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2023 年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清
阅读理解之主旨大意题解读
1
考点复习
【题型解读】
主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、
中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中
心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心
论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：
(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?
(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/The general idea is/The main theme of this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea of the passage?
(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpose of this passage is.
(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly focuses on.
从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心
思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。
▲主旨大意题的分类
1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种
①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综
②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻
找或总结。
2.从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；
②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；
③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
◆设问特点：
1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。
2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。
3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。
4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。
◆常考问题：
（1）中心思想类
The main point /idea of the passage is…
The passage is mai nly about…
The passage mainly discusses…
The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
（2）标题类
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
The best title for the passage would be …
（3）目的类
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …
The passage is meant to ….
In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to
▲怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思
想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小
段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要
表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效
的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主
题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。
因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，
一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：
1. 中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见
的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，
是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
【典例示例】
（2018·新课标卷I）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there
has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly
knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts
believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000
languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade, industrialization, the development of the
nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications
in the past few decades, all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English.
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The
general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones
have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000.
Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over
800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are
spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly
speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan
Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seemsto have much chance of survival.
31. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of
years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进
行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
2. 主题句出现在文尾
在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，
即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。
【典例示例】
The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she
pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her
hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.
Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the
Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster(a frightening animal), and helped to
show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.
Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the
wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by
the cutting down of their forest homes.
Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two
photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below
it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The
words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth.
We must retrain it for its own good.”
56. The text mainly talks about ________.A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda
C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist
【答案】C
【解析】文章第一段谈到Diane Fossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三
段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺
垫的，从最后一段的“It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.”可知，最主要的目的还
是要人们保护大猩猩。
3. 首尾呼应的写作方法
为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，
前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
【典例示例】
Lacrosse( 曲棍球 ) is a popular sport in Canada . The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for
war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal.
The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “cross”. The player hit a ball
into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball
at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the
lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。
4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句
阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳
形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。【典例示例】
【2019·全国卷II，C】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she
waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more
Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent) have breakfast
alone and nearly half(46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,
74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said, looking up from her book.
Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us,
too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the
shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he
can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to
have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It’s
a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have
felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us
company at the table. “It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie
Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛
围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
31. A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工
作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。5. 主题句出现在文章的中间
通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步
的解释、支撑或发展。
【典例示例】
The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates
each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better
attended by locals.
During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend
the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the
sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following
another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful
traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.
On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair
is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
...
67. This passage mainly tells readers _______.
A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”
开幕式上的活动。答案选A。
【解答攻略】
一、文章大意题
文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。
它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高
度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
1. 主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想
转折词
要表达的观点。
如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主
总结词
题。
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
2.高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因
此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便
容易抓住文章的中心。
3.逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会
有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
注意：
1．正确选项特征：涵盖性强，覆盖全文
2．错误选项特征
(1)以偏概全，主次不分
(2)无中生有，曲解文意
【典型例题】 (2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)
Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles
help children with math－related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of
Chicago，found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children
in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher－income parents tended to have children play with puzzles
more frequently，and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended
to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were
more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method.
B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist.
D．A teaching program.
