译林版 B3U4 Wordlist Page 106 重点词汇讲解-夜雨聆风

译林版 B3U4 Wordlist Page 106 重点词汇讲解

译林版 B3U4 Wordlist Page 105 重点词汇讲解

1. deadlyadj. 致命的；十足的，彻底的

一、常用短语

deadly weapon

致命武器

The knife was considered a deadly weapon in the attack.

deadly disease

致命疾病

In the past, many people died from deadly diseases like smallpox.

deadly poison

致命毒药

Some snakes produce deadly venom that can kill a human within hours.

deadly enemy

死敌

The two countries had been deadly enemies for decades.

deadly silence

死一般的寂静

A deadly silence fell over the crowd after the announcement.

deadly combination

致命的组合

Speed and inexperience can be a deadly combination for young drivers.

deadly accurate

极为精准（常形容射击或判断）

The sniper was deadly accurate from 500 meters away.

二、常用句式

be deadly to + 名词对……是致命的

This chemical is deadly to fish and other wildlife.

be deadly serious极其认真；不是开玩笑

He looked deadly serious when he talked about the danger.

be deadly afraid of + 名词/doing非常害怕……

She is deadly afraid of making mistakes in public.

prove deadly结果是致命的

The delay in treatment proved deadly for the patient.

a deadly + 名词一个致命的……（强调程度）

The mission turned out to be a deadly trap.

三、关联词

类型	词汇	说明
同根名词	death	死亡
deadliness	致命性；极度有害
同根形容词	dead	死的；无生命的（注意：deadly ≠ dead）
deadened	被削弱的；被麻木的
同根副词	dead	完全地，突然地（如：dead tired）
deadly	本身也可作副词，意为“非常，极度”
近义词	fatal	致命的（多指疾病、事故导致死亡）
lethal	致命的（尤指毒物、武器）
mortal	致死的（常用于文学或正式语境）

dead与 deadly 区别：

dead →死的（状态）

deadly →致死的（特性）

四、词性变化

词性	形式	示例
形容词	deadly	a deadly poison（致命的毒药）
副词	deadly	deadly serious（极其认真）
比较级	deadlier	This poison is deadlier than the other.
最高级	deadliest	The black mamba is one of the deadliest snakes.

注意： deadly 本身既是形容词也是副词，比较级/最高级加 -er / -est。

2. survivaln. 生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物

一、词义与词性变化

词性	形式	释义
名词	survival	生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物
动词	survive	幸存；比……活得长
形容词	surviving	幸存的；残存的
名词（人）	survivor	幸存者

二、常用短语

短语	释义	例句
survival rate	存活率	The survival rate for this cancer has increased significantly.
survival skills	生存技能	In the wild, basic survival skills can save your life.
survival instinct	生存本能	Survival instinct kicked in when the bear appeared.
survival kit	救生包；应急包	Every hiker should carry a survival kit.
survival of the fittest	适者生存	In nature, it’s survival of the fittest.
fight for survival	为生存而战	The company is fighting for survival.
a matter of survival	生死攸关的事	Finding water in the desert is a matter of survival.
chance of survival	生存几率	The patient’s chance of survival is 50%.
survival mode	生存模式（比喻）	After losing his job, he went into survival mode.

三、关联词与词性变化用法

形式	示例
survive (v.)	Only two passengers survived the crash.
survive + 人	She survived her husband by ten years.（比……活得长）
survivor (n.)	He was the sole survivor of the plane crash.
surviving (adj.)	The surviving family members attended the funeral.

