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壹
Research shows that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest.
【生词】
1. motive n.动机、目的、原因；adj.引起运动的、起推动作用的；v.激起、使产生动机；
2. harshly adv.严厉地、刺耳地、粗糙地；
3. self-interest n.私利、自身利益、利己主义；
解析】
① Research是句子的主语，shows是谓语动词，that we often … obvious self-interest.是that引导的宾语从句，做动词shows的宾语；
② we often look for someone’s hidden motive是宾语从句的第一个分句，we是主语，often是频率副词，修饰谓语look for，look for是谓语动词，someone’s hidden motive做介词for的宾语，someone’s是所有格做定语，hidden做定语修饰 motive，分句意思是：我们常常会寻找他人隐藏的动机；
③ once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest是第二个分句，由and连接，once found是过去分词做条件状语，是条件状语从句的省略结构，完整形式为 once it is found，we是分句的主语，may judge是谓语动词，them是宾语，指代前文的someone，even more harshly是副词短语，作语，修饰judge，even是程度副词，修饰比较级more harshly，表示：我们可能会对他们更加严厉地评判；than those who act with obvious self-interest是than引导的比较状语，those指“那些人”，作比较对象，who act with obvious self-interest是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those，who在从句中做主语，act是不及物动词，作从句谓语，with obvious self-interests是介词短语作方式状语，obvious修饰self-interest，定语从句意思是：表现出明显自私行为的人；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] Research shows that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest.
├─── [主语] Research
├─── [谓语] shows
└─── [宾语从句] that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest
├─── [从属连词] that
└─── [并列句] we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest
├─── [分句1] we often look for someone’s hidden motive
│ ├─── [主语] we
│ ├─── [状语：副词] often
│ ├─── [谓语：短语动词] look for
│ └─── [宾语] someone’s hidden motive
│ ├─── [限定词] someone’s
│ ├─── [定语：形容词] hidden
│ └─── [核心名词] motive
├─── [连词] and
└─── [分句2] once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest
├─── [状语：过去分词短语] once found
│ ├─── [从属连词] once
│ └─── [过去分词] found
├─── [主语] we
├─── [谓语] may judge
│ ├─── [情态动词] may
│ └─── [动词原形] judge
├─── [宾语] them
├─── [状语：副词短语] even more harshly
│ ├─── [程度副词] even
│ └─── [比较级副词短语] more harshly
│ ├─── [比较级标记] more
│ └─── [副词] harshly
└─── [比较状语] than those who act with obvious self-interest
├─── [比较连词] than
└─── [比较对象] those
└─── [定语从句] who act with obvious self-interest
├─── [主语：关系代词] who
├─── [谓语] act
└─── [状语：介词短语] with obvious self-interest
├─── [介词] with
└─── [宾语] obvious self-interest
├─── [定语：形容词] obvious
└─── [核心名词] self-interest
【句意】研究表明，我们常常会寻找某人隐藏的动机；而一旦发现，我们可能会比评判那些明显出于自身利益行事的人更加严厉地评判他们；
贰
For instance, in a classic experiment called the public goods game, participants who contributed the most money to a shared pool were often criticized just as badly by other players as those who contributed nothing at all.
【生词】
1. classic adj.典型的、经典的、有代表性的；n.经典作品、典范、杰作；
2. participant n.参加者、参与者；adj.参与的；
3. criticize v.批评、指责、评论；
4. contribute v.捐赠、捐助、促成、贡献；
【解析】
① For instance是插入语，意为：例如，引出例证；in a classic experiment called the public goods games是介词短语作状语，a classic experiment是中心词，做介词in的宾语，called the public goods games是过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰experiment，表示：在“公共物品游戏”这个经典实验中；
② participants是句子的主语，who contributed the most money to a shared pool是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词participants，who在从句中做主语，contributed是从句的谓语动词，the most money是宾语，to a shared pool是介词短语做状语，定语从句意思是：向共享资金池投入最多钱的参与者；were often criticized是被动语态做谓语，often是频度副词，作状语，修饰were criticized，表示：经常；just as badly做方式状语，修饰criticized，与后面的as构成比较结构，by other players是介词短语作施动者状语，说明“被谁批评”，as those who contributed nothing at all是比较状语，与前面的 just as badly呼应，as是比较连词，those是代词，作比较对象，指：那些人；who contributed nothing at all是who的引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those，who在从句中做主语，contributed是从句的谓语动词，nothing做宾语，at all加强否定语气，表示：根本；定语从句意思是：那些根本什么都没贡献的人；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] For instance, in a classic experiment called the public goods game, participants who contributed the most money to a shared pool were often criticized just as badly by other players as those who contributed nothing at all.
