专题 12 阅读理解七选五(北京专用)
五年考情（2021-2025）
设题位置
命题趋势
年份 体裁 词数 段 段 段 主题语境 话题
首 中 尾
2025 议论文 269+87 0 3 2 人与自我 成年人的定义及其特质
题材聚焦前沿议题，题型
“刺猬”型和“狐狸” 设计强化篇章结构分析，
2024 说明文 281+82 1 4 0 人与社会
设空以段中句为主，侧重
型思维
逻辑关系考查，凸显批判
2023 说明文 255+83 1 2 2 人与自然 选择高校的建议 性思维与社会责任感。干
扰项设计更隐蔽，强调速
2022 说明文 225+81 1 4 0 人与自我 健康和健身
览全文定骨架、瞻前顾后
2021 说明文 275+102 2 3 0 人与社会 音乐对身体的好处 找衔接。
(2025·北京·高考)
What is adulthood? Societies all over the world view the concept of an adult as self-supporting and self-
directed, because it identifies a point in the life cycle.
As Alice Black points out, today’s parents’ fear of letting kids do more housework has added to their inability
to feel competent and, thus, confident in themselves. Psychologist Robert Turner wrote about this in his book, The
Life Cycle, mentioning a stage when kids learn self-direction and mastery. ____35____
But Turner’s other cycles are just as important. ____36____ If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or
denied, you feel incapable of accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating (操控)
the energy that puts together the fabric of your inner world.
Turner wisely said that “doing well” psychologically is being able to roll with the flow of emotions, manage
them, communicate clearly and well with others, and master various skills. This requires an internal locus (核心) of
control, which implies self-control of your thoughts, feelings, and actions. ____37____ You’re self-directed and
not reliant on the world to tell you who you are. And you know who you are within all this.
So, being an adult isn’t just holding a job. Being an adult is about having a rooted sense of self while being
capable of identifying and managing your emotions and actions. ____38____ We are a social species, so this is
important.
While raising an adult is a parent’s job, it’s also our responsibility as a society to ensure that we support
schools that nurture (培养) emotional and identity development. ____39____
A. It’s also our job to support adults who need help repairing incomplete life cycles.B. They talk about someone’s inability to support themselves through work.
C. It’s being able to show understanding when communicating with others.
D. In other words, you’re playing the game of life — life isn’t playing you.
E. They teach emotional awareness and management as well as identity.
F. You feel like an 18-year old, especially when playing 80s music.
G. When this stage is denied it creates a sense of insecurity.
(2024·北京·高考)
If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or a fox? According
to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things.
Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. ___35___ And
they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that
lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at.
___36___ The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies.
___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make
predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but
that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
The advantage that. foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range
of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. ___38___ They try to include it in their
viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and
don’t know.
So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. ___39___ The choice between
being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare
mixture known as foxy hedgehog.
A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each.
B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence.
D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing.
E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs.
F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional.
G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position.
(2023·北京·高考)
It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make
decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 35
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is
not counted in rankings. 36
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching
than courses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings issurprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most
important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education.
Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 38
Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many
instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
39 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with
more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank
schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where
high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A．Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.
E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
(2022·北京·高考)
Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore
our health. ____35____ It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.
____36____ We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be
attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not
have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This does not
definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic
conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. ____38____ For instance, we must
exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age
groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It
helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us
new goals of health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.
(2021·北京·高考)
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people． ____35____ The mental
health benefits from music can't be argued．Music could also be helping you with many other health problems
behind the scenes．
____36____However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain．By distracting
（分心） the mind from the pain，music，people say，can lower stress and anxiety levels．This，of course，
can lead to less pain．
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed．____37____While the validity of the
idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure．Similarly, according to
researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels，
through the lowering of stress and anxiety．
When it comes to heart health，there is speculation （推测） that it's not the style of music， but rather the
tempo that makes it so good for your heart health．In one European study，participants listened to music as the
researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure．____38____ On the other hand，when the music
slowed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow
suit．
____39____But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，
which is what makes music so valuable．
A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems．
B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud．
C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing．
D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep．
E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive．
F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety．
G. Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were．
1
(2025届北京市第十一中学高三下学期三模英语试题)They had names such as Tom the Terror, Dirty
Face, and Bilgewater. They traveled thousands of miles on warships with history’s saltiest sailors. They were
valued members of the crew, even issued uniforms for photographs and their own tiny beds for napping. They were
the cats that served in the world’s navies.
