专题 02 阅读理解
（说明文）
1.（2024届·广西玉林一模）
Tariq Qaiser, an architect, is trying to protect mangroves (红树林). The trees could save Pakistan’s largest city
Karachi, sitting on the Arabian Sea, from natural disaster. He comes to Bundal Island several times a week to
document the illegal cutting of mangrove trees. Very often, “You can’t hear a single bird because the chain saws are
so loud. The trees are cut down illegally for firewood,” he says, shaking his head. Besides, developers clear the
mangroves to make room for construction.
Karachi has a hot climate, and its concrete buildings and paved roads make it even hotter. Offshore, there are
islands where mangroves grow. They could be the key to slowing climate change. Mangrove forests pull carbon
dioxide out of the air, holding four times as much of the planet-warming gas as other forests can. They support
diverse ecosystems. As sea levels rise with global warming, the trees could play a big role in protecting coastal
cities like Karachi from flooding. Karachi’s mangroves are disappearing. But its numbers are rising in other parts of
Pakistan. With replanting efforts, the country has tripled (三倍于) its mangrove coverage over the past 30 years．
Qaiser’s work may have worked. Recently, a court in Karachi declared Bundal Island’s mangroves to be
protected forests. But unforested parts of the island remain unprotected, and developers want to build there. City
officials say this could provide much-needed housing and bring in billions of dollars. They claim that some of that
money could be used to plant mangroves in other parts of Pakistan.
Ecologist Rafiul Haq appreciates Qaiser’s “extraordinary work” educating the public about mangroves. But he
wishes Qaiser would look at the bigger picture. “Only 7% of Pakistan’s mangroves are in Karachi,” Haq says. He
thinks it’s wrong to focus on the losses in 7% of the country while ignoring the success in 93% of it. But Qaiser
believes it’s important to protect every bit.
1．What do we know about Karachi’s mangroves?
A．They occupy the building land. B．They’re home to various birds.
C．They’re primarily being used as firewood.D．They protect the city from climate catastrophe.
2．Why are efforts made to conserve the mangrove trees?
A．Their birthplaces meet crisis. B．They boast huge diversity.
C．Their bonds with nature are close. D．They grow at a rapid speed.
3．What does the Karachi government plan to do?
A．Grow mangroves in other areas. B．Destroy buildings to grow mangroves.
C．Build more mangrove reserves. D．Use mangroves to make profit.
4．What does Haq think of Qaiser’s work on Karachi’s mangroves?
A．Challenging. B．Effective. C．Insignificant. D．Partial.
2.（2024届·广西玉林一模）It’s well-known that humor can benefit us both physically and mentally. The idea that laughter is the best
medicine has been around since ancient times. In his 1905 book, Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious,
Sigmund Freud argued that humor is the highest of the psyche’s defense mechanism (机制), capable of turning
anxiety into pleasure.
There are four humor styles. Affiliative humor refers to jokes about things that might be commonly considered
funny, which is usually employed to improve relationships or make others laugh. If you’ve ever shared a funny
picture with a coworker, you’ve used affiliative humor. Self-enhancing humor involves being able to laugh at
yourself, often used as a way for you to deal with stress or difficulties and feel better as a result. Aggressive humor
is laughing at the expense of others, which often involves sarcasm (讽刺), teasing, and criticism. Self-defeating
humor is the art of putting yourself down to gain favor from your peers, which is possibly used by someone who’s
targeted by bullies.
Each style of humor actually carries a different influence, when it comes to mental health. Julie Aitken
Schermer, a psychological researcher at The University of Western Ontario, says people using self-enhancing
humor are less likely to show signs of loneliness and poor relationships with others. By contrast, both aggressive
and self-defeating humor styles can hint at trouble. “We find that self-defeating humor is the most concerning style
as it is also linked with loneliness and feelings of not mattering. Those with an aggressive humor style may not
experience loneliness as much, however, since they rely on group dynamics (群体动力) in order to make fun of
their peers,” says Schermer.
Even if you tend to favor more negative humor styles, there’s no reason to lose heart. Schermer says people
can develop a positive, self-enhancing humor style by concentrating on the lighter and more humorous aspects of
life. As author Kurt Vonnegut once wrote, “Laughter and tears are both responses to worries and anxieties. I prefer
to laugh, since there is less cleaning up to do afterward.”
5．Why is Sigmund Freud’s book mentioned in Paragraph 1?
A．To show the importance of mental health.B．To stress the role of humor.
C．To persuade people to stay positive. D．To introduce ancient jokes to us.
6．According to the text, which kind of humor may you use to relieve pressure?
A．Affiliative humor. B．Self-enhancing humor.
C．Aggressive humor. D．Self-defeating humor.
7．What does the underlined phrase “hint at” probably mean in the third paragraph?
A．Signal. B．Explain. C．Prevent. D．Solve.