├─── [状语：插入语] For instance
├─── [状语：介词短语] in a classic experiment called the public goods game
│ ├─── [介词] in
│ └─── [宾语] a classic experiment called the public goods game
│ ├─── [限定词] a
│ ├─── [定语：形容词] classic
│ ├─── [核心名词] experiment
│ └─── [后置定语：过去分词短语] called the public goods game
│ ├─── [过去分词] called
│ └─── [宾语] the public goods game
│ ├─── [限定词] the
│ ├─── [定语：形容词] public
│ ├─── [定语：名词] goods
│ └─── [核心名词] game
├─── [主语] participants
│ └─── [定语从句] who contributed the most money to a shared pool
│ ├─── [主语：关系代词] who
│ ├─── [谓语] contributed
│ ├─── [宾语] the most money
│ │ ├─── [限定词/最高级] the most
│ │ └─── [核心名词] money
│ └─── [状语：介词短语] to a shared pool
│ ├─── [介词] to
│ └─── [宾语] a shared pool
│ ├─── [限定词] a
│ ├─── [定语：过去分词/形容词] shared
│ └─── [核心名词] pool
├─── [谓语：被动语态] were often criticized
│ ├─── [助动词] were
│ ├─── [状语：副词] often
│ └─── [过去分词] criticized
├─── [状语：副词短语/比较结构前半] just as badly
│ ├─── [副词] just
│ └─── [比较结构] as badly
│ ├─── [副词] as
│ └─── [副词] badly
├─── [状语：介词短语] by other players
│ ├─── [介词] by
│ └─── [宾语] other players
│ ├─── [定语：形容词] other
│ └─── [核心名词] players
└─── [比较状语] as those who contributed nothing at all
├─── [比较连词] as
└─── [比较对象] those
└─── [定语从句] who contributed nothing at all
├─── [主语：关系代词] who
├─── [谓语] contributed
└─── [宾语] nothing at all
├─── [代词/名词] nothing
└─── [副词短语：加强语气] at all
【句意】例如，在一项名为“公共物品游戏”的经典实验中，那些向共享资金池投入最多钱的参与者，往往受到其他玩家同样严厉的批评，其程度和那些完全没有贡献的人一样；
叁
In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet.
【生词】
1. resort n.旅游胜地、度假胜地；v.诉诸、求助于；
2. moral adj.有关道德的、基于道德的、有道德的；n.道德准则；
3. advertise v.为…做广告、登广告、公布；
【解析】
① In one experiment是介词短语做状语，表示：在一项实验中；a resort owner是句子的主语，who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词owner，who在从句中做主语，spent是从句的谓语动词，$100,000做宾语，cleaning local beaches是现在分词短语作状语，固定搭配pend money (in) doing sth；was considered是被动语态谓语，less moral是形容词短语做主语补足语，意思是：一位花费10万美元清理当地海滩的度假村老板；
② when he used the act to advertise his business是when引导的时间状语从句，修饰谓语was considered，he是从句的主语，used是谓语动词，the act做宾语，to advertise his business是to do不定式做目的状语，表示：当他利用这一行为为自己的生意做广告时；
③ than when he kept it quiet是than引导的比较状语，与前面的less moral呼应，when he kept it quiet是when引导的时间状语从句，he是从句的主语，kept是谓语动词，it是宾语，指代清理海滩这件善事，quiet做宾语补足语，keep it quiet是秘而不宣、不对外声张；从句意思是：对此保持沉默；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet.
