ARTICLE · 1138203
剑雅真题精读笔记丨剑16-Test2-Passage2
剑雅真题精读笔记丨剑16-Test2-Passage2一、雅思核心词汇(按词性分类,附释义、搭配 / 例句)(一)动词(Verbs) populate(v.):栖息;遍布。搭配 / 原文例句:Microbes...have populated this planet since long before animal life developed. inhabit(v.):居住于;存在于。搭配 / 原文例句:They inhabit the soil, air, rocks and water. outlive(v.):比…… 活得久。搭配 / 原文例句:They will outlive us. vary(v.):变化;不同。搭配 / 原文例句:These microbes vary not only between species but also between individuals. dub(v.):把…… 称为;授予称号。搭配 / 原文例句:Some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a ‘holobiont’. swap(v.):交换;互换。搭配 / 原文例句:We are continually swapping microbes with other humans, pets and the world at large. enthrall(v.):使着迷;吸引。搭配 / 原文例句:He has a knack of explaining complex science in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling. persuade(v.):说服;劝说。搭配 / 原文例句:He takes us into the world of microbes...in a bid to persuade us to love them as much as he does. magnify(v.):放大;扩大。搭配 / 原文例句:Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times. teem(v.):充满;遍布。搭配 / 原文例句:He examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures. endure(v.):持续;忍受。搭配 / 原文例句:Pasteur’s ‘germ theory’ that gave bacteria the poor image that endures today. plea(v.):恳求;呼吁。搭配 / 原文例句:Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance. maintain(v.):维持;保持。搭配 / 原文例句:Many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health. unravel(v.):揭示;解开。搭配 / 原文例句:New research is now unravelling the ways in which bacteria aid digestion. regulate(v.):调节;控制。搭配 / 原文例句:Bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune systems. eliminate(v.):消除;清除。搭配 / 原文例句:Bacteria...eliminate toxins, produce vitamins. combat(v.):对抗;防治。搭配 / 原文例句:Bacteria...even combat obesity. disrupt(v.):破坏;扰乱。搭配 / 原文例句:Our obsession with hygiene...are disrupting the bacterial balance. soar(v.):飙升;激增。搭配 / 原文例句:May be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems. halt(v.):阻止;停止。搭配 / 原文例句:A rare microbial bacterium that can halt the fungus. manipulate(v.):操控;利用。搭配 / 原文例句:Our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings. construct(v.):建造;构建。搭配 / 原文例句:We could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls. fight off(v.):抵御;击退。搭配 / 原文例句:Microbes built into their walls to fight off infections.(二)名词(Nouns) microbe(n.):微生物。搭配 / 原文例句:Most of them bacteria, have populated this planet. bacterium (pl. bacteria)(n.):细菌。搭配 / 原文例句:Fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease. microbiome(n.):微生物组。搭配 / 原文例句:Every species has its own colony of microbes, called a ‘microbiome’. holobiont(n.):全生物(物种与其微生物的集合体)。搭配 / 原文例句:Think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a ‘holobiont’. gut(n.):肠道。搭配 / 原文例句:Microbes that sit contentedly in the human gut. galaxy(n.):星系。搭配 / 原文例句:More microbes than there are stars in the galaxy. bloodstream(n.):血液。搭配 / 原文例句:If they find their way into the bloodstream. panache(n.):魄力;风度。搭配 / 原文例句:Writing with lightness and panache. knack(n.):诀窍;技巧。搭配 / 原文例句:He has a knack of explaining complex science. mission(n.):使命;任务。搭配 / 原文例句:Yong is on a mission to persuade us to love microbes. lens-maker(n.):镜片制造者。搭配 / 原文例句:A Dutch lens-maker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek. animalcule(n.):微生物;微动物。搭配 / 原文例句:He called tiny creatures ‘animalcules’. germ theory(n.):病菌学说。搭配 / 原文例句:Pasteur’s ‘germ theory’ that gave bacteria the poor image. tolerance(n.):包容;耐受性。搭配 / 原文例句:A plea for microbial tolerance. symbiosis(n.):共生关系(adj. symbiotic)。搭配 / 原文例句:We have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. digestion(n.):消化。