8．Which of the following will Kurt Vonnegut probably agree with?
A．Humor is difficult to control. B．Crying is a good way of relief.
C．Humor is a double-edged sword. D．Laughter is the best cure for stress.
3.（2024届·广西北海一模）
Construction of Project Nexus is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2023. The 5-megawatt project will
consist of three sites along canals in central California with widths ranging from 20 feet to 100 feet.
If the pilot project proves solar canopies(檐篷) are a cost-effective way to produce clean energy and savewater, scores of similar installations could be built atop California’s canal network-one of the world’s largest water
distribution systems.
“This is a really exciting project,” California Natural Resources Secretary Wade Crowfoot said last month. “It
connects our efforts in California to improve water conservation and build drought resilience(抗旱能力) with the
clean energy transition we're driving across California.”
Project Nexus was inspired by a 2021 study by University of California researchers that was published in the
journal Nature Sustainability. Typically, 1%to 2% of the water that circulates through California's canals
evaporates(蒸发), a number that is expected to increase due to the climate crisis.
Using data from satellites, climate models, and automated weather stations, the peer-reviewed study estimated
that covering all of the approximately 4, 000 miles of California’s canals could extremely reduce evaporation,
saving 63 billion gallons of water annually —comparable to the amount of water required to irrigate 50, 000 acres
of farmland or meet the water needs of more than 2 million people.
Governor Gavin Newson has allocated additional funds to help local communities cope with water scarcity
and encourage Californians to use less water. “Research and common sense tell us that in an age of intensifying
drought, it's time to put a lid on evaporation,” said Jordan Harris, CEO of Solar AquaGrid, the company that is
building the solar canopies.
The study found solar canals would be able to generate 13 gigawatts of clean power, equal to approximately
one-sixth of the state's current installed solar capacity. This additional generation could help California achieve its
goal of supplying at least 60% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
9．What is the purpose of Project Nexus?
A．To enlarge the canal network throughout California.
B．To improve the quality of water used by local people.
C．To produce as much power as possible for California.
D．To help preserve California's declining water resources.
10．Where did the inspiration of Project Nexus come from?
A．A study published in a magazine. B．A clean water distribution system.
C．A peer-reviewed study evaluation. D．A sudden thought of the researchers.
11．How does the author show the benefit brought by Project Nexus?
A．By making a comparison. B．By listing scientific data.
C．By clarifying the process. D．By explaining the reasons.
12．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Climate change has a great effect on the water conservation.
B．Large amounts of clean water were produced by Project Nexus.
C．Project Nexus is the first-ever solar panel development in the world.
D．California's “solar canals” will save water and produce clean energy.
4.（2024届·甘肃白银一模）Denmark retired after practicing medicine for 73 years and then volunteered her services until she couldn’t
anymore. She died at the age of 114.
I met her by phone when the pediatrician (儿科医生) couldn’t figure out what was wrong with my baby. On
the phone, she talked with me for more than 30 minutes. I took her advice, and my baby was better about 10 days
later. She never charged me.
“You keep on doing what you do best as long as you can,” she was famous for the words. And it turned out her
advice about actively helping others was as good as her medical advice.
Obviously, we can’t all live as long as Dr. Denmark. But recent research has shown that volunteering provides
a longevity boost similar to the effects of adding multiple servings of fruits and vegetables to your daily diet.
Specifically, older adults who volunteer are at 24 percent less risk of early death. The positive impact of giving and
volunteering on older people goes beyond that. According to the research, adults over 55 who give their time for
others have an easier time with everyday tasks. Besides, volunteers experience 250 percent less cognitive decline
leading to dementia (痴呆).
According to a new study in the Journal of Happiness Studies, people who volunteer report higher levels of
happiness and life satisfaction. The study took it a second step and followed people who began volunteering—
monitoring their responses from the time they started volunteering. The longer they volunteered and the more they
volunteered, the greater level of happiness they reported.
You may already be volunteering your time. But if you’re not, consider the charities you support. Think about
the skills you might be able to offer them. You are likely to be glad about what you do.
13．What can we infer about Denmark?
A．She retired at the age of 73. B．She volunteered for 73 years.
C．She was patient and professional. D．She once forget to charge the author.
14．How many benefits of volunteering are mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．1. B．2. C．3. D．4.
15．What does the author try to do in the last paragraph?
A．Seek support. B．Advise about sharpening skills.
C．Offer solutions. D．Encourage people to volunteer.
16．What’s the text mainly about?
A．The kindness of a doctor. B．The benefits of volunteering.
C．The process of being a volunteer. D．The struggle of child-raising.
5.（2024届·甘肃白银一模）
China has built in Kunming City, Yunnan Province, the Germplasm ( 种质) Bank of Wild Species, a
comprehensive national database for the collection and preservation of wildlife germplasm resources. As of the end
of 2020, the bank preserved 85,046 copies of 10,601 wild plant seeds for protecting wildlife germplasm resources.