Ship cats are not a recent phenomenon. They have been serving on ships for almost as long as humans have
been going to sea. Ancient Egyptians depicted them hunting from boats sailing down the Nile. 1Cats’ hunting skills on land made them valuable companions at sea. Rats and mice caused major problems
on ships. 2 Cats were a cheap and effective solution to these problems — and they were also good
company. On long voyages, they could provide a vessel’s crew with affection and softness in the harsh environment
of a ship.
Not surprisingly, sailors developed plenty of beliefs around cat behavior. Seamen preparing to sail
considered it good luck when cats chose to board their vessels. 3 An even worse omen (预兆)? The
sight of two cats fighting on a pier could be forewarning that those setting sail would die.
Though cats are known for their dislikes to water, their biology makes them surprisingly suited to life at sea.
Unlike human sailors who drank lemon juice to prevent scurvy, cats can make their own vitamin C． 4
Cats are also able to obtain most of the water they need from their prey, so they do not require a lot of potable water
as human sailors do.
5 The long run of the ship cat was ended by stricter international quarantine laws imposed. Many
countries required a lengthy quarantine period for disembarking cats. If local officials caught one sneaking off a
ship, the captain could be fined or even placed under arrest.
A．But it was a dreadful sign indeed when a cat decided to jump ship.
B．Therefore, they can survive on a diet that lacks fruits and vegetables.
C．They polluted and consumed food, chewed through equipment, and spread disease.
D．And the cats made their way across the Mediterranean aboard Greek trading vessels.
E．And in the UK, the cats supplied to the Royal Navy even received a weekly allowance.
F．Since the beginning of the WWII, however, most navies of the world have adopted a similar policy.
G．However, following the end of the WWII, the special position that cats held on Navy ships began to decline.
2
(2025 届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三下学期三模英语试题)It’s no secret that life makes us
anxious. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, an estimated 19% of U.S. adults have been
diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. 1 A lack of in-person connection and interaction, time in nature and
engagement in our communities is creating “digital anxiety.”
At the root of most anxiety disorders is a difficulty coping with uncertainty. It is manifested in symptoms of
excessive worry and anxiety. Those with generalized anxiety disorder might worry about their own safety or that of
a loved one. 2 Digital anxiety, on the other hand, is rooted in our use of technology and social media
habits. One example is the stress caused by negative interactions from a social media post. There may be feelings
of inadequacy, hopelessness and social isolation.
People may also experience digital anxiety when separated from their phones. They might feel disconnected
and worry about not knowing of possible threats like war or a natural catastrophe. 3
Faced with digital anxiety, how can we reduce it? Here are a few recommendations to get you started.
4 Record how often you’re engaged with screens and technology. Note the time of day you’re most
likely to log on and how you feel before and after.
Accept that anxiety is a part of living. 5 Make a daily commitment to practice radical acceptance
— the ability to accept reality without judgment. That doesn’t mean you approve of negative events and situations.Rather, you accept these circumstances as things you might not be able to change at this moment — or ever.
A．Limit your social media and screen time.
B．They focus their attention on specific goals.
C．Be honest with yourself about your digital habits.
D．Life is unpredictable and often beyond your control.
E．Sometimes they miss out on a social event or lose touch with friends.
F．Or they may have persistent fears that something bad is about to happen.
G．Studies also show that too much time on social media is linked to greater anxiety.