四、需要特别注意的地方

注意点	说明	正确 vs 错误
survive 是及物动词	后面直接跟灾难/事故，不加介词	√survive the earthquake / x survive from the earthquake
survival 作“残存物”时常用复数	survivals = 残留的风俗/习惯/事物	These traditions are survivals from ancient times.
survival 不可数 vs 可数	抽象意义（生存）不可数；具体“残存物”可数	His survival was a miracle. (不可数) / a survival from the 18th century (可数)

3. provincen. 省，省份

一、词义与词性变化

词性	形式	释义
名词	province	省，省份；（学术、兴趣等的）领域，范围
形容词	provincial	省的；地方性的；偏狭的，守旧的
名词（人）	provincial	外省人；乡下人（有时含贬义）

二、常用短语

短语	释义	例句
in the province of + 地名	在……省	He was born in the province of Shandong.
within one’s province	在某人的职责/权限范围内	It is not within my province to make that decision.
outside one’s province	超出某人的职责/权限范围	Legal advice is outside the province of a doctor.
the provinces （复数）	首都/中心城市以外的地区；外省	The opera will tour the provinces next month.
provincial government	省政府	The provincial government announced new policies.
provincial capital	省会	Zhengzhou is the provincial capital of Henan.
provincial accent	地方口音	He speaks with a slight provincial accent.
provincial town	外省小镇（常暗示守旧）	She couldn’t wait to leave her small provincial town.

三、需要特别注意的地方

注意点	说明	正确 vs 错误
province 的比喻义	可表示“领域、职责范围”，相当于 field / domain	Matters of finance are not my province.
provincial 含贬义	形容人时，常表示“守旧的、狭隘的”	He has a provincial attitude toward new ideas.（贬义）
the provinces 不加 of	固定用法，指“外省/地方”	He moved from the provinces to the capital.
中国省份的表达	省名大写，province 小写	Guangdong Province / the province of Yunnan

3. broadadj. 广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的

一、核心词义

词性	释义
adj.	宽的，广阔的；广泛的，大概的；明显的，浓重的（口音）
adv. （少见）	宽阔地
n. （非正式，不常用）	女子（俚语，中学阶段不要求）

二、词形变化

原级	比较级	最高级	副词	名词
broad	broader	broadest	broadly	breadth（宽度；广度）

注意：动词形式 broaden（加宽；扩大）也是课标内词汇。

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	现在分词	第三人称单数
broaden	broadened	broadened	broadening	broadens

三、常用短语

短语	释义	例句
broad shoulders	宽肩膀；（喻）能担当重任	He has broad shoulders and can handle the pressure.
broad daylight	光天化日	The robbery happened in broad daylight.
broad smile	灿烂的笑容	She gave us a broad smile when she saw us.
broad range / variety	广泛的范围/种类	The store offers a broad range of products.
broad agreement	大致一致（非完全一致）	There is broad agreement on the need for reform.
broad outline	大致轮廓，梗概	He gave me a broad outline of the plan.
broad sense	广义上	In a broad sense, happiness means different things to different people.
broad accent	浓重的口音	He spoke with a broad Scottish accent.
broad hint	明显的暗示	She dropped a broad hint that she wanted to leave.
broaden one’s horizons	开阔眼界	Traveling abroad broadens one’s horizons.

四、常用句式

1. be broad + 具体维度（长宽高）

The river is 100 meters broad.（这条河宽100米。）

He has broad shoulders and a strong build.

2. in a broad sense / broadly speaking

In a broad sense, education includes both formal and informal learning.

Broadly speaking, the project was a success.

3. broad + 抽象名词

There is broad support for the new policy among teachers.

The article gives a broad overview of the situation.

4. as broad as it is long

（谚语）结果一样；没有区别

Whether we go today or tomorrow is as broad as it is long.（哪天去都一样）

5. broaden + 名词

Reading can broaden your knowledge and vocabulary.

We need to broaden the discussion to include more voices.