Preserving dried and frozen seeds, the bank provides technological support for the protection and research, makes
use of China’s wildlife germplasm resources, and plays a major part in international biodiversity conservation.
The importance of science and technology for biodiversity conservation is increasingly obvious. When remotesensor monitoring was not available, agricultural technicians had no choice but to go for field studies, which could
barely meet the need for large-scale, fast and nondestructive (非破坏性的) monitoring of crop conditions and
timely prevention and control of diseases and pests. Nowadays, remote sensor monitoring has been applied in
agricultural production in China, allowing agricultural technicians to analyze the movements of insect pests and
evaluate plant diseases and insect pests by monitoring remotely the vegetation growth, coverage, surface
temperature, humidity and other indicators.
In the Internet era, information technology has made the processing of massive data possible and created wider
and more convenient platforms for biodiversity conservation in China, including Chinese Virtual Herbarium, Plant
Photo Bank of China, and National Animal Collection Resource Center. The emergence of databases and digital
programs in recent years is driving China to turn around its seriously threatened biodiversity.
From the collection and storage of information to the management and analysis of resources, the constantly
improving biodiversity information network has realized the exploration and use of massive biodiversity data,
providing a solid foundation for China’s biodiversity conservation and research. Biodiversity conservation and
science and technology are inextricable. Only by making science and technology a strong support for biodiversity
conservation can humankind guard the Earth and build a beautiful world of harmony among all beings on the
planet.
17．What can we learn about the bank from paragraph 1?
A．Its crisis. B．Its administration. C．Its role. D．Its staff.
18．What do researchers hardly need to do with the help of remote sensor monitoring?
A．Evaluate plant diseases and insect pests.
B．Go to fields to control the plant diseases.
C．Analyze the tracks of the pests of plants.
D．Satisfy the need to monitor crop conditions.
19．What does the underlined word “inextricable” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Linked. B．Competitive. C．Inadequate. D．Inessential.
20．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Develops Fast
B．Technologies Promote Chinese Biodiversity Protection
C．China Has Made Great Efforts to Process Massive Data
D．Information Technology Contributes Much to Many Fields
6.（2024届·甘肃张掖一模）
There was a time when the solar industry was considered dead money. It was too expensive, too inefficient,
and too inconsistent to be a good alternative energy source for anything, let alone your home or office.
But those days are long gone. Today, solar energy represents the future of our planet’s energy needs because
it’s cheap, efficient, consistent, and most importantly, clean.
Solar energy costs have dropped by more than 70% over the past 10 years, and solar energy is now cheaperthan fossil fuels in most parts of the United States. Let that sink in for a moment.
Better yet, the drivers of these cost declines—economies of scale and technological improvements powered by
Moore’s Law and Wright’s Law-are lasting, and therefore, solar energy is going to get even cheaper. Indeed, these
forces are so powerful in the solar industry that they have their own law-Swanson’s Law-which states that the price
of solar modules (组件) decreases by about 20%for every doubling in global solar capacity.
For what it’s worth, the US Department of Energy believes solar costs can and will fall by another 60% in
2030. So, solar energy is the cheapest way to power things today.
Meanwhile, solar panels have become very efficient at turning light from the sun into usable energy. Back in
1992, researchers at the University of South Florida created a thin-film solar cell with 15.9% efficiency—and that
was considered a breakthrough at the time. These days, though, your average silicon (硅) solar cells sport efficiency
rates above 20%. That’s standard. And manufacturers have created prototypes (原型机) that are getting 30%
efficiency, while some research efforts have even managed to achieve near 50% efficiency in certain lab tests.
At the same time, these solar systems have become dramatically more consistent. One of the biggest
disadvantages for solar energy in the early 2000s was its intermittency (间歇性) —the sun doesn’t shine every day,
so what do you do when it’s cloudy? Well, that’s why big batteries exist.
21．What can we learn from paragraph 4?
A．The worldwide popularity of solar energy.
B．The rapid increase in global solar capacity.
C．The contents of Moore’s Law and Wright’s Law.
D．The contributors to the decline in solar energy costs.
22．What is the purpose of the figures in paragraph 6?
A．To indicate the variety of solar cells.
B．To prove the wide use of solar cells.
C．To show the improvement of solar cells.
D．To compare the size of different solar cells.
23．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the solar industry?
A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Worried.
24．What is most likely to be talked about next?
A．The wide use of solar power. B．The alternative to solar power.
C．The disadvantage of solar power. D．The storage of solar power.
