuquan Satellite
Launch Center.
7.（江苏省常熟市 2023-2024 学年高三试题） The controversy spread not only on Chinese social media
platform Sina Weibo, but also among Chinese nationals around the world, a series of activities erupted
among people to speak up and defend Chinese culture.
