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111111111111111Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
[A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed
by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing
influence. Theories -~1 - on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal
behavior _2_ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they
have learned criminal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focusing on the
role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise
above their socioeconomic status, _5_ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from
disadvantaged families, 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also
commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental
control. All theories, however, are tentative and are _8_ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For
example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and
rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of
one-parent households or two working parents; 14 , children are likely to have
less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16
This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
Other 17 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the
increased 18 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and
child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a
criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.I. [AJ acting [BJ relying [CJ centering [DJ commenting
2. [AJ before [BJ unless [CJ until [DJ because
3. [AJ interaction [BJ assimilation [CJ cooperation [DJ consultation
4. [AJ return [BJ reply [CJ reference [DJ response
5. [AJ or [BJ but rather [CJ but [DJ or else
6. [A J considering [BJ ignoring [CJ highlighting [DJ discarding
7. [AJ on [BJ in [CJ for [DJ with
8. [AJ immune [BJ resistant [CJ sensitive [DJ subject
9. [AJ affect [BJ reduce [CJ check [DJ reflect
10. [AJ point [B] lead [CJ come [DJ amount
11. [AJ in general [BJ on average [CJ by contrast [DJ at length
12. [A] case [BJ short [CJ tum [DJ essence
13. [A] survived [B] noticed [CJ undertaken [D] experienced
14. [A] contrarily [BJ consequently [CJ similarly [D] simultaneously
15. [A] than [B] that [CJ which [D] as
16. [A] system [B] structure [CJ concept [D] heritage
17. [A] assessable [BJ identifiable [CJ negligible [D] incredible
18. [AJ expense [BJ restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [CJ expo ure [D] popularity
20. [A] provided [B] since [CJ although [D] supposing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[BJ, [C] or [DJ. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across
CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was
attracted by the site's "personal search agent". It's an interactive feature that lets
visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a
matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal,
intellectual property and Washington, D. C.. Three weeks later, he got his first
notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to
the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings
can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated
visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts
see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every
time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility," says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept-what you think you
want to do-then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert.
"There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to
use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database;
when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. ''I would not
rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest
me," says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite's
agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it
includes only three potential jobs-those it considers the best matches. There may be
more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find
them-and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase
in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.
Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather
information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.
Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You
always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means
having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
[CJ By using a special service of a database.
[DJ By E-mailing his resume to a database.
22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling.
[B] Limited number of visits.
[CJ Lower efficiency.
[DJ Fewer successful matches.
23. The expression "tip service" (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means
[A] advisory.
[B] compensation.
[CJ interaction.
[D] reminder.
24. Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[AJ To focus on better job matches.
[BJ To attract more returning visits.
[CJ To reserve space for more messages.
[DJ To increase the rate of success.
25. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[CJ Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
(*13Jf)Text2
Over the past century, all lcinds of unfairness and discrimination have been
condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism.
This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against
those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage
over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well
known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English
names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously
large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B
and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had
surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just .16 in the second half. Even more
striking, six of the seven heads of government of the 07 rich countries are
alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi).
The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all
close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters.
As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time
enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of
the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to
make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in
the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive
teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a
lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less
individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs
proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are
literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of
conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their
recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous bias.
[C] A type of personal prejudice.
[D] A kind of brand discrimination.
27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
28. The 4th paragraph suggests that
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight.
29. What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (Line 2,
Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C] They are feeling humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word puzzles.
30. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a gr,eat deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
(~13yf)Text3
When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet.
But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd
like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two
longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening
economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says. "I provide a service that people
can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is
downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban
Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going
to abandon me, too," she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is
cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.
From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers
temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue
between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial
time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But
don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not
panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term
prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines,
their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most
regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10
million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara
Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.
"Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a
Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their
ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would
cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the
job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,
which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners
might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse
restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still
be worth toasting.31. By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet'' (Line 1, Paragraph 1) , the author means
[AJ Spero can hardly maintain her business.
[BJ Spero is too much engaged in her work.
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.
[DJ Spero is not in a desperate situation.
32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
[AJ Optimistic.
[BJ Confused.
[C] Carefree.
[DJ Panicked.
33. When mentioning "the $4 million to $10 million range" (Line 3, Paragraph 3), the
author is talking about
[A] gold market.
[BJ real estate.
[C] stock exchange.
[DJ venture investment.
34. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic slowdown?
[A] They would benefit in certain ways.
[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.
[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.
[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.
35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] A new boom, on the horizon.
[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.
[C] Caution all right, panic not.
[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text4
Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are
athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we
send our children to get a practical education- not to pursue knowledge for the sake
of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't
difficult to find.
"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than
intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance."
Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of
anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the
American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind
leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think
critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully
participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris,
"We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."
"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and
professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize
winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and
education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and
populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality,
common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities
than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling
and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in
schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a
bellyful of words and do not know a thing."Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn
exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized-going to
school and learning to read- so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality
we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the
mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect
examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our
country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly
proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who
show the least intellectual promise."36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
[A J The habit of thinking independently.
[BJ Profound knowledge of the world.
[C] Practical abilities for future career.
[DJ The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
3 7. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of
[A J undervaluing intellect.
[BJ favoring intellectualism.
[C] supporting school reform.
[DJ suppressing native intelligence.
38. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are
[A J identical.
[BJ similar.
[C] complementary.
[DJ opposite.
39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably
[AJ a pioneer of education reform.
[BJ an opponent of intellectualism.
[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.
[DJ an advocate of regular schooling.
40. What does the author think of intellect?
[AJ It is second to intelligence.
[BJ It evolves from common sense.
[C] It is to be pursued.
[DJ It underlies power.PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many
centuries. ( 41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some
connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people
realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very
different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir,
were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America
during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because
some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out
or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier
part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from
"exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (4 3) The newly described languages
were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and
Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could
be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian
languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf
developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual
*i½iA.,¥! . 11. ( ~ 13 ~ )thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain
concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along
one track and not along another. (4 5) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic
determinism which. in its strongest form. states that language imprisons the mind. and
that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences
for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis, but this :.:rm is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf
emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the
notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing
46. Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1 ) describe the drawing,
2) interpret its meaning, and
3) support your view with examples.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
(*139f)