7.（2024届·江西景德镇·统考一模）
It turns out our plants are just like us in some ways. We turn to medicines to relieve a minor flu or headache,
and plants too have their ways of self-medicating. They protect themselves from environmental hazards like
insects, drought and heat by producing salicylic acid (水杨酸). It is responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of
aspirin, a drug which has been used by humans for centuries to counter pain and inflammation.
Researchers have found that plants’ salicylic acid, which is produced in chloroplasts (叶绿体), is usuallygenerated in response to the stress caused by climate change. “It’s like plants use a painkiller for aches and pains,
just like we do,” said plant biologist Wilhelmina van de ven from the University of California, River-side (U. C．
R)
“We’d like to be able to use the finding to improve crop resistance (作物抗性),” said U. C． R.plant
geneticist Jin-Zheng Wang. “That will be crucial for the food supply in our increasingly hot, bright world.”
Human skin produces ROS (Reactive oxygen species) (活性氧) in the absence of sunscreen. This causes
freckles and burns. Similarly, environmental stresses result in the formation of ROS in plants which, at high levels,
can cause death.
At low levels, however, ROS serves an essential function in plant cells. “ROS is a double-edged sword,” said
Wang. “At non-lethal levels, ROS are like an emergency call to action, enabling the production of protective
hormones ( 激素) such as salicylic acid.” The acid then acts to protect the plants’ chloroplasts, known to be the site
of photosynthesis.
“With climate change, things like salicylic acid: helping plants stand up to stresses have become more
common. So, being able to increase plants’ ability to produce it represents a step forward in challenging the impacts
of climate change on everyday life,” said Katayoon Dehesh, UCR professor of molecular biochemistry.
“Those impacts go beyond our food. Plants being in trouble are a sign of what the future holds for us,” she
continued. “Plants clean our air by removing the carbon dioxide from it while also offering us shade, and providing
habitats for numerous animals. For humankind, the benefits of boosting plants’ ability to survive are becoming
increasingly essential.”
25．What is the main function of salicylic acid in plants?
A．To secure plants. B．To produce chloroplasts.
C．To relieve pain and inflammation. D．To generate hormones.
26．What is the main cause of ROS formation in plants?
A．Lack of sunscreen. B．Chloroplastic acid.
C．Environmental stresses. D．Use of Photosynthesis.
27．What is the main goal of the researchers at UCR?
A．To explore the history and significance of aspirin in human medicine.
B．To invent a device that can make plants do self-medicating.
C．To compare the differences between plants and humans in self-medicating.
D．To improve crop resistance by increasing plants’ ability to produce salicylic acid.
28．What is the text mainly about?
A．Plants can be improved to resist environmental hazards.
B．Plants produce their own aspirin to cope with stress.
C．Plants and humans share some common features and needs.
D．Plants contribute to the well-being of humans and animals.
8.（2024届·江西萍乡一模）Some people get more averse to risk as the years go by. Not so Gail MacCallum, who at age 40 quit a secure
job and left the city to explore more possibilities of life.
MacCallum moved quite a bit in childhood and spent her formative years outside Canberra in a farmhouse
without electricity, where she enjoyed the freedom of the natural world. In her teens, she and her family moved into
the heart of inner-city Sydney, and she found she adored that too.
In 2015, MacCallum and her then partner had a daughter, Amelia. They wanted to make sure that despite being
a city kid, Amelia had plenty of natural encounters so they sought out places to climb trees, watch lizards and spot
turtles. But one day MacCallum realised her little girl was more at ease with busy streets than bushland. “When she
was about seven, we were visiting a friend whose place had a beautiful lawn. Amelia called out to me and said, ‘I
can’t go into the wild!’ We decided we had to let her experience a wider world and two months later we were in a
camper van heading off around Australia.”
MacCallum admits she felt worried. “I thought we’d need to know some basic things but the trip was like a
leap in the dark. ” As it happened, the van they’d bought broke down just 90 minutes into the trip. But after repairs
they set off again and travelled the country for six months, during which Amelia became an enthusiastic adventurer.
“That trip helped me understand that success doesn’t have to be assured,” MacCallum says. “I realised that you can
start something and just work it out as you go along.”
29．What does the underlined word in paragraph 1 mean ?
A．Motivated. B．Confident. C．Unwilling. D．Regretful.
30．What do we know about MacCallum?
A．She is a person in favor of stability.
B．She preferred the inner city to the rural area.
C．Her love for nature was rooted in her childhood.
D．She knew much about long-distance travelling.
31．What can be inferred from paragraph 3?
A．Amelia was raised in a casual way.
B．Amelia was a nature enthusiast just like her parents.
C．MacCallum and her partner planned the trip separately.
D．MacCallum expected her daughter to be close to nature.
32．Which words can best describe their trip?
A．Costly but satisfying. B．Eventful but educational.
C．Boring but meaningful. D．Difficult but romantic.
9.（2024届·江西萍乡一模）
Late nights, early starts, nightmares, anxiety, children ... there are so many things that can cut into our shut-
eye. When does that threaten our health — and what can we do about it?