搭配 / 原文例句:Bacteria aid digestion. immune system(n.):免疫系统。搭配 / 原文例句:Regulate our immune systems. toxin(n.):毒素。搭配 / 原文例句:Eliminate toxins. vitamin(n.):维生素。搭配 / 原文例句:Produce vitamins. obesity(n.):肥胖。搭配 / 原文例句:Combat obesity. hygiene(n.):卫生。搭配 / 原文例句:Our obsession with hygiene. antibiotic(n.):抗生素。搭配 / 原文例句:Overuse of antibiotics. diet(n.):饮食。搭配 / 原文例句:Unhealthy, low-fibre diets. balance(n.):平衡。搭配 / 原文例句:Disrupting the bacterial balance. allergy(n.):过敏。搭配 / 原文例句:Soaring rates of allergies. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)(n.):炎症性肠病。搭配 / 原文例句:Immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). norm(n.):常态;规范。搭配 / 原文例句:Turns accepted norms upside down. detergent(n.):洗涤剂。搭配 / 原文例句:Excessive use of household detergents. predator(n.):捕食者。搭配 / 原文例句:Luminescent bacteria that protect squid against predators. fungus (pl. fungi)(n.):真菌。搭配 / 原文例句:A fungus that is wiping out entire populations of frogs. dengue fever(n.):登革热。搭配 / 原文例句:Stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever. infection(n.):感染。搭配 / 原文例句:Fight off infections. neonatal(adj.,此处作定语):新生儿的。搭配 / 原文例句:A neonatal hospital ward. cocktail(n.):混合物。搭配 / 原文例句:A specially mixed cocktail of microbes.(三)形容词(Adjectives) ubiquitous(adj.):普遍存在的。搭配 / 原文例句:Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous. absorbing(adj.):引人入胜的。搭配 / 原文例句:His utterly absorbing and hugely important book. amazing(adj.):令人惊叹的。搭配 / 原文例句:What is amazing is that the number of microbial cells is higher. deadly(adj.):致命的。搭配 / 原文例句:Can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream. constant(adj.):持续的;不断的。搭配 / 原文例句:These communities are constantly changing. fascinating(adj.):迷人的。搭配 / 原文例句:It’s a fascinating topic. adept(adj.):熟练的;擅长的。搭配 / 原文例句:Yong is an extraordinarily adept guide. bizarre(adj.):奇异的;古怪的。搭配 / 原文例句:A bizarre, alien planet. alien(adj.):陌生的;异域的。搭配 / 原文例句:A bizarre, alien planet. potent(adj.):强大的;有效的。搭配 / 原文例句:These extraordinarily potent creatures. vital(adj.):至关重要的。搭配 / 原文例句:Play a vital role in maintaining our health. mutually beneficial(adj.):互利的。搭配 / 原文例句:A symbiotic relationship that can be mutually beneficial. mutually destructive(adj.):互害的。搭配 / 原文例句:A symbiotic relationship that can be mutually destructive. excessive(adj.):过度的。搭配 / 原文例句:Excessive use of household detergents. diverse(adj.):多样的。搭配 / 原文例句:Exposure to a diverse range of bacteria. unglamorous(adj.):不吸引人的;朴实的。搭配 / 原文例句:A decidedly unglamorous world. appealing(adj.):有吸引力的。搭配 / 原文例句:Among the less appealing case studies. luminescent(adj.):发光的。搭配 / 原文例句:Squid that carry luminescent bacteria. rare(adj.):稀有的。搭配 / 原文例句:A rare microbial bacterium. useful(adj.):有用的。搭配 / 原文例句:Useful microbes built into their walls. specially mixed(adj.):特制的。搭配 / 原文例句:A specially mixed cocktail of microbes.(四)副词(Adverbs) utterly(adv.):完全地;彻底地。搭配 / 原文例句:His utterly absorbing and hugely important book. hugely(adv.):极大地;非常。搭配 / 原文例句:His utterly absorbing and hugely important book. largely(adv.):大体上;主要地。搭配 / 原文例句:By and large they do so peacefully. continually(adv.):持续地。搭配 / 原文例句:We are continually swapping microbes. extraordinarily(adv.):极其;特别地。搭配 / 原文例句:An extraordinarily adept guide. gently(adv.):温和地;轻柔地。搭配 / 原文例句:Leading us gently by the hand. nearly(adv.):几乎;将近。搭配 / 原文例句:It wasn’t until nearly two hundred years later. supposedly(adv.):据称;据说。搭配 / 原文例句:Yoghurt and drinks that supposedly nurture ‘friendly’ bacteria. actually(adv.):实际上;事实上。搭配 / 原文例句:Actually destroys the microbes that normally keep germs at bay. decidedly(adv.):明显地;肯定地。