3
(2025 届北京市八一学校高三下学期考前适应性练习英语试题)Literature is the study of human
communication. It deals with great writers, from Shakespeare to Cervantes, and deals with texts. Also, literature
offers access to vibrant forms of expression and asks us to embrace new ways of thinking about the world. It shows
us how to read critically, even asking why we read and write at all. 1
For a student of Literature, all forms of communication are considered texts and can become the focus of
critical inquiry. Rap lyrics, the language of advertisements, our favorite films, diaries, even our constantly updated
statuses on social media platforms, all are products of the urge to share ideas and experiences. 2 So to
study literature is to open a gateway to understanding complex values and preoccupations of individuals, small
communities and even whole societies.
3 And at the turn of the 19th century, writers themselves began to experiment with new ways of
looking at the written word. Modern literary criticism was born as Romantics, such as William Wordsworth’s
thought to define poetry.
A hundred years later, new schools of thought emerged that sought to understand the historical and cultural
backgrounds from which literature emerged. Marxist literary critics such as Terry Eagleton argued that literature is
not independent of its time and culture, but rather a product of it. 4 From the 1960s, fresh generations of
critics were turning their attention away from the creators of texts. These post structuralists looked beyond
authorial intent to focus on interpretation.
Literary criticism challenges the ways we think about the world and how it should be ordered. 5
A．It helps us understand who we are and how we are.
B．Because literature is complex, though, we need to decode it.
C．Above all, it explores how we communicate ideas and why.
D．And each offers its own insights into the ways that we, as humans, see the world.
E．Wordsworth explored the relationship between the poetry and the poet rather than the reader.
F．It helps us imagine what it is like to be someone else and to live a better, or simply different life
G．Other thinkers focused on identity, looking at the ways in which an author’s sense of self is produced by
society’s dominant ideologies (意识形态).
4
(2025届北京市精华学校高三下学期三模英语试题) We’ve all been there. Staring at a pile of work, achallenging project, or a taxing problem, we often feel like a mouse facing a cat. We get a sense of sink that is
being stuck between the rock and a hard place. 1
Yet, what if your brain, your greatest weapon, could be tricked into tackling these challenges? The human
brain is a complex, complicated marvel. It’s the director of your life’s play, the master manipulator, the strategist
pulling strings from backstage. 2 But the key is understanding that it can be trained fine-tuned, and
sometimes even tricked into doing tasks we might find too challenging or uncomfortable.
When faced with a complex task, our brains tend to freeze, overwhelmed by the magnitude of what lies
ahead. This natural response can be comforted by breaking down the task into smaller manageable “salami slices”.
Each slice is not as awful as the whole, encouraging you brain to take on one piece at a time. 3
Another method centered around the “2-minute rule”, which suggests that if a task can be done in two
minutes or less, do it immediately. But there’s a twist. 4 Tell your brain you’ll only work on a task for “2
minutes”. Once you’ve started, the inertia is broken, and often you’ll find yourself working much longer. The hard
part, as they say, is getting started.
Mastering your brain is no child’s play. It requires patience, perseverance, and a pinch of guile. The path to
productivity and tackling hard tasks isn’t always about brute force and willpower. Sometimes, it involves a little
cunning and the artful act of tricking your brain. 5 It’s time to start playing mind games — with
yourself.
A．The only way to tackle challenges is through willpower and determination.
B．A pullback into the comfort zone is too tempting to resist.
C．It’s like eating a pizza, one piece at a time makes it doable and even enjoyable.
D．You can also use this rule to trick your brain into starting larger tasks.
E．It is not always reliable and can sometimes lead us to a wrong way.
F．It’s your most critical treasure and sometimes, your biggest opponent.
G．So, the next time you’re faced with a challenge, remember you have the brain to overcome it all.
5
(2025届北京市朝阳区高三下学期二模考试英语试题) There is considerable evidence from studies with
adults that volunteering benefits a person’s physical and mental health. 1 A 2023 analysis suggested that
young people who had participated in community service were more likely to be in excellent health and stayed
calm when faced with challenges.