To start with the basics: if you are getting anywhere from seven to nine hours a night, you’re probably fine.
But you should certainly get concerned with consistently sleeping less than seven hours a night, and reallyconcerned if it dropped to six or below. “If you are waking up a lot in the night, this will impact the quantity and
quality of your sleep, which can lead to harm in your immune system, impairment in gut (肠道) health and many
other side-effects,” says Christopher Barker, a personal trainer and sleep management adviser. “It may be an
indicator of a sleep disorder or another underlying health condition — if you’re concerned about any of these
issues, it’s worth talking to your doctor.”
So what is your best bet for catching some quality Zs? Well, start during the day. Try to expose yourself to
sunlight during the day to keep your circadian rhythms on track. Physical activity can also help: sleep and exercise
have a bidirectional relationship. In a 2022 poll, participants who undertook vigorous physical activity tended to
fall asleep faster, woke up less during the night and woke up feeling refreshed, compared with non-exercisers.
When it’s time for bed, make sure you turn in at a reasonably consistent hour, and keep your sleep hygiene in
shape. “You should try to keep your weekend routine within one to two hours of your weekday one, and keep them
highly consistent,” says Barker. “I’d also suggest keeping your bedroom free of electronics, and keep it cool and
dark. I often work with athletes, and one of the first things I ask them to do is activate their devices’ night mode,
which cuts down on the emission of blue light that can impede sleep. Ideally, stay off all of your devices for an hour
before bed.”
Oh, and taking a deep breath really can work: there is evidence that it activates your parasympathetic nervous
system (副交感神经系统) and winds you down.
33．Why does the author mention “so many things” in the first paragraph?
A．To introduce the topic. B．To make comparisons.
C．To support his/her argument. D．To seek opinions.
34．What may be an indicator of a sleep disorder?
A．Deep breath. B．Gut discomfort.
C．Sufficient bedtime. D．Sleep consistency.
35．How can we get quality Zs?
A．Exercise regularly. B．Work with athletes.
C．Keep weekends busy. D．Activate digital devices.
36．What’s the text mainly about?
A．Stress from a poor sleep.
B．Trend of sleeping less at night.
C．Bad habits that threaten our health.
D．Ways to get a consistent good sleep.
10.（2024届·江西萍乡一模）
Imagine you’re out for an evening stroll in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like
most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because its popularity is bound to reflect
on the quality of food and service. But is this true?
Naturally copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as“herd behaviour”. It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals, a common example
being sheep. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. After all, there’s “safety in numbers”.
Psychology research suggests that the phenomenon relies on the existence of social connections or patterns
between individuals as well as specific mechanisms of passing on information. A key prerequisite (前提) is the
human ability to “mentalise”, which means being able to read and interpret someone else’s mental state and using
the information to explain their choices.
Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgement of individual group
members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behavior typically rely on so-called
“information cascades (信息瀑布) ”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically
assessing the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of irrational (不理性的) or simply stupid
behaviors. Consequently, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including unfavorable influences on
consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above.
However, it seems there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure of herd behaviour. Instead, long-term attitude
changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’
opinion, and questioning others’ behavior as opposed to blindly following them.
37．Which of the following can be called “herd behaviour” ?
A．Choosing the most crowded restaurant to dine in.
B．Asking friends for suggestions when in confusion.
C．Running out immediately when the fire bell rings.
D．Analyzing a product carefully before buying it.
38．An important condition for herd behaviour lies in _______.
A．explaining life patterns
B．understanding social connections
C．comprehending others’ mental state
D．sharing information among individuals
39．What leads to the herd behaviour?
A．Wisdom of crowds. B．Uncertain outcomes.
C．Lack of rational analyses. D．Enough individual opinions.
40．How can people avoid the the herd behaviour?
A．Never follow the trend. B．Keep a questioning mind.
C．Say no to any popular events. D．Stand opposite against the public.
11.（2024届·吉林·统考一模）
A revolution has recently taken place in behavioural biology. Its consequences are far-reaching, both for our
self-image as humans and for our relationship with animals. Just a few decades ago, behavioural science was
guided by two key beliefs: animals cannot think, and no scientific statements can be made about their emotions.
Today, the same discipline holds both ideas to be false and assumes the very opposite: animals of some species arecapable of insight – they can recognize themselves in a mirror and exhibit at least a basic sense of self-awareness –
and they have rich emotional lives that seem to be amazingly similar to those of humans.
Indeed, the transformation of the concept of the animal in modern behavioural biology has been fundamental.
This has been confirmed by the death of a third belief: for decades, it was taught that animals behave for the good
of their species. Today we know this is not the case. Rather, animals do everything to ensure that copies of their
own genes are passed to the next generation with maximum efficiency and, when necessary, they will also kill
conspecifics. Clearly, they are not, as Jane Goodall had once famously hoped, ‘like us, but better’.