【分析】
·第一步 读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子
来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男
孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。
·第二步 利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是
一项科学研究。
二、段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段
落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为
利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。【典型例题】 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have
found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of
the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their
workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
【分析】
·第一步 首尾兼顾定段意：通读全文可知，Recent studies have found positive effects.是本段的主旨，后通过
列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。
·第二步 析选项，斟酌判断：
对不同植物的一项新研究。原文中提到对绿色植物的研 以偏概全
A
究，但不是该段的主旨。 断章取义
犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降来证明的是绿色植物的好 以偏概全
B
处，故混淆主次。 断章取义
来自不同工作场所的员工。虽涉及工作场所的员工，但是 以偏概全
C
以偏概全，不是本段的主题。 生搬硬套
绿色植物的好处。本段主旨就是列举两项科学研究来说明 涵盖性强，
D 绿色植物对人类的好处。该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和
概括 覆盖全段
·第三步 比对选项得出答案。
三、标题归纳题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。
要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关
键词或者概括全文。
1. 利用4大技巧解题
关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定
穿珠连串法
标题
逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项
2.结合3大特点解题
3.排除3种错误选项
【典型例题】 (2020·浙江7月卷阅读C)
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your
brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over
age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then，for eight years，
the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the
tests.And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally
challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run，you may
feel like you’re in pain，you may feel tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at work—sure，you will feel
tired，but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
It’s not just corporate jobs，or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit，Then points out.A waiter’s job，
for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decision－making could be just as stimulating as any high－ level office work.And “running a family household requires high － level planning and coordinating( 协
调)，”she says.“You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences
or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
【分析】
·第一步 找准文章的主题句：通读全文，本文是“总—分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“Challenging work
that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as
you age”。
·第二步 根据正误选项特征，斟酌判断：A、B选项无中生有，曲解文意；D选项以偏概全；主次不分；
选项C“棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷”精炼地概括了文章内容。
·第三步 比对选项得出答案。
2
能力强化
1
（2022·河南·模拟预测）Scientific research on yoga has found that yoga practice can help with problems
such as back pain, depression and anxiety. Still, yoga studies tend to be of uneven quality, often relying on self-
reported survey data. However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure: brain scans. Though far
from definitive, the findings show that the practice may improve brain health, and they indicate a way to bring yoga
and science more convincingly together.
The review, led by Neha Gothe, director of the Exercise Psychology Lab, examined 11 papers that used
various types of brain scans to assess the impact of yoga practice on the brain. Gothe and her colleagues limited
their review to studies in which all three major elements of yoga were included: the physical poses, breathing
exercises, and meditation or mindfulness. Three patterns emerged with some consistency: yoga practice could belinked to increased gray matter volume(体积) in the hippocampus, a key structure for memory; increased volume in
certain regions of the prefrontal cortex, the seat of higher-order-cognition(认知); and greater connectivity across the
default mode network. This network plays a role in processing memories and emotions.
Jessica Damoiseaux, a co-author of the review paper, focuses her research on aging-related changes in the
brain, and she notes that the structures that seem to be strengthened by yoga are ones that tend to shrink with aging.
The greater volumes linked to yoga are similar to those seen in studies of aerobic (有氧的)exercise. This raises a
question: Is there really anything special about yoga or is it just another brain-preserving workout?
At this point it’s hard to say. Clearer answers will come with better studies that build on the smaller
experiments. Gothe, for example, recently received government funds for a study that will assign 168 old adults to
six months of classes of yoga, aerobic exercise, or stretching and strengthening. “It’s exactly the kind of trial we
need,” says Gothe.
1. What do we know about the 2019 review paper on yoga?
A. It is far from objective. B. It is centered on brain scans.
C. It proves to be of low quality. D. It relies on self-reported data.
2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. Three major elements of yoga. B. The key structure for memory.
C. The finding of the review by Gothe. D. The emotion processing network.
3. What does Gothe plan to do in the future?
A. Take aerobic exercise. B. Apply for government funds.
C. Assign old people to jobs. D. Carry out smaller experiments.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Yoga back in fashion. B. Age can affect brain power
C. Brain trials on the way D. Yoga may boost brain health
2
（2022·河南·一模）“Human activity has wiped out two-thirds of the world’s wildlife since 1970,” CNN
reported on September 10, 2020. Later that month, the Guardian reported that “40 percent of the world’s plant
species are at risk of extinction”. Stanford biologist Paul Ehrlich and his colleagues argued that “the ongoing sixth
mass extinction may be the most serious environmental threat to the persistence of civilization”. Around the same
time, the Daily Mail warned that “human civilization stands a 90 percent chance of collapse within decades due to
deforestation”.These horrible calculations and projections come from authoritative-sounding reports issued by international
agencies, conservation groups, and peer-reviewed scientific journals. But is the future of wild nature and human
civilization really so poor?