搭配 / 原文例句:A decidedly unglamorous world. already(adv.):已经。搭配 / 原文例句:Already, in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever. later(adv.):后来;稍后。搭配 / 原文例句:May help protect them against allergies later.(五)固定搭配(Fixed Collocations) at one’s peril:冒风险。原文例句:we mess with them at our peril(我们肆意干扰它们是在自冒风险) by and large:大体上;总的来说。原文例句:by and large they do so peacefully(它们大体上和平共处) out of context:脱离语境;不合时宜。原文例句:‘bad’ microbes are just microbes out of context(“有害” 微生物只是脱离了适宜环境的微生物) find one’s way into:进入;渗入。原文例句:find their way into the bloodstream(进入血液) in terms that...:用…… 的语言。原文例句:explaining complex science in terms that are easy to understand(用通俗易懂的语言解释复杂的科学) in a bid to:为了;试图。原文例句:in a bid to persuade us to love them(试图说服我们像他一样热爱它们) teem with:充满;遍布。原文例句:it teeming with tiny creatures(里面布满了微小生物) play a vital role in:在…… 中起关键作用。原文例句:play a vital role in maintaining our health(在维持我们的健康方面起关键作用) symbiotic relationship:共生关系。原文例句:we have a symbiotic relationship(我们与微生物存在共生关系) obsession with:对…… 的痴迷。原文例句:our obsession with hygiene(我们对卫生的痴迷) overuse of:过度使用。原文例句:overuse of antibiotics(过度使用抗生素) disrupt the balance:破坏平衡。原文例句:disrupting the bacterial balance(破坏细菌平衡) soaring rates of:…… 的飙升。原文例句:soaring rates of allergies(过敏率的飙升) turn...upside down:颠覆……。原文例句:turns accepted norms upside down(颠覆了公认的常态) keep...at bay:阻止;牵制。原文例句:keep the more dangerous germs at bay(牵制更危险的病菌) exposure to:接触;暴露于。原文例句:early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria(早期接触多种细菌) protect against:预防;抵御。原文例句:help protect them against allergies(帮助预防过敏) wipe out:消灭;摧毁。原文例句:wiping out entire populations of frogs(消灭了大量青蛙种群) in an attempt to:为了。原文例句:in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever(为了阻止蚊子传播登革热) built into:嵌入;内置。原文例句:useful microbes built into their walls(嵌入墙体的有益微生物)二、雅思长难句分析(附结构拆解、翻译、考点提示) 原文:Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us. 结构分析:主句 1 为 “Microbes have populated this planet”,“most of them bacteria” 是插入语(补充说明微生物的构成,相当于 “most of which are bacteria”);“since long before animal life developed” 是 since 引导的时间状语从句(其中嵌套 before 引导的时间状语);“and they will outlive us” 是并列主句(主语 they 指代 microbes)。 中文翻译:微生物(其中大部分是细菌)在动物生命出现很久以前就已经遍布地球,而且它们会比我们人类活得更久。 考点提示:插入语、since 引导的时间状语从句、并列句(雅思阅读中常见 “插入语 + 并列结构”,需快速识别主干,避免被插入语干扰)。 原文:What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion. 结构分析:“What is amazing” 是主语从句(作整个句子的主语,意为 “令人惊叹的是”);“that” 引导表语从句,其中 “while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion” 是 while 引导的让步状语从句(表 “尽管”),“the number of microbial ones is higher” 是表语从句的主干;破折号后内容补充说明 “higher” 的具体数值。 中文翻译:令人惊叹的是,虽然普通人的人体细胞数量约为 30 万亿,但微生物细胞的数量更多 —— 约 39 万亿。 考点提示:主语从句、表语从句、while 引导的让步状语从句(雅思写作中可用于对比论证,增强句式复杂度,如 “虽然 A 数据…… 但 B 数据……”)。 原文:Microbes that sit contentedly in the human gut (where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy) can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream. 结构分析:主句为 “Microbes can become deadly”;“that sit contentedly in the human gut” 是定语从句(修饰 microbes);括号内 “where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy” 是定语从句(修饰 the human gut,其中包含 than 引导的比较状语从句);“if they find their way into the bloodstream” 是 if 引导的条件状语从句(主语 they 指代 microbes)。 中文翻译:在人类肠道中安然生存的微生物(肠道内的微生物数量比星系中的恒星还要多),如果进入血液就可能变得致命。 考点提示:嵌套定语从句(that+where)、比较状语从句、if 条件句(雅思阅读中多层定语从句常用来补充说明细节,需理清修饰对象;写作中可借鉴 “地点定语 + 条件假设” 的逻辑衔接)。 原文:Writing with lightness and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling. 