五、关联词

类型	词汇	说明
同根形容词	broad	宽的
broadened	被拓宽的（分词形容词）
同根名词	breadth	宽度；广度
broadness	宽广（较少用）
同根动词	broaden	变宽；扩大
同根副词	broadly	广泛地；大体上
近义词	wide	宽的（常可互换，但 broad 更强调表面/幅面）
vast	广阔的（程度更强）
extensive	广泛的（范围/面积）
反义词	narrow	狭窄的
limited	有限的

六、broad 与 wide 的区别（常考点）

维度	broad	wide
侧重	强调表面的广阔、幅面	强调从一边到另一边的距离
常用搭配	broad shoulders, broad daylight, broad smile	wide eyes, wide mouth, wide road
抽象用法	broad sense, broad agreement, broad outline	wide range, wide variety, wide support
可互换情况	a broad/wide river（均可）	描述具体宽度时均可
不可互换	正： broad daylight / 错： wide daylight	正：wide awake / 错： broad awake

七、需要特别注意的地方

注意点	说明	正确 vs 错误
broad 与 wide 不可随意互换	固定搭配中只能用其一	正： broad accent / 错： wide accent
broad daylight 是固定搭配	没有 wide daylight	正： in broad daylight
broadly speaking 用于总结	相当于 generally speaking	正： Broadly speaking, I agree.
broaden 是及物/不及物动词	可用主动或被动	Travel broadens the mind. / The river broadens here.
breadth 的拼写	不是 broadth	正： breadth（注意 d 变成 dth 的拼写变化）

4. intendvt.& vi. 想要，计划；意指

一、核心词义

词性	释义
vt. & vi.	想要，计划；意指
vt.	为……准备/预留（be intended for）

intend 表示有意图、有计划地做某事，语气比want 更正式，比 plan 更强调主观意愿。

二、词形变化

词性	形式	释义
名词	intention	意图，目的
形容词	intended	打算中的；故意的
形容词	intentional	故意的，有意的
副词	intentionally	故意地
副词	unintentionally	无意地

三、常用短语

短语	释义	例句
intend to do sth.	打算做某事	I intend to finish the work by Friday.
intend doing sth.	打算做某事（英式英语较常见）	He intends studying abroad next year.
intend sb. to do sth.	打算让某人做某事	She intended her son to take over the business.
intend sth. as sth.	打算把……当作……	The remark was intended as a joke.
be intended for	为……而准备；专供……使用	This book is intended for beginners.
be intended to be/do	被打算用作/做……	The fund is intended to help disaster victims.
have every intention of doing	一心想要做……	I have every intention of winning the game.
with the intention of doing	带着……的目的	He went to London with the intention of finding a job.

四、常用句式

1. intend + to do sth.（最常用）

I intend to apply for that job.

What do you intend to do about this problem?

2. intend + doing sth.（英式英语，较少用）

They intend getting married next spring.

3. intend + that 从句（较正式，从句用should + 动词原形）

The committee intends that the plan should be implemented immediately.

He intended that his son should inherit the property.

4. be intended for + 名词/代词

The gift was intended for you, not for me.

These seats are intended for elderly passengers.

5. be intended to do sth.

The new law is intended to protect the environment.

The training program is intended to improve communication skills.

6. intend sth. as + 名词

I intended my silence as a sign of agreement.

His comment was intended as criticism.

五、关联词

类型	词汇	说明
同根名词	intention	意图，目的
同根形容词	intended	打算中的；故意的
intentional	故意的（反义词：unintentional）
同根副词	intentionally	故意地
近义词	mean	打算（较口语化，常用 mean to do）
plan	计划（更强调步骤安排）
aim	旨在（后跟 at 或 to do）
propose	提议；打算（更正式）
反义词	unintentional	无意的

六、intend 与 mean 的区别（常考点）

维度	intend	mean
正式程度	较正式	较口语化
语气强度	更强，更坚定	较随意
常见结构	intend to do / intend sb. to do	mean to do
被动形式	be intended for / to do	be meant for / to do（可互换）

例句对比：

I meant to call you, but I forgot.（日常口语）

We intend to complete the project by December.（正式书面）

注意：在被动结构中，be intended for 和 be meant for 意思相近。

This gift is intended/meant for you.