Data from uncontroversial mainstream sources strongly indicate that both humanity and the natural world are
likely to be flourishing rather than collapsing at the end of this century. Humanity is becoming an urban species,
and that’s good for the environment, since urban dwellers generally use less electricity, produce less globe-warming
carbon dioxide, and have smaller land footprints than people living in the countryside. By 2100, it is estimated that
85 percent of people will be city dwellers, which would leave only 1.2 billion still living in the countryside. That
means more space for the wildlife and less pollution from the agriculture.
The global tree-covering area increased by 865,000 square miles between 1982 and 2016. The researchers
found that gains in forest area in the mild, subtropical and northern climatic zones are offsetting declines in the
tropics. The Maryland researchers owe much of that increase to “natural afforestation on abandoned agricultural
land”. “Furthermore, forests in mountainous regions are expanding as climate warming enables trees to grow at
higher altitudes,” they added.
Humanity does face big environmental challenges in the coming century. But the scientific and economic
evidence shows that most of the trends are positive or can be turned in positive direction by human wisdom. Rather
than an age of extinction, the 21st century promises to be an era of environmental renewal.
5. Why does the author mention the reports in Paragraph 1?
A. To give examples. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To make a contrast. D. To support his opinion.
6. What will happen according to Paragraph 3?
A. No one will choose to live in the countryside.
B. More space will be available for the wildlife.
C. Neither humanity nor the natural world will develop quickly.
D. Urban residents will do more walking than those in the countryside.
7. Which of the following statements will the researchers agree with about forest area?
A. The expanding and disappearance in forest area aren’t evenly matched.
B. The forest area in the mild, tropic and northern zones is increasing.
C. There are more forests in mountainous regions due to the climate warming.
D. The plan of “natural afforestation on abandoned agricultural land” is unfavorable.8. What might be the best title of the passage?
A. The Bright Future of Humanity
B. The Challenges in the Coming Century
C. Better Environment, Better Future of Human
D. 21st Century: An Era of Environmental Renewal
3
（2022·四川·成都七中二模）Todd Bol, a retired businessman, could never have expected that a wooden
container he built in his front yard one day would have the global impact it does today.
Bol built a dollhouse-size structure that looked like a schoolhouse on a post and he put it in his yard as a free
community library to remember his mother, who was a book lover and school teacher. Bol's prototype gave birth to
Little Free Library (LFL), a nonprofit organization that seeks to place small, accessible book exchange boxes in
neighborhoods around the world. The concept is simple: Neighbors are invited to share a book, leave a book, or
both. Today, there are over 50 ,000 of these libraries registered in 70 countries.
Almost everyone can register with LFL and start a library as long as the person keeps it in good shape and
makes sure that book materials are appropriate for his/her neighborhood. Library owners can create their own
library boxes; therefore, the libraries are usually unique in appearance, and there seems to be no limit to the
possibilities. One library in California was built out of a used wine container； another in Texas had tiny stairs and
bright colored walls. Once registered, libraries are assigned a number at LFL's website. The LFL Index lists the
locations of all libraries with GPS coordinates (坐标)and other information. Owners receive a sign saying “Little
Free Library”.
People say they have been attracted to pick up a book when walking by a Little Free Library, out of curiosity
and because it's convenient. Some sidewalk librarians say they have met more neighbors since having a little library
in their front yard. Bol is also most proud of the way Little Free Library is bringing communities together. "It's
started a neighborhood exchange. It gets people talking and more comfortable with their neighbors," he says. "This
leads to them helping each other."
9. What does the underlined word "prototype" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A community center. B. A dollhouse on a post.
C. A book exchange box. D. A nonprofit organization.
10. What can we learn about the operation of a Little Free Library?
A. There is no limit to the selection of books.B. The library can come in any shape and color.
C. The library needs to hire many professional librarians.
D. The owner must first be assigned a number from the LFL website.
11. What can be inferred about Little Free Library?
A. It helps improve GPS functions.
B. It connects libraries around the world.
C. It makes reading accessible to the poor.
D. It helps restore human connections.
12. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. LFL: A Booster to Shared Reading
B. LFL: The Best Place to Meet Neighbors
C. Todd Bol: A Successful Book Businessman
D. Reading: An Approach to Improving Yourself
4
（2022·上海·模拟预测）
Reading the Screen
The debate on literacy is one of the most heated in education. On the one hand, there is an army of people
convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other hand, a large number of
progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing.