The border between humans and animals is also beginning to blur in other areas. Certain aspects of the social
environment can cause stress for both humans and animals, while other similar factors can relieve it. Indeed, animal
behaviour does not develop in a fixed manner: environmental influences, socialisation, and learning can change an
animal from the prenatal phase (胎儿期) through adulthood. Like humans, animals ultimately appear individualised
upon closer inspection.
However, such similarities across genes, brain structure, and the endocrine (内分泌的) system do not
automatically imply similarities concerning thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. To better understand these
characteristics, we need to look at specific studies in both animals and humans. In the case of animals, such studies
take place within the field of behavioural biology, which was properly defined by one of the fathers of the
discipline, the Nobel Prize winner Nikolaas Tinbergen, as ‘the study of behaviour by biological methods’.
41．According to the new research, some animals___________.
A．possess rich emotions. B．can hardly recognize themselves.
C．can show little self-awareness. D．are incapable of understanding.
42．It can be inferred that animals’ behavioural actions are mainly driven by __________.
A．their desire to protect their species.
B．their ability to recognize themselves in mirrors.
C．their urge to guarantee the gene transmission.
D．their eagerness to be socially interacted.
43．Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 3?
A．There’s a clear distinction between humans and animals.
B．Social environment may have an impact on animal behavior.
C．Animals will eventually become standardized.
D．Learning alone can shape animal behaviour altogether.
44．Which of the following titles best summarizes the article?
A．Evolution of Views in Behavioral Biology: Typical Human, Typical Animal?
B．The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Study of Similarities and Differences with Humans
C．Understanding the Blurred Boundaries: The Human – Animal Connection in Modern Science
D．Past and Present: How Behavioral Biology Views Animals
12.（2024届·吉林·统考一模）Behind the Mask
Wearing the face of Patih Manis, a character in Bali’s dance dramas, means more than simply putting on a
tapel, or mask.
“When you dance with a tapel and perform its character, you undergo a transformation,”says I Made Bandem,
a scholar and teacher of Balinese arts – and a dancer for seven decades. “You must’marry’that mask and make ritual
(仪式) offerings to create unity between yourself and the tapel. Many dancers will sleep with the mask beside them,
so that they can learn its true character.”
Hand – carved tapel are essential to Topeng Pajegan and Topeng Panca, dance dramas often held at temple
festivals and family rituals across this Indonesian island. The masks, along with delicate costumes, music that
makes you sleep, and staccato movements – sometimes only of the fingers – have attracted Balinese audiences
since the 17th century. The stories staged in Pajegan and Panca tell the history of the Balinese people, and the
characters never change: Their appearance, movements, roles, and even the order in which they emerge remain the
same. Yet in spite of this structure, topeng leave room for a great deal of artistic freedom. With no written text and
no required musical arrangement, the entire performance which can last around four hours will be an improvisation
– dancers and musicians drawing signals from one another.
It’s believed that every mask used for performance has a spirit. And if the correct offerings and taboos have
been observed and the dancers have devoted themselves to mental, physical, and spiritual training, then during a
dance drama their bodies will become a medium for the tapel’s spirit.
“A dancer strives to achieve taksu, which is a combination of presence, power, and passion, ”says
Bandem.“This is what we pray for before we perform; it is through taksu that we bring the ancestors and their
stories to life.”
45．What can we learn about tapel from the first two paragraphs?
A．Tapel refers to a character’s name.
B．Tapel is supposed to be with the dancers all along.
C．Tapel builds a bridge between the dancer and the true character.
D．Tapel experiences dramatic changes when worn by a dancer.
46．All the following can attract the audience at the dance dramas mentioned except________.
A．Well-designed costumes. B．Balinese stories. C．Uplifting music.D．Artistic
freedom.
47．Which one can better explain the meaning of “improvisation” in the third paragraph?
A．A performance created casually. B．A performance with full preparation.
C．A performance given perfectly terribly. D．A performance without deliberate preparation.
48．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．Taksu is a Balinese dancer’s pursuit. B．The story behind the mask.
C．Tapel’s spirit is impossible to overlook. D．Taksu is a medium to connect the past and the present.
13.（2024届·吉林长春·统考一模）
For all of human history, eating meat has meant killing animals. But scientists behind lab-grown meat saythat’s no longer necessary. They produce meat by growing cells obtained from an animal’s body.