2 It could be that the children volunteers were already in great health. But because of an alarming
rise in mental health issues among young people, environmental health scientists believe this early evidence is
promising enough to pursue. A 2021 advisory warned that the number of young people reporting constant feelings
of sadness or hopelessness had increased by40 percent over the previous decade. There are multiple possible
causes, including anxiety over climate change, the effects of social media use and unfriendly personal
circumstances.
To address these problems, researchers point to the importance of “contribution” as an essential piece of
social and emotional development for teenagers. Volunteering is one good way young people can contribute. 3
In 2022, developmental psychologist Parissa Ballard and her colleagues tested volunteering as an intervention fornine 14-to-20-year-olds who had been recently diagnosed with mild to moderate depression or anxiety. After 30
hours of volunteer work at community organizations, the average reduction in depressive symptoms was 19
percent.
What accounts for the benefits? Helping others improves mood and raises confidence. It provides rich
ground for building social connections. It also changes how young people see themselves. Many teens don’t feel
important. 4
There may be a potential downside to volunteering, however. 5 “Young people have to choose
something that feels meaningful to them,” Ballard says. Adults can help by offering choices and checking volunteer
opportunities to be sure that organizations are well run and equipped to offer a good experience.
A．Admittedly, this finding only shows connections.
B．Now scientists are finding similar links in children and teenagers.
C．This improvement was in comparison with young people who did not volunteer.
D．The sense of mattering to others translates really well to their needs to connect and belong.
E．Everyone in the study enjoyed the work and reported a sense of pride and accomplishment.
F．The experience can be harmful if young people feel like they are being forced to participate.
G．Volunteering gives them a different sense of themselves, a sense of confidence and self-value.
6
(2025 届北京市昌平区高三下学期二模英语试题)Many people talk aloud to themselves. 1
Unlike the silent mental conversations termed inner speech, this behavior involves voiced expression. Researchers
have observed that the phenomenon frequently arises in particular circumstances; those living alone, for instance,
demonstrate heightened engagement with such self-dialogue. This inspires the researchers to investigate its
psychological roots.
2 Talking out loud is a common way for people who spend lots of time alone to keep themselves
company. For example, children who grow up alone practice self-talk more frequently than those who have
brothers and sisters — as well as adults who had an imaginary companion when they were kids.
Another significant factor driving people to talk out loud to themselves is the need to deal with stressful
situations, particularly when they feel uncertain about how to act or what emotions to process. Research has shown
that individuals tend to self-talk more when they are feeling anxious or dealing with repetitive thoughts. 3
Self-talk serves as a tool that helps them work through these challenges.
Age also plays a role in this behavior. Young children talk out loud to themselves as they are learning social
roles. 4 The elderly are also more likely to self-talk, which may be due to their need for memory
assistance or the result of lowered self-control.
Talking out loud to yourself is perfectly normal and even beneficial. It can improve how well you perform at
a task. In one study, basketball players performed better when they talked through their moves out loud in an
encouraging or instructional way. There can also, surprisingly, be a social aspect. In that case, self-talk blurs (模糊)
the line between internal and interpersonal communication. 5
A．It is a behavior known as external self-talk.
B．Their self-talk focus more on recalling past events.C．Upsetting experiences make people want to resolve them.
D．And eventually their self-talk becomes internalized as inner speech.
E．Social disconnection clearly stands out as one of several key reasons.
F．This behavior is commonly seen in people who have difficulty socializing.
G．It is a way to let other people directly or indirectly know what we are thinking.
7
(2025届北京市海淀区高三下学期一模英语试题)When you spend time with close friends, how do you
feel? You may feel like you belong. According to the Oxford dictionary, belonging is defined as a “deep sense of
acceptance, inclusion, and identification within a group, place, or context.” 1
Since the beginning of human evolution, people have connected with others in order to survive. This desire
to form and grow relationships is rooted in the human brain. 2 In 1943, Abraham Maslow was the first
psychologist to write about belonging as a human need. His theory, the Hierarchy (等级) of Needs, states that
humans must acquire their basic needs, such as physiological (生理上的) needs and needs related to safety, before
they can begin fulfilling other higher, more complex needs, like belonging or developing self-esteem.