This second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies
argue that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example,
many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who could
read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscripts (手稿). An understanding of
these earlier periods helps us understand today’s “crisis in literacy” debate.
It seems that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing—you only need to
compare the newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and
simplification of sentence patterns.
While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful
whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 40 years ago. While print holds much of its
authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly taken this role. The ability to write fluentletters has been weakened by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for writing,
outside formal education, is making shopping lists.
The decision of some car factories to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a
handbook might end the automatic link between industrialization and literacy. On the other hand, it is also the case
that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before.
Schools are generally seen as institutions where books rule—films and recorded sound have almost no place, but it
is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you
certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programs. Those who work in new media are anything
but literate. The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate for understanding the world
which a young child now encounters. There is evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to
get on to the Internet.
Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be
declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as reluctantly accepting this state
of affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy. How
should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isn’t enough to call for computers in every
classroom. They will stand unused unless they are properly combined with the educational culture.
13. When discussing the debate on literacy in education, the writer notes that________.
A. children can read and write as well as they used to
B. academic work has improved over the last 20 years
C. there is evidence that literacy is related to external factors
D. people’s reading skills are more important than writing skills
14. What is the writer’s main point in the 4th paragraph?
A. The printed word is both gaining and losing power.
B. The car factories’ decision brings benefits to labors.
C. Those who do manual jobs no longer need to read.
D. New media offers the best career for the literate.
15. According to the passage, what is the main problem that schools face today?
A. How to teach students the skills of reading and writing.
B. How to apply new technologies to classroom teaching.
C. Raising money to purchase technological equipment.D. Managing the widely differing levels of literacy among pupils.
16. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Modern communication has completely replaced writing letters.
B. New media has the potential to promote students’ literacy.
C. New technologies are inadequate for us to know about children’s world.
D. Current newspapers use more complicated sentence patterns than before.
5
（2022·全国·重庆南开中学模拟预测）“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No
other writer of our time had so fiercely stated, or so consistently (一贯地) illustrated the writer’s duty to speak
truly. His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own
experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had
personally done, or what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he was
interested in telling about.
The primary intention of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for the reader what he often
called “the way it was”. This is a characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and
Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his career - always in
the direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can invariably recognize the operation
of three instruments of beauty appreciation: the sense of place, the sense of fact, and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of place. “Unless you have
geography, background,” he once told George Antheil, “you have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic
vacuum. Few writers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical ground
work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable. Few, accordingly, have been able to
record more economically and graphically the way it is when you watch the bulls running through the streets of
Pamplona, Spain towards the bull-ring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the release of the bulls. Down below
the narrow street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd came down the street.
They were all running, packed close together. They passed along and up the street toward the bull-ring and behind
them came more men running faster, and then some stragglers (落后者) who were really running. Behind them
was a little bare space, and then the bulls tossing their heads up and down. It all went out of sight around the corner.One man fell, rolled to the gutter (排水沟), and lay quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They
were all running together.”
17. What’s the main idea of the first two paragraphs?
A. Hemingway’s writing began from reality and then he would let his mind wander.
B. Hemingway’s primary purpose in writing was to report faithfully reality as he experienced it.
C. Hemingway’s writing reflects his preference for a simple story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy.
D. Hemingway would construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a specific historical
period.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that Hemingway preferred ______ as the sources for his work.
A. Stories that he had experienced rather than read about.
B. Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other sources.
C. Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances.
D. Stories that came to him in periods of deep thinking or in dreams.
19. The author calls “the way it was” a “characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary
complexity” because ______.
A. it shows how Hemingway understated complex issues in his books.
B. it reflects Hemingway’s talent for making ordinary events difficult to understand.
C. Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details overshadowed the dramatic element of his stories.
D. the relationship between simplicity and complexity reflected the relationship between the style and content of
Hemingway’s writing.