Lab-grown meat, also called “cell-cultivated” or “cultured” meat, is made by feeding a mix of nutrients to
animal cells in steel tanks in labs. The idea is to create an alternative to agriculturally raised meat. And unlike other
meat substitutes which are made from plant proteins and other ingredients, lab-grown meat is real meat. When
ready, the meat is formed into shapes such as sausages or nuggets (块), and looks, smells and tastes like any other
grocery store version,
Recently, the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has given two companies approval
to sell lab-grown chicken. The approval launches a new era of meat production aimed at eliminating harm to
animals, and reducing the environmental impacts of grazing (放牧) and growing feed for animals. Scientists warn
that the typical way meat is produced now, in concentrated animal feeding operations, is a risk factor for the
emergence of diseases. Lab-grown meat is more sustainable and can be produced without antibiotics, and without
producing greenhouse gas emissions linked to animal agriculture.
“Everything we know about how meat can be made is going to change. But don’t expect to see cultivated meat
in grocery stores just yet,” said Uma Valeti, CEO of UPSIDE Foods. Lab-grown chicken is much more expensive,
because it cannot yet be produced on the scale of traditional meat.
“To make cultivated meat, energy use needs are high,” said Bruce Friedrich, president and founder of the
Good Food Institute, a nonprofit group that promotes alternative proteins. However, the disadvantage of high
energy needs will be offset by the reduction in land and water use and other benefits. If cultured meat is produced
on a large scale, it could also offer a solution to feeding the world’s growing population.
49．What do we know about lab-grown meat?
A．It is abundant in plant proteins.
B．It can be bought in grocery stores.
C．It is generated from animals’ cells.
D．It tastes more delicious than traditional meat.
50．What is the potential benefit of lab-grown meat?
A．Higher safety for eating.
B．Lower costs for restaurants.
C．Improvements in traditional agriculture.
D．Positive impacts on climate change and animals.
51．What problem does the author mention in paragraph 4?
A．It is hard to produce lab-grown meat in quantity.
B．The USDA doesn’t approve the sale of lab-grown meat.
C．Many people raise doubts about the safety of lab-grown meat.
D．Lab-grown meat can disturb competition in the meat industry.
52．What does the underlined word “offset” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Balanced. B．Satisfied. C．Increased. D．Exchanged.14.（2024届·吉林长春·统考一模）
It’s a race against time, as generations of cultural heritage conservators at the Dunhuang Academy make a
great effort to protect the artistic charm of the Mogao Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, despite erosion(侵
蚀) by sand and wind.
The team is dedicated to protecting the 45,000 square meters of murals(壁画) and more than 2,400 painted
sculptures of the 735 caves of the site, the construction of which spans about a thousand years, from the 4th century
to the 14th century. The cultural relics are the product of the cultural exchanges that took place over centuries on
the ancient Silk Road. “Our work, repairing murals and painted sculptures, is to better preserve the caves, which
promotes the great Dunhuang spirit of inclusiveness to the world and inspires modern people,” says Su Bomin,
director of the Dunhuang Academy.
Commonly seen “diseases” affecting the murals include cracking and flaking (剥落), as well as erosion that is
caused by changes in temperature and humidity of the caves, and the deposition of salts. To restore a mural requires
an all-rounder. Restorers should know painting, master the skills of a mason and have some knowledge of
chemistry and physics, to be able to recognize the problems and their corresponding causes and deliver a solution.
They must also select proper materials and tools, and conduct experiments, before formally carrying out the
restoration and evaluating the effect afterward.
The restoration should respect the original work and aim to maintain the status quo of the murals rather than
repainting them. When the restorers find some parts of murals missing or fading away, they never repaint them to
create a “perfect” appearance in restoration. “Cultural relics are witnesses of history,” explains Su.“When you
pursue the so-called intact(完好无损的) look for artistic reasons, you will lose their key meaning.”
Cave conservation is about continuously solving problems. “It needs a long-term research to better preserve
the caves, over a much wider time span that goes beyond our lifetimes,” Su says. But at least, they can keep the
existing look of the murals for as long as possible.
53．What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?
A．To show the popularity of Dunhuang murals.
B．To explain the history of the ancient Silk Road.
C．To stress the significance of the restoration work.
D．To present the ways of protecting cultural heritage.
54．Which of the following best describes the restoration work?
A．Creative. B．Well-paid.
C．Interesting. D．Demanding.
55．What should restoring murals focus on according to paragraph 4?
A．Spotting the faded murals in time.
B．Fixing the missing parts of murals.
C．Making preservation of the murals as they are.
D．Repainting to perfect the appearance of murals.
56．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．The Artistic Charm of Mural Paintings.
B．The Mural Restoration in the Mogao Caves.
C．The Successful Experiment on Cave Conservation.
D．The Role of the Dunhuang Spirit in Chinese Culture.
15.（2024届·吉林一模）
An environmental group in Colombia is leading a project to save wild areas in the San Lucas Mountains with
the help of coffee growers.
Since 2016, San Lucas areas have been threatened by mining and coca (古柯) planting Gold miners and coca
growers make more money than coffee farms. Now the group WebConserva helps link coffee farmers with coffee
processors from around the country in order that they can earn more. At the same time coffee farms can serve as
boarders around the forests to protect the biodiversity within.