七、需要特别注意的地方

注意点	说明	正确 vs 错误
intend 后接 to do 或 doing	to do 更常见，doing 主要用于英式英语	正： intend to go / 正： intend going
be intended for 中 for 不可省略	表示“专供……使用”	正： intended for children / 错： intended children
intend 不用进行时表示将来	一般用一般现在时或将来时	正： I intend to… / 错： I am intending to…（少见）
intention 后接 of doing	不是 to do	正： intention of leaving / 错： intention to leave（虽有人用，但 of doing 更规范）
intentional 与 intended 区别	intentional = 故意的（强调有意为之）；intended = 打算中的（强调预先计划）	an intentional insult（故意侮辱）/ the intended result（预期结果）

5. extractn. 提取物；选录vt. 提取，选录；取出；设法得到

一、核心词义

词性	释义	说明
vt.	提取，提炼（精华）	从物质中提取成分
vt.	选录，摘录	从文章、演讲中选取片段
vt.	取出，拔出	如拔牙、取出某物
vt.	设法得到（信息、钱等）	常含“费力获取”之意
n.	提取物，精华	如植物提取物、香精
n.	选录，摘录，节选	从文学作品、演讲中选取的片段

二、词形变化

词性	形式	释义
名词	extraction	提取；拔出；开采；血统
形容词	extracted	被提取的；被摘录的
形容词	extractive	提取的；采掘的（正式/专业）
名词（人）	extractor	提取器；萃取器；拔牙钳

三、常用短语

动词短语

短语	释义	例句
extract sth. from sth.	从……中提取/取出/摘录……	Oil is extracted from the ground.
extract a tooth	拔牙	The dentist extracted my wisdom tooth.
extract information	获取信息	The police tried to extract information from the suspect.
extract a promise from sb.	设法得到某人的承诺	She finally extracted a promise from him.
extract a confession	逼供；获取口供	The confession was extracted under pressure.
extract a passage	摘录一段文字	The teacher extracted a passage from the novel.

名词短语

短语	释义	例句
plant extract	植物提取物	This cream contains natural plant extracts.
vanilla extract	香草精	Add a teaspoon of vanilla extract to the mixture.
an extract from	摘自……的节选	Here is an extract from her latest novel.
a short extract	短小的摘录	The magazine published a short extract of the speech.

四、常用句式

1. extract sth. from sth.（被动结构最常见）

Natural gas is extracted from the seabed.

The dentist extracted the rotten tooth from my gum.

2. be extracted from + 来源（被提取/被摘录）

This chemical is extracted from a rare plant.

The passage was extracted from his diary.

3. extract + 抽象名词 + from sb.（设法获取）

He finally extracted an apology from his boss.

The journalist extracted the truth from the reluctant witness.

4. extract 作名词的句式

Here is an extract from Shakespeare’s play.

The extract of this herb is used to treat colds.

五、关联词

类型	词汇	说明
同根名词	extraction	提取；拔除；开采
同根形容词	extractive	提取的；采掘的
同根名词（人/物）	extractor	提取器；拔牙钳
近义词（vt.）	remove	移除（更普通）
	withdraw	撤回；提取（金融语境）
	derive	获得（derive from）
	quote	引用（原文）
	cite	引用（作为例证）
近义词（n.）	excerpt	节选，摘录
	selection	选段
	essence	精华，精髓

六、需要特别注意的地方

注意点	说明	正确 vs 错误
extract 作动词的重音	重音在第二音节 /ɪkˈstrækt/	正： /ɪkˈstrækt/
extract 作名词的重音	重音在第一音节 /ˈekstrækt/	正： /ˈekstrækt/
extract 与 excerpt 的区别	extract 可指提取物或摘录；excerpt 只指文字摘录	a plant extract（不能用 excerpt）/ an excerpt from a book（两者均可）
extract 与 quote 的区别	extract 摘录较长片段；quote 引用较短词句	extract a paragraph / quote a sentence
extract 不用于“提取”抽象概念	如“提取意义”不能用 extract	错： extract the meaning → 正： derive the meaning
extract a tooth = pull out a tooth	两者可互换	The dentist extracted/pulled out my tooth.