20. Why does the author include an except (节选) from The Sun Also Rises in the last paragraph?
A. To vividly illustrate how exciting the bull run is.
B. To demonstrate that all kinds of runners can take part in the bull run.
C. To show Hemingway’s delicate description of the background of the bull run.
D. To place greater emphasis on the importance of geography, economically speaking.
6
（2022·湖南·二模）Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have found
that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.
While previous evidence seems to show that most dogs do not learn words, unless eventually very well
trained, a few individuals have shown some extraordinary abilities, according to a study published in the journal
Scientific Reports.“We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel words,” said researcher xuekw
Claudia Fugazza from the Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary. For the study, the team involved two gifted dogs,
Whisky and Vicky Nina. The team exposed the dogs to the new words in two different conditions.
In the exclusion-based task, presented with seven known toys and one new toy, the dogs were able to select the
new toy when presented with a new name. Researchers say this proves that dogs can choose by exclusion when
faced with a new word, they selected the only toy which did not have a known name.
However, this was not the way they would learn the name of the toy. In fact, when they were presented with
one more equally new name to test their ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and
failed.
The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners who pronounced the name of the
toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name of the toy, even after hearing it
only 4 times. “The rapid learning that we observed seems to equal children’s ability to learn many new words at a
fast rate around the age of 18 months,” Fugazza says. “But we do not know whether the learning mechanisms(机
制) behind this learning are the same for humans and dogs. ”
To test whether most dogs would learn words this way, 20 other dogs were tested in the same condition, but
none of them showed any evidence of learning the toy names, confirming that the ability to learn words rapidly in
the absence of formal training is very rare and is only present in a few gifted dogs.
21. What was the purpose of the study published in Scientific Reports?
A. To better train dogs’ ability to learn new words.
B. To further confirm previous evidence about dogs.
C. To prove extraordinary memory abilities of gifted dogs.
D. To explore favorable conditions for gifted dogs’ new-word learning.
22. How did the dogs react when exposed to two new names in the first condition?
A. Slow to understand. B. Quick to learn. C. At a loss. D. In a panic.
23. What was found about dogs’ new-word learning in the social condition?
A. Learning through playing applied to most dogs.
B. The social condition helped dogs learn new words.
C. Dogs’ new-word learning turned out to be less effective.
D. Dogs shared similar learning mechanisms with children.
24. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Gifted Dogs Can Learn New Words Rapidly.
B. Dogs Identify Newly-named Toys by Exclusion.
C. Dogs Can Acquire Vocabulary through Tons of Training.
D. Gifted Dogs Have Similar Learning Abilities to Humans.
7
（2022·江苏·南京市第一中学一模）For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel
like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually
merging (融合) into it.
Speaking at the Fast Company European Innovation Festival, Professor Yuval Noah Harari, a historian at the
Hebrew University claimed that it’s becomingmore and more difficult to tell where humans end and machines
begin. He said: “It’s increasingly hard to tell where I end and where the computer begins. In the future, it is likely
that the smartphone will not be separated from you at all. It may be embedded in your bodyor brain,
constantlyscanning your biometric data and your emotions.”
During his speech, Professor Harari highlighted how humans have affected our environment over time, and
suggested that now may be thetime to affect ourselves. He said: “Humanity has always remained constant. If we
told our ancestors in the Stone Age about our lives today, they would think we are already Gods. But the truth is
that even though we have developed more wonderful tools, we are the same animals. We have the same emotions,
the same minds. The coming revolution will change that. It will change not just our tools, it will change the human
being itself. ”
If we do manage to merge with machines, Professor Harari suggests it could open the door to setting
upcivilizations beyond Earth. He added: “Life willbe able to break out of planet Earth and no longer be confinedto
this flying rock.”
While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine-
human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming
irrelevant. He said: “Over time I think wewill probably see a closer merger of biological intelligence anddigital
intelligence.”