├─── [状语：介词短语] In one experiment
│ ├─── [介词] In
│ └─── [宾语] one experiment
│ ├─── [限定词] one
│ └─── [核心名词] experiment
├─── [主语] a resort owner
│ ├─── [限定词] a
│ ├─── [定语：名词] resort
│ ├─── [核心名词] owner
│ └─── [定语从句] who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches
│ ├─── [主语：关系代词] who
│ ├─── [谓语] spent
│ ├─── [宾语] $100,000
│ └─── [状语：现在分词短语] cleaning local beaches
│ ├─── [现在分词] cleaning
│ └─── [宾语] local beaches
│ ├─── [定语：形容词] local
│ └─── [核心名词] beaches
├─── [谓语：被动语态] was considered
│ ├─── [助动词] was
│ └─── [过去分词] considered
├─── [主语补足语] less moral
│ ├─── [副词] less
│ └─── [形容词] moral
├─── [时间状语从句] when he used the act to advertise his business
│ ├─── [从属连词] when
│ ├─── [主语] he
│ ├─── [谓语] used
│ ├─── [宾语] the act
│ │ ├─── [限定词] the
│ │ └─── [核心名词] act
│ └─── [目的状语：不定式短语] to advertise his business
│ ├─── [不定式符号] to
│ ├─── [谓语] advertise
│ └─── [宾语] his business
│ ├─── [限定词] his
│ └─── [核心名词] business
└─── [比较状语从句] than when he kept it quiet
├─── [比较连词] than
└─── [时间状语从句] when he kept it quiet
├─── [从属连词] when
├─── [主语] he
├─── [谓语] kept
├─── [宾语] it
└─── [宾语补足语] quiet
【句意】在一项实验中，一位度假村老板花费10万美元清理当地海滩，当他用这一行为来宣传自己的生意时，被认为比保持沉默时更缺乏道德；
肆
Interestingly, Hafenbrädl found that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation.
【生词】
1. interestingly adv.有趣地、令人感兴趣地；
2. donate v.捐赠、赠送、捐献；
3. charity n.慈善、慈善机构、救济；
4. self-satisfaction n.自满、自鸣得意；
5. moral n.道德、道德准则；adj.有关道德的、道义上的、有道德的；
6. enhance v.增强、提高、改善；
7. reputation n.名声、名誉；
【解析】
① Interestingly是副词作状语，修饰整句话，表示说话人的态度；Hafenbrädl是句子的主语，found是谓语动词，that people who donated…to enhance their reputation是that引导的宾语从句，做found的宾语；for their own sense of self-satisfaction
② people是宾语从句的主语，who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people，who在从句中做主语，donated和gave通过or并列，是从句的谓语动词，blood做donated的宾语，to charity是介词短语，做gave的目标对象，for their own sense of self-satisfaction是介词短语做目的状语，修饰前面的并列谓语，of self-satisfaction是介词短语做后置定语，修饰sense，表示：为了自我满足感；were considered是被动语态做宾语从句的谓语动词，more moral是形容词比较级做主语补足语，than those seeking to enhance their reputation做比较状语，与more呼应，those是代词，指代前面的people，seeking to enhance their reputation是现在分词短语做后置定语，修饰those，to enhance their reputation是to do不定式做seeking的宾语，their reputation做enhance的宾语，表示：那些希望提升自己声誉的人；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] Interestingly, Hafenbrädl found that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation.
├─── [状语：副词] Interestingly
├─── [主语] Hafenbrädl
└─── [谓语] found
└─── [宾语从句] that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation
├─── [从属连词] that
├─── [主语] people
│ └─── [定语从句] who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction
│ ├─── [主语：关系代词] who
│ ├─── [谓语1] donated
│ │ └─── [宾语] blood
│ ├─── [并列连词] or
│ ├─── [谓语2] gave
│ │ └─── [状语：介词短语] to charity
│ │ ├─── [介词] to
│ │ └─── [宾语] charity
│ └─── [状语：介词短语] for their own sense of self-satisfaction
│ ├─── [介词] for
│ └─── [宾语] their own sense of self-satisfaction
│ ├─── [限定词] their
│ ├─── [定语：形容词] own
│ ├─── [核心名词] sense
│ └─── [定语：介词短语] of self-satisfaction
│ ├─── [介词] of
│ └─── [宾语] self-satisfaction
├─── [谓语：被动语态] were considered
│ ├─── [助动词] were
│ └─── [过去分词] considered
├─── [主语补足语] more moral
│ ├─── [副词] more
│ └─── [形容词] moral
└─── [比较状语] than those seeking to enhance their reputation
├─── [比较连词] than
└─── [比较对象] those seeking to enhance their reputation
├─── [核心代词] those
└─── [后置定语：现在分词短语] seeking to enhance their reputation
├─── [现在分词] seeking
└─── [宾语：不定式短语] to enhance their reputation
├─── [不定式符号] to
├─── [谓语] enhance
└─── [宾语] their reputation
├─── [限定词] their
└─── [核心名词] reputation
【句意】有趣的是，Hafenbrädl 发现，那些为了自己的自我满足感而献血或做慈善捐赠的人，被认为比那些为了提升自身声誉而这样做的人更有道德；
图文 | 排版 ：Oliver