Another groundbreaking research about belonging emerged in 1995. Mark Leary and Roy Baumeister found
that humans have a universal drive to belong, which motivates their thoughts and actions. In fact, this drive is so
important that they argued it was a fundamental human need-not a secondary need in a hierarchy. Their later
research explored the connection between self-esteem and belonging. According to their research, self-esteem is not
just about how people feel about themselves internally. 3
Although feeling connected to people is important in many settings, it becomes especially critical in schools.
A 2020 research analysis found that students who do not feel a sense of belonging at school are often searching for
threats in their environment that signal whether they are welcome or not. 4 This, in turn, can cause
poorer academic performance. It can also discourage students from forming deeper relationships. So, a student’s
feeling of belonging is vital for their learning.
5 Researchers will continue to analyze how personality, culture, and even social media shape how
connected we feel to others. With this knowledge, people can create schools and communities where more people
feel included. That way, we can develop a society that is overall healthier, happier, and more connected.
A．They may do things to increase their self-esteem.
B．This stress can use up cognitive resources needed for learning.
C．Belonging is a complex thing because it is influenced by many factors.
D．Over the years, researchers have been exploring this subjective feeling.
E．Feeling like you belong can actually improve many aspects of your life.
F．It actually serves as a warning signal that measures how much people feel accepted.
G．When you see yourself well suited to a specific environment, you feel valued and respected.
8
(2025届北京市西城区高三下学期二模英语试题)In our fast-paced, technology-driven world, the act of
eating has transformed from a mindful practice to an often hurried and distracted (分心的) activity. Distractedeating, characterized by consuming food while engaging in other activities such as watching television, scrolling
through smartphones, or working at a desk, is becoming increasingly widespread. 1
The common presence of digital devices and the constant demands of modern life have contributed to the
rise of distracted eating. 2 For instance, office workers frequently eat lunch while replying to emails, and
students snack during online classes. This behavior is not limited to any specific age group.
Distracted eating has several negative effects on physical and mental health. When attention is divided
between eating and another activity, it becomes challenging to recognize signals of being full. 3 Studies
have shown a correlation between distracted eating and an increased intake of calories, contributing to weight gain
and obesity.
Eating while distracted can impair digestion. The body needs to be in a relaxed state for proper digestion, but
multitasking can create a state of mild stress, affecting the digestive process. This can lead to discomfort, bloating,
and other gastrointestinal issues. 4 This reduces the overall nutritional quality of the diet, impacting
long-term health.
The practice of mindful eating, which involves paying full attention to the experience of eating, has been
linked to improved mental health outcomes. In contrast, distracted eating can contribute to stress and anxiety, as it
reduces the enjoyment and satisfaction of meals.
5 Creating specific areas for eating, free from digital devices and work related materials helps to
establish a clear boundary between mealtime and other activities. Establishing and following regular meal times
can reduce the temptation to cat while multitasking. This encourages a more structured approach to eating. Engage
in mindful eating by focusing on the sensory experience of food — its taste, texture, and aroma. This can enhance
the enjoyment of meals and improve satiety recognition.
As awareness of the issue grows, it is hoped that more people will recognize the benefits of mindful eating
and make conscious (自觉的) efforts to enjoy their meals fully and healthily.
A．Addressing distracted eating requires conscious effort and lifestyle changes.
B．Over time, this habit may weaken the brain’s ability to associate food with satisfaction.
C．Eating in response to boredom, rather than genuine hunger, is a frequent consequence of such behavior.
D．This shift in eating habits has significant consequences for our health and well-being.
E．This can lead to overeating, as individuals are less aware of how much they have consumed.
F．People are multitasking more than ever, trying to maximize productivity by combining meal times with other
activities.