25. Why does the authormention smartphone in paragraph 1?
A. To collect data for his speech.
B. To have a good leadin of the topic.
C. To say it isharmful to the environment.D. To catch up with the development of science.
26. What do we know about Professor Harari?
A. His opinions gained much support.
B. He is the first expert toput forward the idea.
C. He thinks technology will change ourselves as well.
D. His suggestion of us staying on planet Earth isconsiderate.
27. What’s probably Elon Musk’s attitude to Professor Harari’s speech?
A. Neutral. B. Favourable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
28. What is the best title for the text?
A. Humans are near to combining with machines
B. Call on people to develop advanced machines
C. Aspeech caused people’s concerns onmachines
D. Finding new ways to break away from apps is vital
8
（2022·上海·模拟预测）Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz was a philosopher and mathematician in search of a
model. In the late 1600s Leibniz decided there was a need for a new, purer arithmetic than our common decimal
（十进制）system. He got his inspiration from the 5000-year-old book that is at the heart of Chinese philosophy：
the I-Ching, or Book of Changes.
This ancient text was such an influence on Liebniz that he titled his article on the new arithmetic “Explanation
of a new arithmetic and the ancient Chinese figure of Fu X”. Fu Xi was the legendary first author of the I-Ching.
The arithmetic that Liebniz described was binary（二进制）code, which is used in almost every modern computer,
from iPhones to China’s own Tihane-2 supercomputer.
To figure out what Liebniz learned in the I-Ching, we need to understand something that most of us have taken
for granted. When we listen to an MP3, look at a digital photo or watch the latest TV drama, we are experiencing a
digital representation of reality. That representation is basically just a string of binary signals that are commonly
known as 1s and 0s. What Liebniz’s gained from the book was that even the most complex reality could be
represented in the binary form as 1s and 0s.
In the philosophy of the I-Ching, reality is not entirely real. It is something more like a dream. This dream of
reality arises from the binaries of Yin and Yang, as they play out countless combinations, practically everything inthe universe. It’s not surprising then, from the l-Ching’s perspective, that anything in the dream of reality can be
represented in a string of 1s and 0s, processed by a computer.
The I-Ching was far more ambitious than the current practical applications of binary code. It is claimed that
the I-Ching represents nothing less than the basic situation of human life itself. As a system for predicting the
future, the I-Ching might disappoint, but as a way of questioning your own unconscious mind, it can be remarkably
useful.
The I-Ching’s teachings also contain warnings about our digital revolution. Binary code, powered by modern
computers, has an amazing capacity to represent reality. However, the ancient authors of the I-Ching might have
understood its potential-and its dangers-even better than we now do.
So when scientific thinkers ask whether computers can create “virtual realities” or “artificial intelligence”,
they are missing the point. Of course, we can create ever deeper and more complex layers of the dream of reality.
The real question is, can we wake up from the dream we’ re in already?
29. Which of the following is TRUE about binary codes?
A. They share the same source with the decimal system.
B. They can form numerous combinations.
C. They are documented in the Book of Changes.
D. They are first discovered by Fu Xi.
30. In paragraph 3, the underlined part refers to the fact that ______.
A. media products are digitally represented using 1s and 0s.
B. TV dramas and digital photos are not worth seeing.
C. Reality is made more complex by binary codes.
D. Licbniz’s model is hardly understandable.
31. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Computers’ ability to represent reality is quite limited.
B. Human life is now in grave danger according to the I-Ching.
C. We have yet to understand the complete teachings of the I-Ching.
D. The I-Ching is perfectly accurate in predicting the future.
32. Which of the following is the best title?
A. The Ancient Book of Wisdom at the Heart of Every Computer
B. The Supercomputer that Employs Ancient Chinese Culture
C. The Father of Binary Code, Gottfried Wilhelm LiebnizD. The Origin of Eastern and Western Philosophy
9
（2022·陕西·西安中学二模）On a break from his studies in the MIT Media Lab,Anirudh Sharma traveled
home to Mumbai, India. While there, he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering
something that looked like dirt."I realized this was air pollution，or sooty（像煤一样）particulate matter (PM)，
made of black particles released from exhaust（尾气）of vehicles，" Sharma says. "This is a major health
issue."Soot consists of tiny black particles, about 2.5 micrometers or smaller, made carbon produced by incomplete
burning of fossil fuels.