结构分析:“Writing with lightness and panache” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语(逻辑主语是 he,表写作的状态);主句为 “he has a knack of explaining complex science”;“in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling” 是介词短语作方式状语,其中 “that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling” 是定语从句(修饰 terms)。 中文翻译:他的写作轻盈而富有魄力,擅长用既通俗易懂又极具吸引力的语言解释复杂的科学知识。 考点提示:现在分词作状语、of 短语作定语、that 引导的定语从句(雅思写作中可用于描述人物能力或事物特征,如 “sb. has a knack of doing sth. in terms that...”)。 原文:It wasn’t until nearly two hundred years later that the research of French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes caused disease. 结构分析:本句是强调句,结构为 “It wasn’t until...that...”(强调时间状语 “nearly two hundred years later”,正常语序为 “The research of French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes caused disease not until nearly two hundred years later”);“that some microbes caused disease” 是宾语从句(作 indicated 的宾语)。 中文翻译:直到近两百年后,法国生物学家路易・巴斯德的研究才表明某些微生物会引发疾病。 考点提示:强调句(It wasn’t until...that...)、宾语从句(雅思阅读中强调句常用来突出关键时间或事件,需掌握强调句的识别方法;写作中可用于强调重要发现或历史节点)。 原文:Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease, many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health. 结构分析:主句为 “Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance”;“pointing out that...” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语(逻辑主语是 book,相当于 “which points out that...”);“that” 引导的宾语从句中,“while fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease” 是 while 引导的让步状语从句,“many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health” 是宾语从句的主干。 中文翻译:Yong 的书在很大程度上是在呼吁人们包容微生物,书中指出,虽然只有不到 100 种细菌会引发疾病,但数千种以上的细菌在维持人类健康方面发挥着至关重要的作用。 考点提示:现在分词作伴随状语、while 让步状语从句、play a vital role in doing sth.(雅思写作中可用于 “提出观点 + 对比论证”,增强逻辑说服力)。 原文:Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 结构分析:主语是三个并列的名词短语 ——“Our obsession with hygiene”“our overuse of antibiotics”“our unhealthy, low-fibre diets”;谓语是并列结构 “are disrupting the bacterial balance and may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems”;“such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)” 是同位语(举例说明 immune problems)。 中文翻译:我们对卫生的痴迷、对抗生素的过度使用以及不健康的低纤维饮食,正在破坏细菌平衡,并可能导致过敏率和免疫问题(如炎症性肠病)的飙升。 考点提示:并列主语、并列谓语、such as 举例(雅思阅读中常见 “多个因素 + 结果” 的逻辑结构,需快速抓取核心因果关系;写作中可用于分析问题原因,如 “X, Y and Z are disrupting...and may be responsible for...”)。 原文:In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off infections. 结构分析:“In the future” 是时间状语;主句为 “our ability to manipulate microbes means...”,其中 “to manipulate microbes” 是不定式短语作定语(修饰 ability);“we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off infections” 是宾语从句(省略引导词 that);“with useful microbes built into their walls” 是 with 复合结构(作定语,修饰 buildings,其中 “built into their walls” 是过去分词短语作宾补,表被动);“to fight off infections” 是不定式短语作目的状语(说明 construct buildings 的目的)。 中文翻译:未来,我们操控微生物的能力意味着我们可以建造 “内置有益微生物” 的建筑,这些微生物嵌入墙体以抵御感染。 考点提示:不定式短语作定语、宾语从句、with 复合结构、目的状语(雅思写作中可用于描述未来趋势或提出解决方案,如 “In the future, our ability to do sth. means we could...with...to...”)。 原文:Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes so that babies get the best start in life. 结构分析:本句是祈使句,主干为 “Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward”;“coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes” 是过去分词短语作定语(修饰 ward,相当于 “which is coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes”);“so that babies get the best start in life” 是 so that 引导的目的状语从句(说明 “想象这样的病房” 的意义或目的)。 中文翻译:试想一下,一个新生儿病房的墙面涂有特制的微生物混合物,这样婴儿就能在生命初期获得最佳的(微生物)环境。 考点提示:祈使句、过去分词作定语、so that 目的状语从句(雅思写作中可用于提出设想或建议,增强文章的画面感和说服力)。 复制链接到微信打开 一年雅思学习,解决三年高中英语问题
【腾讯文档】高中学习辅助材料专辑
https://docs.qq.com/sheet/DVUVNV0tPR3FvZ3hh
【腾讯文档】高中试卷资料库
https://docs.qq.com/sheet/DVXJRWERwbGR3RkhW
即可免费下载学习文件