G．Distracted eaters may make poorer food choices, choosing convenience foods that are often high in sugar, fat,
and salt.
9
(2025届北京市丰台区高三下学期二模英语试题)Much smaller in size than the diameter of an average
human hair, nanoplastics are invisible to the naked eye. Linked to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in people,
nanoplastics continue to build up, largely unnoticed, in the world’s bodies of water. 1
Therefore, at is urgent to develop better ways to remove nanoplastics from water. However the challenge
remains to develop a cost-effective solution to get rid of nanoplastics while leaving clean water behind. 2Recently, researchers created a cheap liquid-based solution that removes more than 98% of these microscopic
plastic particles (颗粒) from water.
The innovative method uses water-resistant solvents (溶剂) made from natural ingredients. It not only offers
a practical solution to the pressing issue of nanoplastic pollution but also paves the way for further research and
development in advanced water purification technologies. The strategy uses a small amount of designer solvent to
absorb plastic particles from a large dume of water. 3 Once mixed with water and allowed to reseparate,
the solvent floats back to the surface, carrying the nanoplastics within its molecular structure. Currently, the
capacity of the solvent is not well understood. 4 Additionally, they will explore methods to recycle the
solvent, enabling their reuse multiple times if necessary.
5 The solvents are made from safe, non-toxic components, and their ability to resist water prevents
additional pollution of water sources, making them a highly sustainable solution. From a scientific perspective,
creating effective removal methods fosters innovation in filtration technologies, provides insights into nanomaterial
behavior, and supports the development of informed environmental policies.
A．That’s where a new research comes in.
B．The cost of producing the solvent is still too high.
C．Previous methods failed to purify and recycle the small particles.
D．Initially, the solvent sits on the water’s surface the way oil floats on water.
E．In future work, researchers aim to determine the maximum capacity of the solvent.
F．The new method offers multiple advantages that are both practical and scientifically significant.
G．They can damage water ecosystems and enter the food chain, threatening wildlife and humans.
10
(2025届北京市东城区高三下学期二模英语试题)After seeing online advertising for “Willy’s Cbocolate
Experience”, people paid up to £80 each to attend. But it wasn’t as promised: instead of wondrous creations and an
abundance of chocolate, families arrived at a mostly abandoned warehouse featuring a sad-looking castle. Later it
emerged that the marketing materials were produced by artificial intelligence. Misleading ads are just one example
of a common problem in our digitalised world. Yet even as deception ( 欺 骗 ) grows more complicated,
countermeasures are being developed.
There is an arms race going on in the digital world. 1 Understanding that evolutionary conflict can
help us beat those who aim to lie to us. Disinformation certainly predates the existence of humans. Cancer cells, for
example, trick the immune system into treating them as a normal part of the body, causing white blood cells useless
against them.
2 Cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The foster parents are then deceived into
raising the young of others at the expense of their own. More complex are cases where wild tufted capuchin
monkeys may scream as though a predator (捕食者) is nearby to trick their fellow primates into running away from
food. 3
This links to the Red Queen hypothesis, which refers to a case where two organisms compete to outsmart
each other. 4 Cuckoos compete with host birds. Primates compete with each other. In each conflict, a new
strategy by one party forces the other to adapt — or face elimination in the cold game of natural selection.Disinformation today is a more complex version of the false monkey screams. The good news is that we
know enough about evolutionary thinking to predict which steps bad actors will take next. 5 We have
novel ways to trick it into evolving a weakness that we then take advantage of, a process called “evolutionary
trapping”. Similarly, we know someone will try to outfox the tools being developed to counter deepfakes. We can
predict what the next form of deepfake will look like, then prevent it.
A．Bodies compete with cancers.
B．We do this already with cancer.
C．They then take the food for themselves.
D．They become more intelligent with each trick.
E．We see disinformation strategies among animals, too.
F．We need to use our understanding to make traps of our own.
G．But the competition between deception and honesty is as old as life on Earth.