To date, the project includes 10 families who farm 400 hectares of coffee plants. WebConserva said it hopes,
in time, 200 families will be included. At that level. 20,000 hectares of untouched forest could be protected. The
families promise not to cut down trees to expand their crops or to hunt wild animals. In return, they receive $300
for 125 kilograms of coffee.
Arcadio Barajas is among those taking part. His coffee farm sets up a barrier between cattle farms and forests
where wild animals live, thus reducing the possibility of conflict between cattle farmers and wild animals. “Cutting
down the forest to plant coca and killing wildlife were against my faith, and now I feel that growing coffee lets me
be a good guard of the land,” he said.
Amnobis Romero is a former coca grower and miner. “Many families depended on illegal activities to support
their children years ago. Now, we feel it a duty to look after this biodiversity and leave it for future generations,” he
said. Activists want San Luvas to be protected as a national park, but the process has been slow. Carlos Valderrama,
director of Webconserva, hopes the project can build production system that will last far into the future. “It protects
forests, biodiversity and ecosystems at the same time as improving coffee growers’ quality of life,” he said.
57．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Coffee farmers.
B．WebConserva members.
C．Gold miners.
D．Coca growers.
58．How does WebConserva members save wild areas in San Lucas?
A．By increasing cattle farms.
B．By setting up a barrier.
C．Ry developing gold mining.
D．By encouraging coffee farming.
59．What does the author intend to show by mentioning Arcadio Barajas and Arnobis Romero?
A．Families have enough money for their kids.B．Coffee planting will last for several generations.
C．Coffee farming changed the former coca growers’ lives.
D．The project benefit the forests more than the local farmers.
60．What can be inferred from the text?
A．Families protecting wildlife will get very rich.
B．WebConserva benefits ecosystems and local people’s life.
C．Gold mining and coca farming have been replaced rapidly.
D．San Lucas will develop into a national park in the near future.
16.（2024·吉林一模）
As the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has gone global, we’ve watched professionals fail as they try to
improve their emotional intelligence because they either don’t know where to focus their efforts or they haven’t
understood how to improve these skills on a practical level. In our work consulting with companies and coaching
leaders, we have found that if you’re looking to develop particular EI strengths, it helps to consider areas for
improvement others have identified along with the goals you want to achieve and then to actively build habits in
those areas rather than simply relying on understanding them conceptually.
The first step is to get a sense of how your self-perception (how you see yourself) differs from your reputation
(how others see you). This is especially true for the development of EI because we can be blind to how we express
and read the emotional components of our interactions. For example, most of us think that we’re good listeners, but
very often that’s really not the case. Without this external reality check, it will be difficult for you to identify the
ways that your actions affect your performance. Getting teed back from others can also provide proof of the
necessity of shifting our behavior and motivation to do so.
To give you the best sense of where the differences lie between your self-perception and reputation, you
should use a 360-degree feedback assessment that takes into account the multiple aspects of EI. The key is to find
one to give you feedback, which is focused on development and not on performance assessment. And that can give
you a detailed understanding of how other people’s assessments of you differ from your own assessments.
Secondly, when you get your feedback from an assessment, let that inform what you want to improve. But also
consider what your goals are. When it comes to cultivating strengths in emotional intelligence, you’re at a huge
disadvantage if you’re only interested because others say you should be. Your emotional intelligence is so tied up in
your sense of self that being intrinsically (内在的) motivated to make the effort matters more when changing
longstanding habits than it does when simply learning a skill.
That means the areas that you choose to actively work on should lie at the intersection of the feedback you’ve
gotten and the areas that are most important to your own aspirations (抱负). Understanding the influences of your
current EI habits relative to your goals will keep you going over a long period at time as you do the work or
strengthening your emotional intelligence.
61．What do we know from the first paragraph?
A．EI can be better improved with others’ help.
B．Leaders are badly in need of improving their EI.C．EI plays a key role in professional development.
D．Professionals fail to understand the concepts of EI.
62．According to the passage, which of the following is an “external reality check”?
A．You help your siblings make a key decision.
B．Your career development speeds up with others’ help.
C．You reflected yourself and made a New Year resolution.
D．Your teacher directed you towards a better attitude in study.
63．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 4?
A．To improve your EI, following your inner call is the most reliable.
B．It’s bard for others to know your EI because it hides deep inside.
C．To improve your EI, you should take your goals into consideration.
D．Acquiring a new skill is more significant than improving your EI.
64．Which of the following might the author agree with?
A．Your inner self discourages you from improving your EI.
B．Effective EI development is determined by different factors.
C．The importance of performance assessment is underestimated.
D．EI development is unlikely to happen unless you know what EI is.