Back at MIT,Sharma set out to help solve this air-pollution issue. After years of research and development,
Sharma’s startup Graviky Labs has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators（柴
油发电机）to collect particulate matter.Scientists at Graviky then turn it into ink, called Air-Ink, for artists around
the world. So far, the startup has collected I.6 billion micrograms of particulate matter.More than 200 gallons of
Air-Ink have been harvested for a growing community of more than 1,000 artists, from Bangalore to Boston,
Shanghai,and London.
Posted all over Graviky Lab's Facebook page today are photos of art made from the Air-Ink and pant,
including street wall paintings, body art and clothing prints.At first, there was still no specific application for the
ink. Then the startup decided to find new ways to further spread its mission.It chose to do so through art."Art helps
us raise awareness about where the ink and paint comes from. Air pollution knows no borders. Our ink sends a
message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that's the hardest to collect and use.But it can be
done,"Sharma says.
33. What struck Sharma most during his break in India?
A. Dirt on his T-shirts. B. Health issue of the locals.
C. Coal industry in Mumbai. D. Incomplete burning of fossil fuels.
34. According to the text, Air-Ink is________.
A. a cleaner of outdoor air B. a product made from PM
C. a newly-founded company D. a printing technology
35. What can we infer about Air-Ink from the text?
A. It improves artistic effect. B. It makes pollution acceptable.
C. It helps Sharma make a profit. D. It raises environmental awareness.
36. What might be the best title for the text?A. Arts know no borders B. Waste has no price
C. Less pollution, more art D. Creative thinking, effective painting
10
（2022·江西萍乡·一模）One of the astronomy's most well-known telescopes-the 305-metre-wide radio
telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico-is closing forever. Engineers cannot find a safe way to repair it after two cables
supporting the structure suddenly and catastrophically broke, one in August and one in early November.
The Arecibo telescope, which was built in 1963, was the world's largest radio telescope for decades and has
historical and modern importance in astronomy. It was the site from which astronomers sent an interstellar radio
message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrial might hear it, and where the first known extrasolar planet was
discovered, in 1992. It has also done groundbreaking work in detecting near-Earth planets, observing the puzzling
celestial blasts known as fast radio bursts, and studying many other phenomena.
The cables that broke helped support a 900-tonne platform of scientific instruments, which hangs above the
main telescope dish. The first cable broke panels at the edge of the dish, but the second tore huge gashes in a central
portion of it. If any more cables fail-which could happen at any time-the entire platform could crash into the dish
below. The US National Science Foundation(NSF), which owns the Arecibo Observatory, is working on plans to
safely lower the platform down in a controlled fashion.
NSF's officials insist that the cable failures came as a surprise. After the first, engineering teams spotted a
handful of broken wires on the second cable, which was more crucial to holding up the structure, but they did not
see it as a major problem because the weight it was carrying was well within its design capacity.
Some of the observatory's scientific projects may be able to be transferred to other facilities, said Ralph
Gaume, the NSF's head of astronomy. And he expects scientists to suggest where to shift their research. Science
does continue at other portions of the Arecibo Observatory, which includes more than the 305-metre-dish. They
include two lidar facilities that shoot lasers into the atmosphere to study atmospheric phenomena.
37. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A. The history of building the telescope.
B. The key role of the telescope in astronomy.
C. The benefit of learning astronomical events.
D. The process of locating near-Earth planets.
38. According to Paragraph 3, we know that________.
A. NSF's officials tried to repair the platformB. the second cable failure destroyed the platform
C. the scientific instruments broke down due to the cables
D. the platform would not break down if no more cables should fail
39. Why were NSF's officials careless about the broken wires on the second cable?
A. The cable was not very old.
B. The wires were specially designed.
C. The weight the cable bore did not go beyond its limit.
D. The cable was not as important as the first one.
40. What will happen to the ongoing scientific projects at the observatory?
A. All of them will be shut down.
B. Some of them will be moved to other facilities.
C. They will be distributed to different scientists.
D. Some of them will be put off.