11
(2025届北京市海淀区高三下学期期末练习（二模）英语试题)Stuffed animals, or plush toys, are a
cherished part of childhood for many. Yet their appeal extends far beyond the early years. Whether it’s a soft lion or
a cuddly bunny, these comforting companions have a unique place in the hearts of millions. 51
One of the primary reasons stuffed animals are so beloved is the comfort they provide. For children, these
soft, huggable toys often serve as a source of emotional security. The act of cuddling a stuffed animal can provide
reassurance and a sense of calm. 1 The tactile sensation of soft fabric and the comforting weight of a
plush toy can act like a physical comfort object, similar to a security blanket.
Besides, stuffed animals often become loyal companions, offering emotional support. 2 The
attachment they develop to their stuffed animals is not just a passing phase. It often carries lasting emotional
significance well into adulthood.
3 Children might “care” for their toys in ways they see adults caring for them, developing empathy
and nurturing skills. This kind of play helps children understand complex emotions like love, concern, and
responsibility. This allows them to build emotional intelligence from an early age.
Beyond emotional comfort, stuffed animals have been used as tools in therapy. In child psychology,
therapists often incorporate stuffed animals to help children express their emotions, fears, and wishes in a non-
threatening way. When a child has difficulty verbalizing complex feelings, a stuffed animal can serve as a “voice”
for those emotions. 4 Many find comfort in hugging or holding a plush toy as a way to alleviate stress,
anxiety, or even physical pain. A growing body of research suggests hugging a stuffed animal can reduce stress
hormones, and trigger the release of oxytocin, which promotes feelings of well-being and relaxation.
A．Why do they hold such a special place in seeking comfort?
B．Many children treat them as real friends or family members.
C．But what makes stuffed animals more than just simple toys?
D．Stuffed animals are also often used as a form of role-playing.
E．It can help children feel safe, especially during times of stress.F．Cuddling stuffed animals in therapy can keep adults in high spirits.
G．Adults too can benefit from the therapeutic aspects of stuffed animals.
12
(2025届北京市门头沟区高三下学期3月综合练习（一模）英语试题)Daydreaming, often dismissed as
a waste of time, is increasingly recognized as a vital cognitive process. Far from being a sign of laziness,
daydreaming allows the brain to explore ideas, solve problems and foster creativity. Recent studies in neuroscience
have revealed the complex mechanisms behind this mental activity.
When we daydream, the brain enters a state known as the “default mode network” (DMN). 1 This
network becomes active when we are not focused on the outside world, enabling the brain to process information,
consolidate memories and generate new ideas. For example, many breakthroughs in science and art have emerged
from moments of spontaneous daydreaming.
Contrary to popular belief, daydreaming is not a passive activity. It requires significant mental energy and
involves complex neural activity. Research shows that during daydreaming, the brain engages in high-level
cognitive processes, such as planning, self-reflection and emotional regulation. 2
Moreover, daydreaming can enhance problem-solving abilities. By exploring in the daydream, many people
can find ways to tackle the problems. 3 By allowing the mind to wander, we can approach challenges
from new perspectives and uncover innovative solutions. Studies have found that individuals who daydream
regularly tend to perform better on tasks requiring creative thinking.
4 Negative daydreaming patterns can interfere with mental health and daily functioning. Excessive
or negative daydreaming, often linked to meditation, can lead to anxiety and reduced productivity. The key is to
strike a balance between focused work and intentional daydreaming.
To harness the benefits of daydreaming, it’s important to create opportunities for it. 5 For instance,
taking short breaks during work or engaging in activities like walking can stimulate the DMN and promote
productive daydreaming.
A．However, not all daydreaming is beneficial.
B．The DMN is a network of brain regions that activate during restful states.
C．These activities are essential for long-term goal setting and personal growth.
D．Daydreaming is most effective when combined with periods of intense focus.
E．The brain’s ability to switch between focused attention and daydreaming is crucial.
F．It also can improve emotional toughness by helping us process difficult experiences.
G．Structured daydreaming, such as guided visualization, can enhance its positive effects.
